Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Physico-Chemical and Mechanical Characterization

Vijay Kumar Thakur is a Lecturer in the School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing Engineering, Cranfield University, UK. Previously he had been a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He spent his Postdoctoral study in Materials Science & Engineering at Iowa State University, USA, and his PhD in Polymer Chemistry (2009) at the National Institute of Technology, India. He has published more than 90 SCI journal research articles in the field of polymers/materials science and holds one US patent. He has also published about 25 books and thirty three book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/materials science with numerous publishers, including Wiley-Scrivener.Manju Kumar Thakur has been working as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the Division of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Sarkaghat Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India since 2010. She received her PhD in Polymer Chemistry from the Chemistry Department at Himachal Pradesh University. She has rich experience in the field of organic chemistry, bio- polymers, composites/ nanocomposites, hydrogels, applications of hydrogels in the removal of toxic heavy metal ions, drug delivery etc. She has published more than 30 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 25 book chapters and co-authored five books all in the field of polymeric materials.Michael R. Kessler is a Professor of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA as well as the Director of the school. He is an expert in the mechanics, processing, and characterization of polymer matrix composites and nanocomposites. His honours include the Army Research Office Young Investigator Award, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Award, the NSF CAREER Award, and the Elsevier Young Composites Researcher Award from the American Society for Composites.  He has >150 journal papers and 5800 citations, holds 6 patents, published 5 books on the synthesis and characterization of polymer materials, and presented >200 talks at national and international meetings.

• Preface xxi1 Structural and Biodegradation Characterization of Supramolecular PCL/HAp Nanocomposites for Application in Tissue Engineering 1Parvin Shokrollahi, Fateme Shokrolahi and Parinaz Hassanzadeh1.1 Introduction 11.2 Biomedical Applications of HAp 21.3 Effect of HAp Particles on Biodegradation of PCL/HAp Composites 51.4 Polycaprolactone 61.5 Supramolecular Polymers and Supramolecular PCL 71.6 Supramolecular Composites: PCL (UPy)2 /HApUPy Composites 81.7 PCL(UPy)2 /HApUPy Nanocomposites 17References 202 Different Characterization of Solid Biofillers-based Agricultural Waste Material 25Ahmad Mousa and Gert Heinrich2.1 Introduction 252.2 Examples on Agricultural Waste Materials 262.3 The Main Polymorphs of Cellulose 302.4 Modification Methods of Agro-biomass 312.5 Properties of Thermoplastics Reinforced with Untreated Wood Fillers 342.6 Production of Nanocellulose 342.7 Processing of Wood Thermoplastic Composites 372.8 Conclusion 38References 383 Poly (ethylene-terephthalate) Reinforced with Hemp Fibers: Elaboration, Characterization, and Potential Applications 43A.S. Fotso Talla, F. Erchiqui and J.S.Y. D Pagé3.1 General Introduction to Biocomposite Materials 433.2 PET–Hemp Fiber Composites 453.3 Methods of Elaboration and Characterization of PET–Hemp Fiber Composites 483.4 Properties of PET–Hemp Fiber Composites 503.5 Applications of PET–Hemp Fiber Composites 573.