Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Design and Manufacturing

Vijay Kumar Thakur is a Lecturer in the School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing Engineering, Cranfield University, UK. Previously he had been a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He spent his postdoctoral study in Materials Science & Engineering at Iowa State University, USA, and gained his PhD in Polymer Chemistry (2009) at the National Institute of Technology, India. He has published more than 90 SCI journal research articles in the field of polymers/materials science and holds one US patent. He has also published about 25 books and 33 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/materials science with numerous publishers, including Wiley-Scrivener.Manju Kumar Thakur has been working as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the Division of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Sarkaghat Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India since 2010. She received her PhD in Polymer Chemistry from the Chemistry Department at Himachal Pradesh University. She has deep experience in the field of organic chemistry, biopolymers, composites/ nanocomposites, hydrogels, applications of hydrogels in the removal of toxic heavy metal ions, drug delivery etc. She has published more than 30 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 25 book chapters and co-authored five books all in the field of polymeric materials. Michael R. Kessler is a Professor and Director of the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He is an expert in the mechanics, processing, and characterization of polymer matrix composites and nanocomposites. His honours include the Army Research Office Young Investigator Award, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Award, the NSF CAREER Award, and the Elsevier Young Composites Researcher Award from the American Society for Composites. He has more than 150 journal articles and 5800 citations, holds 6 patents, published 5 books on the synthesis and characterization of polymer materials, and presented at least 200 talks at national and international meetings.

• Preface xix1 Design and Manufacturing of High-Performance Green Composites Based on Renewable Materials 1Katharina Resch, Andrea Klein, Silvia Lloret Pertegás and Ralf Schledjewski1.1 Introduction 11.2 Bio-Based Epoxy Matrix – State of the Art 31.3 Curing of Bio-Based Epoxy Resins – an Ecological Approach 101.4 Natural Fibers 121.4.1 Mechanical Performance of Bast Fibers 121.5 Processing Routes 141.6 Applications and Requirements 171.7 Concluding Remarks 18Acknowledgement 18References 182 Manufacturing of High Performance Biomass-Based Polyesters by Rheological Approach 25Masayuki Yamaguchi2.1 Introduction 252.2 Linear Viscoelastic Properties 262.3 Enhancement of Crystallization Rate 322.4 Rheological Modification for Marked Melt Elasticity 382.5 Conclusion 44Acknowledgments 44References 453 Design of Fibrous Composite Materials for Saving Energy 49Zuzana Murèinková, Vladimír Kompiš, Pavel Adamèík, Slavomír Dobroviè and Jaromír Murèinko3.1 Introduction 493.2 Microtermomechanical Fiber Composites Behavior 543.3 Industrial Applications — Case Studies 743.4 Conclusions 87References 884 Design and Manufacturing of Bio-Based Sandwich Structures 93Maya Jacob John4.1 Introduction 934.2 Bio-Based Core Materials 954.3 Manufacture of Sandwich Panels 994.4 Recent Studies on Bio-Based Sandwich Panels 1014.5 Applications of Bio-Based Sandwich Panels 1074.6 Conclusions 108References 108Contents vii5 Design and Manufacture of Biodegradable Products from Renewable Resources 111Mahmoud M. Farag5.1 Introduction 1115.2 Materials and Processes for Biodegradable Composites 1125.3 Performance of Biodegradable Composites Under Service Conditions 1165.4 Case Studies 118References 1296 Manufacturing and Characterization of Quicklime (CaO) Filled ZA-27 Metal Alloy Composites for Single-Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing 133Amar Patnaik, I.K.Bhat and Swati Gangwar6.1 Introduction 1336.2 Experimental Details 1346.3 Result and Discussions 1446.4 Conclusions 154Acknowledgement 155References 1557 Manufacturing of Composites From Chicken Feathers and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 159Diana Samantha Villarreal Lucio, José Luis Rivera-Armenta, Valeria Rivas-Orta, Nancy Patricia Díaz-Zavala, Ulises Páramo-García, Nohra Violeta Gallardo Rivas and María Yolanda Chávez Cinco7.1 Introduction 1597.2 Experimental 1647.3 Results and Discussion 1657.4 Conclusions 172Acknowledgments 172References 1728 Production of Porous Carbons from Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Gels: Applications 175Luciano Tamborini, Paula Militello, Cesar Barbero and Diego Acevedo8.1 Introduction 1758.2 Synthesis of Aerogels 1788.3 Polymeric Gels From Renewable Raw Materials 1808.4 Carbonization of Polymeric Resins 1828.5 Drying the Polymeric Gel 1828.6 Gel Stabilization 