Nanocarbons for Electroanalysis

Editors Sabine Szunerits is Professor in Chemistry at the University Lille 1, France. Rabah Boukherroub is Director of research at the CNRS, Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, France. Alison Downard is Professor of Chemistry at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Jun-Jie Zhu is Professor in the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.

• List of Contributors ixSeries Preface xiiiPreface xv1 Electroanalysis with Carbon Film-based Electrodes 1Shunsuke Shiba, Tomoyuki Kamata, Dai Kato and Osamu Niwa1.1 Introduction 11.2 Fabrication of Carbon Film Electrodes 21.3 Electrochemical Performance and Application of Carbon Film Electrodes 41.3.1 Pure and Oxygen Containing Groups Terminated Carbon Film Electrodes 51.3.2 Nitrogen Containing or Nitrogen Terminated Carbon Film Electrodes 81.3.3 Fluorine Terminated Carbon Film Electrode 111.3.4 Metal Nanoparticles Containing Carbon Film Electrode 13References 192 Carbon Nanofibers for Electroanalysis 27Tianyan You, Dong Liu and Libo Li2.1 Introduction 272.2 Techniques for the Preparation of CNFs 282.3 CNFs Composites 302.3.1 NCNFs 302.3.2 Metal nanoparticles]loaded CNFs 322.4 Applications of CNFs for electroanalysis 322.4.1 Technologies for electroanalysis 322.4.2 Non]enzymatic biosensor 332.4.3 Enzyme]based biosensors 402.4.4 CNFs]based immunosensors 442.5. Conclusions 47References 473 Carbon Nanomaterials for Neuroanalytical Chemistry 55Cheng Yang and B. Jill Venton3.1. Introduction 553.2 Carbon Nanomaterial-based Microelectrodes and Nanoelectrodes for Neurotransmitter Detection 573.2.1 Carbon Nanomaterial-based Electrodes Using Dip Coating/Drop Casting Methods 573.2.2 Direct Growth of Carbon Nanomaterials on Electrode Substrates 593.2.3 Carbon Nanotube Fiber Microelectrodes 613.2.4 Carbon Nanoelectrodes and Carbon Nanomaterial-based Electrode Array 623.2.5 Conclusions 643.3 Challenges and Future Directions 653.3.1 Correlation Between Electrochemical Performance and Carbon Nanomaterial Surface Properties 653.3.2 Carbon Nanomaterial-based Anti-fouling Strategies for in vivo Measurements of Neurotransmitters 673.3.3 Reusable Carbon Nanomaterial-based Electrodes 703.4 Conclusions 73References 744 Carbon and Graphene Dots for Electrochemical Sensing 85Ying Chen, Lingling Li and Jun]Jie Zhu4.1 Introduction 854.2 CDs and GDs for Electrochemical Sensors 864.2.1 Substrate Materials in Electrochemical Sensing 864.2.1.1 Immobilization and Modification Function 864.2.1.2 Electrocatalysis Function 874.2.2 Carriers for Probe Fabrication 934.2.3 Signal Probes for Electrochemical Performance 954.2.4 Metal Ions Sensing 964.2.5 Small Molecule Sensing 974.2.6 Protein Sensing 1004.2.7 DNA/RNA Sensing 1014.3 Electrochemiluminescence Sensors 1014.4 Photoelectrochemical Sensing 1074.5 Conclusions 110References 1105 Electroanalytical Applications of Graphene 119Edward P. Randviir and Craig E. Banks5.1 Introduction 1195.2 The Birth of Graphene 1205.3 Types of Graphene 1225.4 Electroanalytical Properties of Graphene 1245.4.1 Free]standing 3D Graphene Foam 1245.4.2 Chemical Vapour Deposition and Pristine Graphene 1255.4.3 Graphene Screen]printed Electrodes 1275.4.4 Solution]based Graphene 1295.5 Future Outlook for Graphene Electroanalysis 132References 1336 Graphene/gold Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Sensing 139Sabine Szunerits, Qian Wang, Alina Vasilescu, Musen Li and Rabah Boukherroub6.1 Introduction 1396.2 Interfacing Gold Nanoparticles with Graphene 1416.2.1 Ex]situ Au NPs Decoration of Graphene 1426.2.2 In]situ Au NPs Decoration of Graphene 1436.2.3 Electrochemical Reduction 1456.3 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Graphene/Au NPs Hybrids 1466.3.1 Detection of Neurotransmitters: Dopamine, Serotonin 1466.3.2 Ractopamine 1516.3.3 Glucose 1526.3.4 Detection of Steroids: Cholesterol, Estradiol 1536.3.5 Detection of Antibacterial Agents 1536.3.6 Detection of Explosives Such as 2, 4, 6]trinitrotoluene (TNT) 1536.3.7 Detection of NADH 1546.3.8 Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide 1556.3.9 Heavy Metal Ions 1566.3.10 Amino Acid and DNA Sensing 1566.3.11 Detection of Model Protein Biomarkers 1576.4 Conclusion 161Acknowledgement 162References 1627 Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Fullerene-C60 Nano-structured PlatformsSanaz Pilehvar and Karolien De Wael 1737.1 Introduction 1737.1.1 Basics and History of Fullerene (C60) 1747.1.2 Synthesis of Fullerene 1757.1.3 Functionalization of Fullerene 1757.2 Modification of Electrodes with Fullerenes 1767.2.1 Fullerene (C60)-DNA Hybrid 1777.2.1.1 Interaction of DNA with Fullerene 1787.2.1.2 Fullerene for DNA Biosensing 1797.2.1.3 Fullerene as an Immobilization Platform 1797.2.2 Fullerene(C60)-Antibody Hybrid 1837.2.3 Fullerene(C60)-Protein Hybrid 1857.2.3.1 Enzymes 1857.2.3.2 Redox Active Proteins 1887.3 Conclusions and Future Prospects 190References 1918 Micro- and Nano-structured Diamond in Electrochemistry: Fabrication and Application 197Fang Gao and Christoph E. Nebel8.1 Introduction 1978.2 Fabrication Method of Diamond Nanostructures 1988.2.1 Reactive Ion Etching 1988.2.2 Templated Growth 2008.2.3 Surface Anisotropic Etching by Metal Catalyst 2048.2.4 High Temperature Surface Etching 2048.2.5 Selective Material Removal 2068.2.6 sp2-Carbon Assisted Growth of Diamond Nanostructures 2078.2.7 High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) Methods 2098.3 Application of Diamond Nanostructures in Electrochemistry 2098.3.1 Biosensors Based on Nanostructured Diamond 2098.3.2 Energy Storage Based on Nanostructured Diamond 2118.3.3 Catalyst Based on Nanostructured Diamond 2148.3.4 Diamond Porous Membranes for Chemical/Electrochemical Separation Processes 2168.4 Summary and Outlook 218Acronyms 219References 2199 Electroanalysis with C3N4 and SiC Nanostructures 227Mandana Amiri9.1 Introduction to g-C3N4 2279.2 Synthesis of g-C3N4 2299.3 Electrocatalytic Behavior of g-C3N4 2319.4 Electroanalysis with g-C3N4 Nanostructures 2339.4.1 Electrochemiluminescent Sensors 2339.4.2 Photo-electrochemical Detection Schemes 2369.4.3 Voltammetric Determinations 2399.5 Introduction to SiC 2419.6 Synthesis of SiC Nanostructures 2439.7 Electrochemical Behavior of SiC 2449.8 SiC Nanostructures in Electroanalysis 2469.9 Conclusion 250Acknowledgements 250References 250Index 259