TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours

James D. Brierley, BSc, MB, FRCP, FRCR, FRCPCProfessor, Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, CanadaDr Brierley trained in Clinical Oncology in the UK and developed his interest in cancer staging and surveillance when moving to Canada and has been involved in cancer surveillance, locally, nationally and internationally. He is Co-Chair of the UICC TNM Prognostic Factors Project. He has co-edited the TNM Supplement 4th edition (Wiley 2012) and the UICC Manual of Clinical Oncology (Wiley 2015).Mary K. Gospodarowicz MD, FRCPC, FRCR (Hon)Medical Director, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Regional Vice-President of Cancer Care Ontario for Toronto South; Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDr Gospodarowicz is the Past-President of UICC. She has a long-standing interest in cancer classification with an emphasis on staging and prognostic factors and she has been involved in the UICC TNM Project for many years. Her interests include the application of modern information and communication technologies in cancer control. Dr Gospodarowicz was coeditor of the 7th edition of the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours (Wiley 2009) and editor of the 2nd and 3rd editions of the UICC Prognostic Factors in Cancer (Wiley 2001, 2006).Christian Wittekind MDProfessor of Pathology, Chairman Institute of Pathology, University of Leipzig, GermanyDr Wittekind been involved in cancer staging and tumour classifications for over 20 years. He is a member of the UICC TNM Core Committee, Head of the German Speaking TNM-Komittee, and personally responds to all the questions to the UICC TNM helpdesk. He was the coeditor of the 5th , 6th and 7th edition of the TNM classification of Malignant Tumours (Wiley 1997, 2002, 2009) editor of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th edition of the TNM Supplement (Wiley 2001, 2003 and 2012) and editor of the 6th edition of the TNM Atlas (Wiley 2014).

• Preface XIIAcknowledgments XIVOrganizations Associated with the TNM System XVMembers of UICC Committees Associated with the TNM System XVISection Editors XVIIIntroduction 1 Head and Neck Tumours 17Lip and Oral Cavity 18Pharynx 22Larynx 31Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses 36Unknown Primary – Cervical Nodes 40Malignant Melanoma of Upper Aerodigestive Tract 45Major Salivary Glands 47Thyroid Gland 51Digestive System Tumours 55Oesophagus and Oesophagogastric Junction 57Stomach 63Small Intestine 67Appendix 70Colon and Rectum 73Anal Canal and Perianal Skin 77Liver 80Intrahepatic Bile Ducts 83Gallbladder 85Perihilar Bile Ducts 87Distal Extrahepatic Bile Duct 89Ampulla of Vater 91Pancreas 93Well‐Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Gastrointestinal Tract 96Lung, Pleural, and Thymic Tumours 105Lung 106Pleural Mesothelioma 113Thymic Tumours 115Tumours of Bone and Soft Tissues 119Bone 120Soft Tissues 124Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST) 127Skin Tumours 131Carcinoma of Skin 133Skin Carcinoma of the Head and Neck 136Carcinoma of Skin of the Eyelid 139Malignant Melanoma of Skin 142Merkel Cell Carcinoma of Skin 147Breast Tumours 151Gynaecological Tumours 159Vulva 161Vagina 164Cervix Uteri 166Uterus – Endometrium 171Uterine Sarcomas 175Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma 179Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms 184Urological Tumours 187Penis 188Prostate 191Testis 195Kidney 199Renal Pelvis and Ureter 202Urinary Bladder 204Urethra 208Adrenal Cortex 211Ophthalmic Tumours 215Carcinoma of Conjunctiva 216Malignant Melanoma of Conjunctiva 218Malignant Melanoma of Uvea 221Retinoblastoma 226Sarcoma of Orbit 230Carcinoma of Lacrimal Gland 232Hodgkin Lymphoma 235Non‐Hodgkin Lymphomas 239Essential TNM 241Paediatric Tumours 247Gastrointestinal Tumours 247Bone and Soft Tissue Tumours 248Gynaecological Tumours 249Urological Tumours 250Ophthalmic Tumours 251Malignant Lymphoma 252Central Nervous System 252