Composites Materials for Food Packaging

Giuseppe Cirillo received his PhD in 2008 from the University of Calabria Italy where he is currently in a post-doctoral position. His research interests are in the development of functional polymers with tailored biological activity (antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, chelating), the design of smart hydrogels for drug delivery, the study of the activity of innovative functional foods and nutraceuticals, and the synthesis and functionalization of carbon nanotubes-based devices for biomedical applications. He is the author and co-author of more than 100 publications, including four edited books with Wiley-Scrivener. Marek A. Kozlowski has 47 years' experience in polymer chemistry and technology and is Professor Emeritus from Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland. He is the author of 360 papers and patents, holder of several national and international prizes and honours and is a member of IUPAC WP 4.1. His research interests include polymer blends and composites of pre-designed properties, in particular the interrelations between structure, processing and properties of multiphase systems. He is an Expert of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization and evaluator of proposals submitted to the European Community R&D Programs. Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri obtained his PhD in 2005 from the University of Calabria. He is currently a member of the Technical Staff at the Department of Pharmacy, Nutrition and Health Science of the same university. His research activities are mainly related to the polymer chemistry and technology for the preparation of stimuli-responsive drug delivery system, functional polymers for food industry, and new analytical methodologies for the food quality and safety assessment. He is the author and co-author of more than 100 publications, including three edited books with Wiley-Scrivener.

• Preface xv1 Montmorillonite Composite Materials and Food Packaging 1Aris E. Giannakas and Areti A. Leontiou1.1 Introduction 11.2 Polymer/MMT-Based Packaging Materials 61.2.1 Polyethylene(PE)/MMT-Based Packaging Materials 81.2.2 Polystyrene(PS)/MMT-Based Packaging Materials 111.2.3 Polypropylene (PP)/MMT-Based Composites for Food Packaging 131.2.4 Poly(ethylene)terephthalate(PET)/MMT-Based Packaging Materials 161.3 Biopolymers and Protein/MMT-Based Packaging Materials 181.3.1 Starch/MMT-Based Packaging Materials 191.3.2 Cellulose/MMT-Based Packaging Materials 251.3.3 Chitosan/MMT Composite Materials 291.3.4 PLA/MMT-Based Packaging Materials 341.3.5 Protein /MMT-Based Packaging Materials 371.4 Ag+-Cu2+-Zn2+/MMT-Based Composites Packaging Materials 391.4.1 Ag+/MMT-Based Packaging Materials 401.4.2 Cu2+/MMT-Based Packaging Materials 421.4.3 Fe2+/MMT-Based Composites 441.5 Metal Oxide/MMT-Based Packaging Materials 451.6 Natural Antioxidants/MMT Composite Materials for Food Packaging 491.7 Enzyme/MMT-Based Composites Packaging Materials 561.8 Conclusion 60References 612 Halloysite Containing Composites for Food Packaging Applications 73 Raluca Nicoleta Darie –Niţă and Cornelia Vasile 2.1 Halloysite 742.1.1 Molecular and Crystalline Structure 742.1.2 Properties 772.1.3 Surface Modification of HAL 782.1.3.1 Modification of the External Surface 792.1.3.2 Modification by Click Chemistry 802.2 Nanocomposites Containing HAL 802.2.1 HAL Containing Non-Degradable Synthetic Polymeric Nanocomposites for Food Packaging Applications 812.2.1.1 Processing Strategies 812.2.1.2 Polyolefins/HNTs Nanocomposites 832.2.1.3 Polystyrene/HNTs Nanocomposites 942.2.1.4 Polyamide/HNTs Nanocomposites 952.2.1.5 PET/HNTs Nanocomposites 972.2.1.6 Elastomers(Rubbers)/HNTs Nanocomposites 972.2.1.7 Epoxy/HNTs Nanocomposites 982.2.2 HAL-Containing Degradable Polymeric Bionanocomposites for Food Packaging 982.2.2.1 Preparation of HNT-Containing Degradable Nanocomposites 992.2.2.2 Properties of HNT-Containing Degradable Nanocomposites 1012.2.2.