SUSANNE M. CHARLESWORTH is a Professor of Urban Physical Geography in the Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience at Coventry University, United Kingdom. COLIN A. BOOTH is Associate Head of Research and Scholarship for the School of Architecture and the Built Environment at the University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom.

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• List of Contributors xvii1 Insights and Issues into the Impacts of Urban Pollution 1Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth1.1 Introduction 11.2 Examples of Urban Pollution 21.3 Structure of This Book 41.4 Conclusions 5References 52 Historical Urban Pollution 7Ann Power and Annie Worsley2.1 Introduction 72.2 Historical Pollution Monitoring using Environmental Archives 82.3 Ancient Air Pollution 82.4 Industrial Revolution 102.5 Twentieth‐Century Urban Pollution 132.6 Industrial Emissions 162.7 Transport 182.8 Conclusions 20References 203 Evolution of Air Quality Policy and Management in Urban Areas 29Enda Hayes3.1 Introduction 293.2 Sources of Urban Air Pollution 293.3 Health Implications of Urban Air Pollution 303.4 Historical Context of Air Quality Policy and Management 303.5 Future Urban Challenges 343.6 Conclusions 36References 364 UK and EU Water Policy as an Instrument of Urban Pollution 39Anne‐Marie McLaughlin, Susanne M. Charlesworth, and Stephen J. CoupeAcronyms used in This Chapter 394.1 Introduction 394.2 Determining Water Quality 404.3 UK Water Policy 414.4 Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) 464.5 European Policy 494.6 The Future 514.7 Conclusions 53References 545 Soil Quality and Policy 57J. Webb, Jose L. Rubio, and Michael A. Fullen5.1 Introduction 575.2 Soil Pollutants and Their Sources 575.3 Consequences of Urban Soil Pollution 585.4 Soils Legislation 615.5 Conclusions 65References 666 Ground Gases in Urban Environments – Sources and Solutions 69Andrew B. Shuttleworth6.1 Introduction 696.2 The Biochemistry of Ground Gas Production 716.3 Ground Gas Monitoring and Risk Assessment 736.5 Other Approaches 766.6 Passive Barriers and Subfloor Ventilation 776.7 Practical Examples of Gas Protection Details 796.8 Pathway Interception Systems for Receptor Protection and Control of Historic Sources 826.9 Examples of Other Techniques and Solutions: Biodegradation of Gaseous Pollutants 866.10 Conclusion 87References 877 Insights and Issues of Trace Elements Found in Street and Road Dusts 91Susanne M. Charlesworth, Eduardo De Miguel, Almudena Ordóñez, and Colin A. Booth7.1 Introduction 917.2 Sources of Street and Road Dusts 927.3 House Dust 987.4 Urban Soil 997.5 Urban Geochemical Cycles 997.6 Conclusions 100References 1018 Bioaccessibility of Trace Elements in Urban Environments 107Eduardo De Miguel, Almudena Ordóñez, Fernando Barrio‐Parra, Miguel Izquierdo‐Díaz, Rodrigo Álvarez, Juan Mingot, and Susanne M. Charlesworth8.1 Introduction 1078.2 Analytical Protocols 1088.3 Bioaccessibility and Urban Environments 1098.4 Bioaccessibility and Human Health Risk Assessment 1138.5 Conclusions 113References 1139 The Necessity for Urban Wastewater Collection, Treatment, and Disposal 119Colin A. Booth, David Oloke, Andrew Gooding, and Susanne M. Charlesworth9.1 Introduction 1199.2 Wastewater Collection in Developed Countries 1209.3 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal in Developed Countries 1219.4 Sludge Treatment and Disposal in Developed Countries 1249.5 WASH in Developing Countries 1259.6 Conclusions 127References 12710 Living Green Roofs 131Sara Wilkinson and Fraser Torpy10.1 Introduction 13110.2 Increasing Urbanisation: Urban Growth 13110.3 Increasing Urbanisation: Soil, Water, and Air Pollution 13210.4 Urban Heat Islands and Human Health 13510.5 Green Roof Options 13710.6 Case Study: University of Technology, Sydney, Food‐Producing Roof and Urban Pollution 13910.7 Conclusions and Next Steps 140References 14111 Light Pollution 147Fabio Falchi11.1 Introduction 14711.2 Environmental and Health Effects of Light Pollution 14911.3 How to Reduce Light Pollution 15111.4. The