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 64References 644 Poly(Lactic Acid) Thermoplastic Composites from Renewable Materials 69Khosrow Khodabakhshi4.1 Introduction 694.2 Poly(Lactic Acid) Production, Properties, and Processing 714.3 Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites 744.4 Poly(Lactic Acid) Natural Fibers-Reinforced Composites 794.5 Conclusions 93References 935 Chitosan-Based Composite Materials: Fabrication and Characterization 103Nabil A. Ibrahim and Basma M. Eid5.1 Introduction 1035.2 Cs-Based Composite Materials 1055.3 Cs-Based Nanocomposites 1055.4 Characterization of Cs-based Composites 1305.5 Environmental Concerns 1305.6 Future Prospects 130References 1336 The Use of Flax Fiber-reinforced Polymer (FFRP) Composites in the Externally Reinforced Structures for Seismic Retrofitting Monitored by Transient Thermography and Optical Techniques 137C. Ibarra-Castanedo, S. Sfarra, D. Paoletti, A. Bendada and X. Maldague6.1 Introduction 1376.2 Experimental Setup 1396.3 Conclusions 151Acknowledgments 152References 1527 Recycling and Reuse of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Wastes in Concrete Composite Materials 155M.C.S. Ribeiro, A. Fiúza and A.J.M. Ferreira7.1 Introduction 1557.2 Recycling Processes for Thermoset FRP Wastes 1587.3 End-Use Applications for Mechanically Recycled FRP Wastes 1647.4 Market Outlook and Future Perspectives 166Acknowledgment 167References 1678 Analysis of Damage in Hybrid Composites Subjected to Ballistic Impacts: An Integrated Non-destructive Approach 175S. Sfarra, F. López, F. Sarasini, J. Tirillò, L. Ferrante, S. Perilli, C. Ibarra-Castanedo, D. Paoletti, L. Lampani, E. Barbero, S. Sánchez-Sáez and X. Maldague8.1 Introduction 1768.2 Lay-up Sequences and Manufacturing of Composite Materials 1788.3 Test Procedure 1788.4 Numerical Simulation 1808.5 Non-destructive Testing Methods and Related Techniques 1918.6 Results and Discussion 1948.7 Conclusions 206References 2069 Biofiber-Reinforced Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil (AESO)  Biocomposites 211Nazire Deniz Yýlmaz, G.M. Arifuzzaman Khan and Kenan Yýlmaz9.1 Introduction 2119.2 Soybean Oil 2139.3 Functionalization of Soy Oil Triglyceride 2169.4 Manufacturing of AESO-Based Composites 2279.5 Targeted Applications 2479.6 Conclusion 247Acknowledgments 248References 24810 Biopolyamides and High-Performance Natural Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites 253Shaghayegh Armioun, Muhammad Pervaiz and Mohini Sain10.1 Introduction 25310.2 Polyamide Chemistry 25610.3 Overview of Current Applications of Polyamides 26110.4 Biopolyamide Reinforced with Natural Fibers 26210.5 Conclusion 268References 26811 Impact of Recycling on the Mechanical and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Wood Fiber Based HDPE and PLA Composites 271Dilpreet S. Bajwa and Sujal Bhattacharjee11.1 Introduction 27111.2 Experiments 27511.3 Results and Discussion 27911.4 Conclusion 289References 28912 Lignocellulosic Fibers Composites: An Overview 293Grzegorz Kowaluk12.1 Wood 29312.2 Conventional Wood-Based Composites 29612.3 Lignocellulosic Composites with Reduced Weight 29912.4 Regenerated Cellulose Fibers 30112.5 Composites with Natural Fibres 30312.6 Sisal 30312.7 Banana Fibers 30412.8 Lignin and Cellulose 30512.9 Nanocellulose 306References 30613 Biodiesel-Derived Raw Glycerol to Value-Added Products: Catalytic Conversion Approach 309Samira Bagheri, Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli, Wageeh Abdulhadi Yehya Dabdawb and Negar Mansouri13.1 Introduction 30913.2 Glycerol 31313.3 Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol to Value-added Products 31613.4 Conclusion 345References 34614 Thermo-Mechanical Characterization of Sustainable Structural Composites 367Marek Prajer and Martin P. Ansell14.1 Introduction 36714.2 Structure and Mechanical Properties of Botanical Fibers 36814.3 Sustainable Polymer Matrix 37214.4 Interface in Natural Fiber-Sustainable