Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Structure and Chemistry

Vijay Kumar Thakur is a Lecturer in the School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing Engineering, Cranfield University, UK. Previously he had been a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He spent his postdoctoral study in Materials Science & Engineering at Iowa State University, USA, and gained his PhD in Polymer Chemistry (2009) at the National Institute of Technology, India. He has published more than 90 SCI journal research articles in the field of polymers/materials science and holds one US patent. He has also published about 25 books and 33 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/materials science with numerous publishers, including Wiley-Scrivener.Manju Kumar Thakur has been working as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the Division of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Sarkaghat Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India since 2010. She received her PhD in Polymer Chemistry from the Chemistry Department at Himachal Pradesh University. She has deep experience in the field of organic chemistry, biopolymers, composites/ nanocomposites, hydrogels, applications of hydrogels in the removal of toxic heavy metal ions, drug delivery etc. She has published more than 30 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 25 book chapters and co-authored five books all in the field of polymeric materials. Michael R. Kessler is a Professor and Director of the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He is an expert in the mechanics, processing, and characterization of polymer matrix composites and nanocomposites. His honours include the Army Research Office Young Investigator Award, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Award, the NSF CAREER Award, and the Elsevier Young Composites Researcher Award from the American Society for Composites. He has more than 150 journal articles and 5800 citations, holds 6 patents, published 5 books on the synthesis and characterization of polymer materials, and presented at least 200 talks at national and international meetings.

• Preface xixAbout the Editors xxi1 Carbon Fibers from Sustainable Resources 1Rafael de Avila Delucis, Veronica Maria de Araujo Calado, Jose Roberto Moraes d’Almeida and Sandro Campos Amico1.1 Introduction 11.2 Lignin and Other Sustainable Resources 31.3 Carbon Fibers from Lignin 91.4 Carbon Fibers from Other Sustainable Resources 121.5 Concluding Remarks 15References 152 Polylactic Acid Composites and Composite Foams Based on Natural Fibers 25A.A. Pérez-Fonseca, H. Teymoorzadeh, J.R. Robledo-Ortíz, R. González-Nuñez and D. Rodrigue2.1 Introduction 252.2 PLA-Natural Fibers Composites 272.3 PLA Composite Foams with Natural Fibers 362.4 Thermal Annealing of PLA Composites 512.5 Conclusions 55References 553 Microcrystalline Cellulose and Related Polymer Composites: Synthesis, Characterization and Properties 61Djalal Trache3.1 Introduction 613.2 Cellulose: Structure and Sources 633.3 Microcrystalline Cellulose 663.4 Characterization and Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose 723.5 MCC-based Composites 783.6 Application of Composite Materials Based on MCC 833.7 Conclusions 84Acknowledgments 85References 854 Tannin-Based Foams: The Innovative Material for Insulation Purposes 93Gianluca Tondi and Alexander Petutschnigg4.1 First Tannin Foams and Their Characterization 934.2 Formulation and Process Modifications 964.3 Composite Materials: Tannin-based Panels 1004.4 Conclusions 102References 1025 Renewable Feedstock Vanillin-Derived Polymer and Composites: Structure Property Relationship 107G. Madhumitha, Selvaraj Mohana Roopan, D. Devi Priya and G. Elango5.1 Introduction 1075.2 Vanillin Production 1095.3 Some Common Applications of Vanillin 1115.4 Vanillin-Derived Polymers 1125.5 Vanillin-based Composites 1195.6 Applications of Vanillin-based Polymers and Composites 1215.7 Conclusion 124References 1256 Biomass-Based Formaldehyde-Free Bio-Resin for Wood Panel Process 129Xiaobin Zhao6.1 Introduction 1296.1.1 Wood Composite 1296.1.2 Biomass-based Adhesives 1306.2 Market Analysis of Biomass Based Adhesives 1306.3 Bio-based Adhesive Formulations 1316.4 Cambond Biomass Based Adhesives 1356.5 Bio-composites Based on Cambond Bio-Resin 1426.6 Final Remarks 1457 Bio-Derived Adhesives and Matrix Polymers for