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH)/HNT 1012.2.2.4 Polyalkanoates/HNT Nanocomposites 1062.2.2.5 PLA/Halloysite Biocomposites 1062.2.2.6 Polysaccharide-HNT Composites 1072.2.2.7 Lignocellulose/Wood Fibers/HAL Clay Composites 1092.2.2.8 Polysaccharides/HAL Clay Composites 1102.2.2.9 Proteins/HNT Biocomposites 1112.2.2.10 Natural Rubber/HNTs Composites 1112.3 Conclusion 112References 1123 Silver Composite Materials and Food Packaging 123 Amalia I. Cano, Amparo Chiralt and Chelo González-Martínez 3.1 Silver and Silver Compounds as Active Agents 1243.1.1 History and Background 1243.1.2 Chemical Species of Silver 1253.1.3 Silver in Polymeric Matrices for Food Packaging Purposes 1303.1.3.1 Different Methodologies to Incorporate Silver and Silver Species into Packaging Materials 1303.1.3.2 Functional Characterization of Silver-Enriched Packaging Materials 1313.1.4 Current Legislation Applied to Silver Composite Materials Used for Food Packaging 1443.2 Conclusions 144References 1454 Zinc Composite Materials and Food Packaging 153 R. Venkatesan, T. Thendral Thiyagu and N. Rajeswari 4.1 Introduction 1534.2 Food Packaging 1544.3 Polymers in Food Packaging 1544.4 Nanotechnology 1564.5 Nano-Fillers 1564.6 Classification of Nano-fillers 1574.7 ZnO Nanoparticles 1574.7.1 Advantages of ZnO Nanoparticles 1574.7.2 Limitations of ZnO Nanoparticles 1584.8 Composites 1594.8.1 Classification of Composites 1594.8.1.1 Metal Matrix Composites 1594.8.1.2 Ceramic Matrix Composites 1594.8.1.3 Polymer Matrix Composites 1594.8.2 Components of Composites 1594.8.2.1 Matrix 1594.8.2.2 Fillers 1604.8.2.3 Nanocomposites 1604.8.3 Preparation of Nanocomposites 1614.8.3.1 Solution Casting 1614.8.3.2 In Situ Polymerization 1624.8.3.3 Melt Extrusion 1624.8.4 Properties of Nanocomposites 1634.8.4.1 Mechanical Properties 1634.8.4.2 Thermal Properties 1634.8.4.3 Barrier Properties 1634.8.4.4 Antimicrobial Properties 1644.8.5 Applications of Nanocomposites 1644.8.6 ZnO-Based Composites in Food Packaging 1644.8.6.1 Preparation of ZnO Composites 1664.8.6.2 Morphology of the ZnO Composites 1674.8.6.3 Mechanical Properties of ZnO Composites 1674.8.6.4 Barrier Properties of ZnO Composites 1694.9 Conclusions 171References 1725 Silicium-Based Nanocomposite Materials for Food Packaging Applications 175 Tanja Radusin, Ivan Ristić, Branka Pilić, Donatella Duraccio and Aleksandra Novaković 5.1 Introduction 1765.2 Nanosilica/Polymer Composites 1785.2.1 Composite Preparation 1795.2.1.1 Blending 1795.2.1.2 Sol–Gel Process 1815.2.1.3 In Situ Polymerization 1815.3 Characterization of Polymer/Nancomposites 1815.3.1 Morphology 1825.3.2 Physical–Chemical Properties 1845.3.2.1 Thermal Properties 1845.3.2.2 Mechanical Properties 1865.3.2.3 Crystallization of Polymer/Silica Nanocomposites 1875.3.3 Barrier Properties 1955.3.4 Optical Properties 1965.3.5 Antimicrobial Properties 1965.4 Conclusion 198References 1986 Nanoiron-Based Composite Oxygen Scavengers for Food Packaging 209 Zenon Foltynowicz 6.1 Introduction 2106.1.1 The Effect of Oxygen on Packed Products 2106.1.2 The Need of Oxygen Scavengers 2116.2 Characteristics of Oxygen Scavengers 2126.2.1 Types and Classification of Oxygen Absorbers 2126.2.2 Iron-Based Oxygen Scavengers 2136.2.3 The Factors Influences the Efficiency of Iron-Based Oxygen Scavengers 2146.3 Nanomaterials and Nanoiron 2166.3.1 Nanomaterials Property 2166.3.2 Nanoiron Property 2166.3.3 Nanoiron Preparation 2176.4 Nanoiron-Based Composite Oxygen Scavengers 2196.4.1 Why Nanoiron? 