The Editors Xianming Shi, PhD, PE is an Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Washington State University, Pullman, Washington. He is an Associate Director at the Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates (CESTiCC) and the Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education (CAMMSE). His research focuses on reducing the environmental footprint of infrastructure deterioration and enabling sustainable roadway maintenance and operations. Liping Fu, PhD is a Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario. He is also an Adjunct and Visiting Professor at Wuhan University of Technology and Southwest Jiaotong University. His research focuses on winter road maintenance, ITS, and road and rail safety and operations.

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• List of Contributors vii Foreword ix 1 Introduction to Sustainable Winter Road Maintenance 1Xianming Shi and Liping Fu 2 A Framework for Life‐Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Road Salt Used in Winter Maintenance Operations 7Na Cui, Ning Xie, and Xianming Shi 3 Winter Road Operations: A Historical Perspective 23Leland D. Smithson 4 Societal and User Considerations for Sustainable Winter Road Operations 45David Veneziano and Laura Fay 5 Weather Services for Sustainable Winter Road Operations 59Chris Albrecht, Ralph Patterson, and Leigh Sturges 6 The Fundamentals of Plowing, Anti‐icing, De‐icing and Sanding 82Alex Klein‐Paste and Rune Dalen 7 Safety Effects of Winter Weather and Road Maintenance Operations 101Liping Fu and Taimur Usman 8 Mobility Effects of Winter Weather and Road Maintenance Operations 131Liping Fu and Tae J. Kwon 9 Economic Benefits of Winter Road Operations 156David Veneziano, Xianming Shi, and Laura Fay 10 Environmental Risks of Snow and Ice Control Materials 180Xianming Shi, Sen Du, and Laura Fay 11 Impact of Chemical Deicers on Roadway Infrastructure: Risks and Best Management Practices 211Gang Xu and Xianming Shi 12 Vehicle Risks of Winter Road Operations and Best Management Practices 241Mehdi Honarvar Nazari and Xianming Shi 13 Strategic Planning and Management for Sustainable Winter Road Maintenance 273Matthew Muresan, Tae J. Kwon, Liping Fu, and Xianming Shi 14 Source Control Tactics for Sustainable Winter Road Maintenance 309Xianming ShiandLiping Fu 15 Reactive Approaches for Environmentally Sustainable Winter Road Operations 334Xianming Shi, Eric Strecker, and Scott Jungwirth 16 Innovative Winter Maintenance Equipment 358William H. Schneider IV, William A. Holik, and Mallory J. Crow 17 The Search for “Greener” Materials for Winter Road Maintenance Operations 378Xianming Shi and Scott Jungwirth 18 Pavement Treatments for Sustainable Winter Road Maintenance 402Xianming Shi, Jiang Huang, and Zhengxian Yang 19 Performance Measures for Sustainable Winter Road Operations 423Tina Greenfield 20 Application Guidelines for Optimal Deicing and Anti‐icing 443S.M. Kamal Hossain, Matthew Muresan, and Liping Fu 21 A Look into the Future 472Liping Fu and Xianming Shi Index 479

The Editors Xianming Shi, PhD, PE is an Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Washington State University, Pullman, Washington. He is an Associate Director at the Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates (CESTiCC) and the Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education (CAMMSE). His research focuses on reducing the environmental footprint of infrastructure deterioration and enabling sustainable roadway maintenance and operations. Liping Fu, PhD is a Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario. He is also an Adjunct and Visiting Professor at Wuhan University of Technology and Southwest Jiaotong University. His research focuses on winter road maintenance, ITS, and road and rail safety and operations.

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• List of Contributors vii Foreword ix 1 Introduction to Sustainable Winter Road Maintenance 1Xianming Shi and Liping Fu 2 A Framework for Life‐Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Road Salt Used in Winter Maintenance Operations 7Na Cui, Ning Xie, and Xianming Shi 3 Winter Road Operations: A Historical Perspective 23Leland D. Smithson 4 Societal and User Considerations for Sustainable Winter Road Operations 45David Veneziano and Laura Fay 5 Weather Services for Sustainable Winter Road Operations 59Chris Albrecht, Ralph Patterson, and Leigh Sturges 6 The Fundamentals of Plowing, Anti‐icing, De‐icing and Sanding 82Alex Klein‐Paste and Rune Dalen 7 Safety Effects of Winter Weather and Road Maintenance Operations 101Liping Fu and Taimur Usman 8 Mobility Effects of Winter Weather and Road Maintenance Operations 131Liping Fu and Tae J. Kwon 9 Economic Benefits of Winter Road Operations 156David Veneziano, Xianming Shi, and Laura Fay 10 Environmental Risks of Snow and Ice Control Materials 180Xianming Shi, Sen Du, and Laura Fay 11 Impact of Chemical Deicers on Roadway Infrastructure: Risks and Best Management Practices 211Gang Xu and Xianming Shi 12 Vehicle Risks of Winter Road Operations and Best Management Practices 241Mehdi Honarvar Nazari and Xianming Shi 13 Strategic Planning and Management for Sustainable Winter Road Maintenance 273Matthew Muresan, Tae J. Kwon, Liping Fu, and Xianming Shi 14 Source Control Tactics for Sustainable Winter Road Maintenance 309Xianming ShiandLiping Fu 15 Reactive Approaches for Environmentally Sustainable Winter Road Operations 334Xianming Shi, Eric Strecker, and Scott Jungwirth 16 Innovative Winter Maintenance Equipment 358William H. Schneider IV, William A. Holik, and Mallory J. Crow 17 The Search for “Greener” Materials for Winter Road Maintenance Operations 378Xianming Shi and Scott Jungwirth 18 Pavement Treatments for Sustainable Winter Road Maintenance 402Xianming Shi, Jiang Huang, and Zhengxian Yang 19 Performance Measures for Sustainable Winter Road Operations 423Tina Greenfield 20 Application Guidelines for Optimal Deicing and Anti‐icing 443S.M. Kamal Hossain, Matthew Muresan, and Liping Fu 21 A Look into the Future 472Liping Fu and Xianming Shi Index 479