example of the Italian Regional Laws 15311.5 Conclusions 155References 15612 The Role of Forensic Science in the Investigation and Control of Urban Pollution 161Kenneth Pye12.1 Introduction 16112.2 Types of Urban Pollutants 16112.3 Stages in the Forensic Investigation of Urban Pollution 16512.4 Methods Used to Identify Sources of Pollutants 16512.5 Conclusions 168References 16913 River Ecology and Urban Pollution 173Martin Fenn13.1 Introduction 17313.2 History of River Ecology Monitoring 17413.3 Success Stories 18413.4 Conclusions 185References 18514 Urban Meadows on Brownfield Land 187Lynn Besenyei14.1 Introduction 18714.2 Creating Flower‐Rich Meadows 18914.3 Brownfield Soils for Meadow Creation 19214.4 Management of Created Meadows 19314.5 Opportunities for Urban Meadow Creation 19514.6 Conclusions 196References 19615 Urban Pollution and Ecosystem Services 199Rebecca Wade15.1 Introduction 19915.2 Ecosystem Services (ES), the Ecosystem Approach, and Ecosystem Service Valuation 19915.3 Urban Impacts on ES 20115.4 ES and Urban Pollution in the UK Legislative Context 20215.5 Enhancing Urban ES to Mitigate Urban Pollution 20315.6 Conclusions 206References 20716 Greywater Recycling and Reuse 211Katherine Hyde and Matthew Smith16.1 Introduction 21116.2 The Ubiquitous Nature of Pollutants in Wastewater from Baths, Showers, and Handbasins 21116.3 The Quality of Untreated Greywater and Its Water Resource Value 21216.4 Greywater Terminologies Used in this Chapter 21316.5 Pollutants in Untreated Greywater 21316.6 Standardising Greywater Treatment Systems: Removing and Minimising Pollutant Concentrations 21416.7 Managing the Environmental Characteristics, Applications, and Urban Uses of Treated Greywater 21616.8 University of Reading’s 2016 Experimental Irrigation of Sedum using Treated Greywater 21716.9 Soil Results Evaluated during Irrigation using Greywater Constituents 21816.10 Applying the Principles of Controlled Waters to Greywater Discharges for Sustaining Green Infrastructure 21816.11 Concluding Comments and Review 220Acknowledgements 220References 22017 Containment of Pollution from Urban Waste Disposal Sites 223Isaac I. Akinwumi, Colin A. Booth, Oluwapelumi O. Ojuri, Adebanji S. Ogbiye, and Akinwale O. Coker17.1 Introduction 22317.2 Generation of Waste Worldwide 22417.3 Waste Management Issues 22417.4 Landfill Liners 22917.5 Conclusions 231References 23118 Mitigating Urban Pollution through Innovative Use of Construction Materials 235Jamal M. Khatib, A. A. Elkordy, and Z. Abou Saleh18.1 Introduction 23518.2 Recycled Materials 23518.3 Cement Replacement and Geopolymer‐Based Materials 23718.4 Innovative Ways of Using Waste Clay 23818.5 Treatment and Stabilisation of Contaminated Sites 23918.6 Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste 23918.7 Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) Wastes 24018.8 Paper Industry Waste 24018.9 Shelled Compressed Earth 24118.10 Innovative Green Construction Materials 24118.11 Innovative Chemical Admixtures for Construction Materials 24218.12 Conclusions 242References 24319 Application of Zeolites to Environmental Remediation 249Craig D. Williams19.1 Introduction 24919.2 Heavy Metal Removal 24919.3 Pesticide Removal 25019.4 Zeolites Used in Transport 25019.5 Zeolites Used in Wastewater Treatment 25119.6 Zeolites Used in Nuclear Clean‐Up 25119.7 Zeolites in Organic Clean‐Up 25219.8 Zeolites used in Agriculture 25219.9 Zeolites as Slow Release Agents 25419.10 Zeolite Safety 25419.11 Conclusions 255References 25520 Bioremediation in Urban Pollution Mitigation: Theoretical Background and Applications to Groundwaters 259Alan P. Newman, Andrew B. Shuttleworth, and Ernest O. Nnadi20.1 Introduction 25920.2 Essentials for Bioremediation 25920.3 Bioremediation of Groundwater 26220.4 In Situ Plume Treatment 26220.5 Electron Acceptor Management in Groundwater Bioremediation 26420.6 Oxygen Releasing Compounds 26520.7 Anaerobic Bioremediation of Groundwater 26620.8 Reductive Anaerobic Degradation 26720.9 PRBs and Bioremediation 26820.10 Reductive Biodegradation in Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) 27020.11 Conclusion 270References 27021 Bioremediation in Urban Pollution Mitigation: Applications to Solid Media 277Andrew B. Shuttleworth, Alan P. Newman, and Ernest O. Nnadi21.1 Introduction 27721.2 In Situ Treatment above the Water Table 27821.3 Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation 28021.4 Ex Situ Bioremediation in Unsaturated Strata 28221.5 Conclusion 288References 28922 Use of Environmental Management Systems to Mitigate Urban Pollution 293Rosemary Horry and Colin A. Booth22.1 Introduction 29322.2 Why Is Environmental Management Important? 