2196.4.2 Nanoiron with Specific Properties 2216.4.3 Composite Oxygen Scavengers Based on Nanoiron 2236.4.4 Safety of the Use of Composite Oxygen Scavengers Based on Nanoiron 226References 2277 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Composite Materials and Food Packaging 235 Dan Xu 7.1 Introductions on Carbon Nanotubes 2367.2 Polymer/CNTs Composite Materials 2367.2.1 Modification of CNTs 2377.2.2 Fabrication Method 2387.2.3 Properties 2387.3 Safety Issues of CNTs and Polymer/CNTs Composites 2437.3.1 Toxicity of CNTs 2437.3.2 Migration of CNTs from Polymer/CNTs Composites 2437.4 Outlook 244References 2448 Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites for Food Packaging 251 Steven Merritt, Chaoying Wan, Barbara Shollock, Samson Patole and David M. Haddleton 8.1 Polymers for Food Packaging 2518.2 Polymers for Steel Can Packaging 2528.3 Water Permeation and Anticorrosion of Polymer Coatings 2538.4 Polymer–Food Interactions 2558.5 Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites 2558.6 Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites 2578.6.1 Graphene and its Derivatives for Food Packaging 2578.6.2 Biodegradable Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites 2598.6.3 Synthetic Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites 2628.7 Summary and Outlook 263References 2649 Biodegradability and Compostability of Food Nanopackaging Materials 269 Tomy J. Gutiérrez 9.1 Introduction 2699.2 Biodegradability and Compostability 2709.3 Biodegradability and Compostability of Food Nanopackaging Materials 2749.3.1 Biodegradability and Compostability of Food Nanopackaging Made from Biopolymers 2769.3.2 Biodegradability and Compostability of Food Nanopackaging Made from Nanoclays 2779.3.3 Biodegradability and Compostability of Food Nanopackaging Made from Bionanocomposites 2799.3.3.1 Biodegradability and Compostability of Food Nanopackaging Made from Bionanocomposites – Biopolymers/Nanoclays 2819.3.3.2 Biodegradability and Compostability of Food Nanopackaging Made from Bionanocomposites - Biopolymer/ Nanocellulosic Materials 2879.4 Conclusion 288Conflicts of Interest 290Acknowledgments 290References 29010 Nanocellulose in Food Packaging 297 Paula Criado, Farah M. J. Hossain, Stéphane Salmieri and Monique Lacroix 10.1 Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Biopolymeric Films/Coatings Containing Cellulose Nanostructures 29810.1.1 Biopolymeric Films Containing CNCs 29810.1.2 Bioactive Films Containing CNFs 30510.1.3 Nanostructured Bio-Based Bacterial Cellulose (BC)-Containing Films 30610.2 Physicochemical Properties of Bio-Nanocomposites Materials Reinforced with CNC 30710.3 Enhancement of the Mechanical Properties of Polymers with CNC 30810.4 Enhancement of the Barrier Properties of Polymers with CNC 30910.5 Research Works on CNC as Biodegradable Reinforcement and Barrier Component 31010.5.1 Grafting of Cellulose Nanocrystals for Food Packaging 31210.5.2 TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Nanocellulose 31210.5.3 Functionalization of Nanocellulose via TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation 31310.5.4 Cationization of Nanocellulose with Antimicrobial Purposes 31410.5.5 Esterification 31610.5.6 