1858.7 Pyrolysis of R-F Resins 1888.8 Applications of the Gels 1888.9 Conclusions 191References 1929 Composites Using Agricultural Wastes 197Taha Ashour9.1 Introduction 1979.2 Natural Fibres Classification 2009.3 Types of Plant Fibres 2019.4 Composite Mechanical Properties 2119.5 Industry Process of Some Biocomposites Using Agricultural Wastes 217References 23510 Manufacturing of Rice Waste-Based Natural Fiber Polymer Composites from Thermosetting vs. Thermoplastic Matrices 241Altaf H. Basta, Houssni El-Saied and Mohamed S. Hassanen10.1 General Introduction 24110.2 Scope Survey of Agro-Based NFPC Composites 24310.3 Optimizing the Conditions for Production of High Performance Natural Fiber Polymer Composites 248Acknowledgment 258References 25911 Thermoplastic Polymeric Composites and Polymers: Their Potentialities in a Dialogue Between Art and Technology 263Thais H. Sydenstricker Flores-Sahagun, Nivaldo Rodrigues Carneiro and Danelia Lee Flores-Sahagun11.1 Introduction 26311.2 Organic Beauty in 1998 26511.3 Organic Beauty and Other Sculptures in 2014 26811.4 Laboratory Experiences 27611.5 Final Remarks 282Acknowledgments 285References 28512 Natural Fiber Reinforced PLA Composites: Effect of Shape of Fiber Elements on Properties of Composites 287Tibor Alpár, Gábor Markó and László Koroknai12.1 Introduction 28712.2 Natural Reinforcers 29012.3 Element Morphology 29312.4 Continuous Fiber Reinforced PLA Composite 305References 30913 Rigid Closed-Cell PUR Foams Containing Polyols Derived from Renewable Resources: The Effect of Polymer Composition, Foam Density, and Organoclay Filler on their Mechanical Properties 313M. Kirpluks, L. Stiebra, A. Trubaca-Boginska, U. Cabulis and J. Andersons13.1 Introduction 31313.2 Experimental 31813.3 Modeling the Mechanical Properties of Foams 32113.4 Results and Discussion 32513.5 Conclusions 335Acknowledgement 336References 33614 Preparation and Application of the Composite From Alginate 341Zhou Zhiyu, Xiao Kecen and Chen Yu14.1 Introduction 34114.2 Composites from Alginate and Natural Polymers 34214.3 Composites from Alginate and Synthetic Polymers 35114.4 Composites from Alginate and Biomacromolecules 35614.5 Composites from Alginate and Inorganic Components 35914.6 Composites from Alginate and Carbon Materials 36414.7 Composites from Alginate and Clays 366References 36715 Recent Developments in Biocomposites of Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin 377G M Arifuzzaman Khan, Nazire Deniz Yilmaz and Kenan Yilmaz15.1 Introduction 37715.2 History of B. mori Silk 37815.3 Chemical Composition of B. mori Silk 37915.4 Properties of B. mori Silk 38215.5 Extraction of Silk Fibroin by Degumming Process 38615.6 Regenerated Fibroin Solution 38815.7 Silk Fibroin Hydrogels 38915.8 Methods of SF-based Biocomposite Production 38915.9 Silk Fibroin-Based Biocomposites 39215.10 Conclusion 400References 40016 Design and Manufacturing of Natural Fiber/Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites 411Asim Shahzad and R. S. Choudhry16.1 Introduction 41116.2 Natural Fiber/Synthetic Fiber Hybrid Composites 42116.3 Applications and Future Outlook 44016.4 Conclusions 440References 44117 Natural Fibre Composite Strengthening Solution for Structural Beam Component for Enhanced Flexural Strength, as Alternatives to CFRP and GFRP Strengthening Techniques 449Tara Sen17.1 Introduction 44917.2 Materials 45417.3 Mechanical Characterization of Natural and Artificial Frp Composites 45617.4 RC Beam Strengthening Rechnique Using Natural and Artificial FRP Composite Systems 45817.5 Experimentation and Analysis of Results 46117.6 Conclusions 468References 47018 High Pressure Resin Transfer Moulding of Epoxy Resins from Renewable Sources 475Salvatore Mannino, Alberta Latteri, Giuseppe Saccullo, Rey Banatao, Stefan Pastine and Gianluca Cicala18.1 Introduction 47518.2 Experimental 48018.3 Results and Discussions 48318.4 Conclusions 487Acknowledgements 487References 48719 Cork-Based Structural Composites 489António Torres Marques, Paulo Nóvoa, Marcelo Moura and Albertino Arteiro19.1 Introduction: Cork as a Sustainable Resource 48919.2 Cork as a Structural Material 49019.3 Fibers and Matrices 49419.4 Core Cork Sandwich Concepts 49419.5 Damage Tolerant Structures with Cork 50919.6 Processing Techniques 51119.7 Design Philosophy 51119.8 Conclusions and Challenges 512References 51220 The Use of Wheat Straw as an Agricultural Waste in Composites for Semi-Structural Applications 515Carlo Santulli20.1 Introduction 51520.2 Application of Wheat Straw in Composites 51820.3 Future Developments 52420.4 Conclusions 527References 52821 Design and Manufacturing of Sustainable Composites 533Alencar Bravo and Darli Vieira21.1 Introduction to Ecological Composite Design 53321.2 Design Principles for a Sustainable Composite 55721.3 Summary of Available Composite Manufacturing Processes 56921.4 Techniques for Improving the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Composites 580Acronym List 589References 590