Composites 151Mariusz Ł. Mamiński and Renata Toczyłowska-Mamińska7.1 Introduction 1517.2 Glycerol 1527.3 Tannins 1567.4 Lignin 1597.5 Polysaccharides 1657.6 Proteins 1707.7 Oils 1757.8 Microorganism-produced biopolymers 1778 Silk Biocomposites: Structure and Chemistry 189Alexander Morin, Mahdi Pahlevan and Parvez Alam8.1 Introduction 1898.2 Spider Silk Protein 1898.3 Bombyx Mori Silk 1958.4 Silk Biocomposites: Applications 2059 Isolation and Characterisation of Water Soluble Polysaccharide from Colocasia esculenta Tubers 221Harshal Ashok Pawar, Pritam Dinesh Choudhary and Amit Jagannath Gavasane9.1 Introduction 2219.2 Materials and Methods 2249.3 Results and Discussion 2309.4 Conclusions 238Acknowledgements 238References 23810 Bio-based Fillers for Environmentally Friendly Composites 243Thabang H. Mokhothu and Maya J. John10.1 Introduction 24310.2 Bio-based Fillers/Reinforcements 24410.3 Bio-based Fillers Reinforced Biopolymer Composites 25510.4 Applications of Bio-based Composites 26110.5 Summary 262References 26411 Keratin-based Materials in Biotechnology 271Hafiz M. N. Iqbal and Tajalli Keshavarz11.1 Introduction 27111.2 Biopolymers 27311.3 Classification of Biopolymers 27311.4 Occurrence and Physicochemical Properties of Keratin 27411.5 Keratin-based Biomaterials 27611.6 Bio-composites 27611.7 Properties of Bio-composites for Bio-medical Applications 27811.8 Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications 28011.9 Potential Applications 28111.10 Concluding Remarks 284References 28412 Pineapple Leaf Fiber: A High Potential Reinforcement for Green Rubber and Plastic Composites 289Taweechai Amornsakchai12.1 Introduction 28912.2 Structure of Pineapple Leaf and Pineapple Leaf Fiber 29212.3 Conventional Methods of Fiber Extraction 29312.4 The Novel Mechanical Grinding Method 29312.5 Potential Applications of PALF as Reinforcement for Polymer Matrix Composites 29812.6 Concluding Remarks 304Acknowledgements 305References 30513 Insights into the Structure of Proteins Adsorbed onto Bioactive Glasses 309Klára Magyari, Adriana Vulpoi and Lucian Baia13.1 Introduction 30913.2 Bioactive Glasses as Renewable Materials 31013.3 Proteins Structure 31313.4 Suitable Methods for Proteins Investigation 31513.5 Interaction of Protein with Bioactive Glasses 32013.6 Summary 330Acknowledgements 33114 Effect of Filler Properties on the Antioxidant Response of Thermoplastic Starch Composites 337Tomy J. Gutiérrez, Paula González Seligra, Carolina Medina Jaramillo, Lucía Famá and Silvia Goyanes14.1 Introduction 33714.2 Starch-based Nanocomposites 33814.3 Regulatory Aspect 35514.4 Conclusions and Outlook 357Acknowledgements 35815 Preparation and Application of the Composite from Chitosan 371Chen Yu15.1 Introduction 37115.2 Composites from Chitosan and Natural Polymers 37215.3 Composites from Chitosan and Synthetic Polymers 38015.4 Composites from Chitosan and Biomacromolecules 38815.5 Composites from Chitosan and Inorganic Components 39415.6 Composites from Chitosan and Carbon Materials 409Acknowledgments 42016 Overview on Synthesis of Magnetic Bio Char from Discarded Agricultural Biomass 435Manoj Tripathi, N.M. Mubarak, J.N. Sahu and P.Ganesan16.1 Introduction 43616.2 Magnetic Bio Char 43716.3 Synthesis of Magnetic Bio Char 43816.4 Characteristics of Magnetic Bio Char 44716.5 Applications of Magnetic Bio Char 45016.6 Challenges and Future Scope of Magnetic Bio Char 45216.7 Summary 452Acknowledgement 45417 Polyurethanes Foams from Bio-Based and Recycled Components 461S.Gaidukovs, U.Cabulis and G.Gaidukova17.1 Introduction 46117.2 Experiments 46417.3 Results and Discussion 467Conclusions 478References 47918 Biodegradable Polymers for Protein and Peptide Therapeutics: Next Generation Delivery Systems 455Sathish Dyawanapelly, Nishant Kumar Jain, Sindhu KR, Maruthi Prassana and Akhilesh Vikram Singh18.1 Introduction 45618.2 Protein Therapeutics and Their Challenges 45618.3 Biodegradable Polymers for Conjugation 45918.4 PEGylated Protein Therapeutics 46018.5 Glycosylation of Proteins 47018.6 Polyglycerols (PG)-Protein Conjugates 48018.7 Dendrimer-Protein Conjugates 48118.8 HESylation of Proteins 48518.9 Dextran-Protein Conjugates 48718.10 Dextrin-Protein Conjugates 49418.11 Hyaluronic Acid (HA)-Protein Conjugates 49618.12 Some Other Polymer-Protein Conjugates 50318.13 PASylation 50318.14 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 504Abbreviations 504References 507