Non-Covalent Surface Chemical Modification 31710.5.7 Polymerization of Bioactive Compounds onto Nanocellulose Surface 31810.6 Conclusion 319References 32011 Nanocellulose in Combination with Inorganic/Organic Biocides for Food Film Packaging Applications – Safety Issues Review 331Kelsey L O’Donnell, Gloria S. Oporto and Noelle Comolli11.1 Introduction 33211.1.1 Typical Polymers and Processes Used to Prepare Flexible Films in the Packaging Industry 33211.1.2 Current Organic and Inorganic Antimicrobial Materials (Biocides) Used in Packaging and Correlating Processing Conditions 33411.1.3 Release of Active Components (Biocides) From Packaging Films – Tentative Mechanisms 33611.2 Nanocellulose in Flexible Film Food Packaging 33611.2.1 Current Forms of Cellulose Used in Packaging 33611.2.2 Nanocellulose in Flexible Film Food Packaging 33711.2.3 Nanocellulose in Combination with Organic and Inorganic Antimicrobial Materials 33911.2.4 Nanocelulose in Combination with Copper and Benzalkounium Chloride – West Virginia University (WVU) Preliminary Results 34111.2.4.1 Nanocellulose - Copper/Zinc: Synergistic Effect (Preliminary Experiments) 34211.2.4.2 Nanocellulose - Benzalkonium Chloride (BZK) (Preliminary Experiments) 34211.3 Health and Environmental Toxicity Evaluations of Active Antimicrobial Packaging 34311.3.1 General Toxic Evaluations on Packaging Materials (In Vivo, In Vitro Testing) – the United States 34411.3.2 General Toxic Evaluations on Packaging Materials (In Vivo, In Vitro Testing) – Europe 34511.3.3 Specific Toxic Evaluation on Cellulosic and Nanocellulosic Materials 348References 35012 Composite Materials Based on PLA and its Applications in Food Packaging 355 Jesús R. Rodríguez-Núñez, Tomás J. Madera-Santana, Heidy Burrola-Núñez and Efrén G. Martínez-Encinas 12.1 Introduction 35612.2 Synthesis of Polylactic Acid 35612.3 Reinforcing Agents 35912.3.1 Natural Fibers and Fillers 36012.3.2 Synthetic Fibers and Fillers 36612.4 Surface Modification of Fibers and Fillers 36612.4.1 Physical Methods (Corona, Plasma, Irradiation Treatments) 36712.4.2 Chemical Methods (Alkaline, Acetylation, Maleation, Silane, Enzymatic Treatment) 36812.5 Nanostructures in the PLA Matrix 37012.6 Processing Techniques 37112.6.1 Processing Technologies of PLA Composites 37212.6.1.1 Compression Molding 37212.6.1.2 Extrusion 37412.6.1.3 Injection Molding 37512.6.1.4 Extrusion or Injection Blow Molding 37712.6.1.5 Calendering, Cast Film, and Sheet 37812.6.1.6 Thermoforming 37912.6.1.7 Foaming PLA 37912.7 Properties Related to Packaging Applications 38112.7.1 Physical Properties 38212.7.2 Mechanical Properties 38412.7.3 Thermal Properties 38512.7.4 Functional Properties 38712.8 Recyclability of PLA 38812.9 Biodegradation of PLA 38912.10 Future Tendencies 390References 39113 Nanomaterial Migration from Composites into Food Matrices 401 Victor Gomes Lauriano Souza, Regiane Ribeiro-Santos, Patricia Freitas Rodrigues, Caio Gomide Otoni, Maria Paula Duarte, Isabel M. Coelhoso and Ana Luisa Fernando 13.1 Introduction 40213.2 Nanotechnology in the Food Industry 40313.2.1 Nanoparticle Characterization Techniques 40313.2.2 Nanoparticle Characterization in Food Matrices 40613.2.3 Nanomaterial Migration from Composites into Food Matrices: Case Studies 40713.3 Nanoparticle Toxicology 41313.3.1 Toxicological Tests 41513.3.2 Toxicological Studies of ENMs Used in the Food Packaging Industry 41713.3.3 Ecotoxicology of ENMs 41913.4 Migration Assays and Current Legislation 42013.4.1 Food Contact Nanomaterials 42413.5 Conclusion 426Acknowledgments 427References 427Index 437