Polymer Microcomposites 37714.5 Natural Fibers as a Reinforcement in Unidirectional and Laminar Composites 38114.6 Sustainable Structural Composites 38414.7 Discussion and Conclusions 401Acknowledgment 402References 40215 Novel pH Sensitive Composite Hydrogel Based on Functionalized Starch/clay for the Controlled Release of Amoxicillin 409T.S. Anirudhan, J. Parvathy and Anoop S. Nair15.1 Introduction 40915.2 Experimental 41215.3 Results and Discussion 41615.4 Conclusions 421Acknowledgments 422References 42216 Preparation and Characterization of Biobased Thermoset Polymers from Renewable Resources and Their Use in Composites 425Sunil Kumar Ramamoorthy, Dan Åkesson, Mikael Skrifvars and Behnaz Baghaei16.1 Introduction 42516.2 Characterization 427References 45217 Influence of Natural Fillers Size and Shape into Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Biocomposites 459Marcos Mariano, Clarice Fedosse Zornio, Farayde Matta Fakhouri and Sílvia Maria Martelli17.1 Introduction 45917.2 Mechanical Properties of Biobased Composites 464References 48018 Composite of Biodegradable Polymer Blends of PCL/PLLA and Coconut Fiber: The Effects of Ionizing Radiation 489Yasko Kodama18.1 Introduction 48918.2 Material and Method 49418.3 Results and Discussion 50218.4 Conclusion 519Acknowledgments 520References 52119 Packaging Composite Materials from Renewable Resources 525Behjat Tajeddin19.1 Introduction 52519.2 Sustainable Packaging 52719.3 Packaging Materials/Composites 53119.4 Biomass Packaging Materials/Biobased Polymers 53219.5 Vegetable Oils/Essential Oils 53819.6 Aliphatic Polyesters 53819.7 Synthetic/Natural Polymers Reinforcement with Any Other Renewable Resources/Vegetables Fibers Blends 54419.8 Edible Packaging Materials (Composites) 54519.9 Processing Methods or Tools for Biopackaging Composites Productions 54619.10 Nanopackaging (Bionanocomposites) 54919.11 Preparation Methods for Packaging Nanocomposites 55019.12 Edible Nanocomposite-based Material 55219.13 Summary/Conclusion 552Abbreviations 553References 55420 Physicochemical Properties of Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete 563M. Shanmuga Sundaram and S. Karthiyaini20.1 Precursor of Geopolymerization 56320.2 Back Ground of Precursor 56420.3 Present Scenario of Geopolymer 56420.4 Geopolymer Concrete 56520.5 Constituents of Geopolymers 56620.6 Evolution of Geopolymer 56620.7 Works on Geopolymer Concrete 56720.8 Economic Benefits of Geopolymer Concrete 57420.9 Authors Study 57420.10 Conclusion 577References 57821 A Biopolymer Derived from Castor Oil Polyurethane: Experimental and Numerical Analyses 581R.R.C. da Costa, A.C. Vieira, R.M. Guedes and V. Tita21.1 Introduction 58121.2 Experimental Analyses 58621.3 Constitutive Models 59021.4 Results 59121.5 Conclusions 602Acknowledgment 604References 60422 Natural Polymer-Based Biomaterials and Its Properties 607Md. Saiful Islam, Irmawati Binti Ramli, S.N. Kamilah, Azman Hassan and Abu Saleh Ahmed22.1 Introduction 60822.2 Modifications of PLA 61222.3 PLA Applications 61222.4 Characterization by FT-IR 61422.5 Characterization by Optical Microscopy 61522.6 Characterization by Electron Microscopy 61622.7 Characterization by Mechanical Testing 61822.8 Characterization of GPC 62422.9 Characterization of Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis 625References 62623 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Membranes from Renewable Resources 631Anika Zafiah Mohd Rus23.1 Introduction 63123.2 Membranes Classifications 63323.3 Overview of Fabrication Method of Polymer Membranes from Renewable Resources 63723.4 Chemical Reaction of Renewable Polymer (BP) 64023.5 Morphological Changes of Polymer Membrane by Scanning Electron Microscope 64523.6 Water Permeability 64823.7 Conclusions 649References 650Index 653