29322.3 Organisational Benefits and Barriers of Implementing an Environmental Management System (EMS) 29422.4 What can Companies do in Relation to their Environmental Impacts? 29422.5 What Happens when Things Go Wrong? 29722.6 Conclusions 301References 30123 Role of Citizen Science in Air Quality Monitoring 303Natasha Constant23.1 Introduction 30323.2 Air Pollution in Urban Environments 30423.3 Citizen Science and New Advances in Air Quality Monitoring 30423.4 Citizen Science, Biomonitoring, and Plants 30623.5 Social Dimensions of Citizen Science Air Quality Monitoring 30723.6 Conclusions 308References 30924 Unique Environmental Regulatory Framework Streamlines Clean‐Up and Encourages Urban Redevelopment in Massachusetts, United States 313Catherine M. Malagrida, Ileen Gladstone, and Ryan S. Hoffman24.1 Introduction 31324.2 LSPs and the Privatised System 31424.3 The Risk‐Based Clean‐Up Programme 31424.4 Brownfield Redevelopment Incentives 31524.5 Case Studies 31524.6 Conclusions 324References 32525 Urban Pollution in China 327Jianmin Ma and Jianzhong Xu25.1 Introduction 32725.2 Urban Air Pollution in China 32725.3 Urban Land/Soil Pollution 33225.4 Municipal Waste Contamination in Urban China 33225.5 A Case Study of Urban Pollution in Beijing 33325.6 Conclusions 337References 33726 Urban Pollution in India 341Manoj Shrivastava, Avijit Ghosh, Ranjan Bhattacharyya, and S.D. Singh26.1 Introduction 34126.2 Issues Related to Urban Pollution in India 34126.3 Pollution from Solid Waste and Wastewater in Indian Urban Areas 34526.4 Air Pollution in Urban Areas of India 34626.5 Water Pollution in Urban Areas of India 34826.6 Soil Contamination in Urban Areas of India 35026.7 Noise Pollution in Urban Areas of India 35026.8 Ways to Reduce Urban Pollution in India 35126.9 Conclusions 352References 35227 Urban Aquatic Pollution in Brazil 357Felippe Fernandes, Paulo Roberto Bairros Da Silva, Cristiano Poleto, and Susanne M. Charlesworth27.1 Introduction 35727.2 Current Brazilian Environmental Regulations 35827.3 Ecological Risk Assessment Approaches in Brazil 36027.4 Environmental Studies in Brazil 36127.5 A Case Study of Curitiba, Paraná 36527.6 Conclusions 366References 36728 Potentially Toxic Metal‐Bearing Phases in Urban Dust and Suspended Particulate Matter: The Case of Budapest, Hungary 371Péter Sipos, Tibor Németh, Viktória Kovács Kis, Norbert Zajzon, Chung Choi, and Zoltán May28.1 Introduction 37128.2 Materials and Methods 37228.3 Results and Discussion 37328.4 Conclusions 379References 38029 The Role of Urban Planning in Sub‐Saharan Africa Urban Pollution Management 385Kwasi Gyau Baffour Awuah29.1 Introduction 38529.2 Overview of Urban Pollution in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) 38629.3 Urban Planning as a Panacea 38929.4 Lessons for SSA Urban Planning 392References 39330 Water Pollution and Urbanisation Trends in Lebanon: Litani River Basin Case Study 397Jamal M. Khatib, Safaa Baydoun, and A. A. ElKordi30.1 Introduction 39730.2 Water Resources in Lebanon 39930.3 Urbanisation Trends 40030.4 Wastewater Management 40130.5 Water Quality 40230.6 The Case of the Litani River Basin 40330.7 Urbanisation and Water Pollution Trends 40430.8 Pollution Impact 40830.9 Current Management Efforts and Strategies 40930.10 Conclusions and Recommendations 409References 41031 Closing Comments on Urban Pollution 417Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth31.1 Introduction 41731.2 The Future for Towns and Cities 421Reference 421Index 423