Novel Carbon Materials and Composites

EDITORS Xin Jiang, is a professor and holder of the Chair of Surface and Materials Technology at University of Siegen, Germany. Zhenhui Kang, is a professor in the Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials and the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices in Soochow University, People's Republic of China. Xiaoning Guo, is a research assistant at the Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Republic of China. Hao Zhuang, is a senior scientist at University of Siegen, Germany. NANOCARBON CHEMISTRY AND INTERFACES SERIES EDITORNianjun Yang Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Germany This series reflects recent developments and findings in the field of nanocarbon chemistry and interfaces; one of the most important aspects of nanocarbon research. Topics covered include the formation, structure and properties of diamond, diamond nanoparticles, graphene, graphene-oxide, graphene (quantum) dots, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, fullerenes, carbon dots, carbon composites, and their hybrids. Key applications in electroanalysis, biosensing, catalysis, electrosynthesis, energy storage and conversion, environment sensing and protection, biology, and medicine are highlighted.

• List of Contributors xiSeries Preface xiiiPreface xv1 Cubic Silicon Carbide: Growth, Properties, and Electrochemical Applications 1Nianjun Yang and Xin Jiang1.1 General Overview of Silicon Carbide 11.1.1 SiC Properties 11.1.2 SiC Applications 31.1.3 Scope of this Chapter 41.2 Synthesis of Silicon Carbide 41.2.1 Acheson Process 41.2.2 Physical Vapor Transport 51.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 51.3 Properties of Cubic Silicon Carbide 91.3.1 Surface Morphology 91.3.2 Electrochemical Properties 121.3.3 Surface Chemistry 161.3.3.1 Surface Terminations 161.3.3.2 Surface Functionalization 171.4 Electrochemical Applications of Cubic Silicon Carbide Films 201.4.1 Electrochemical Sensors 201.4.2 Biosensors 201.4.3 Energy Storage 211.4.4 Other Applications 241.5 Conclusions 24Acknowledgements 26References 262 Application of Silicon Carbide in Photocatalysis 35Xiao-Ning Guo, Xi-Li Tong and Xiang-Yun Guo2.1 Preparation of SiC with High Surface Area 362.1.1 Carbon Template Method 372.1.2 Sol-gel Method 402.1.3 Polycarbosilane Pyrolysis Method 422.2 Photocatalytic Water-Splitting 432.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants 542.4 Photocatalytic Selective Organic Transformations 572.5 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 66References 693 Application of Silicon Carbide in Electrocatalysis 73Xiao-Ning Guo, Xi-Li Tong and Xiang-Yun Guo3.1 Electrochemical Sensors 733.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 763.3 Dye-sensitized Solar Cells 833.4 Lithium-ion Batteries 863.5 Supercapacitors 88References 954 Carbon Nitride Fabrication and Its Water-Splitting Applications 99Yanhong Liu, Baodong Mao and Weidong Shi4.1 Introduction 994.2 Preparation of Pristine g-C3N4 1004.2.1 Effect of Precursors 1024.2.2 Effect of Reaction Parameters 1024.3 Bandgap Engineering by Doping and Copolymerization 1044.3.1 Doping of g-C3N4 1044.3.1.1 C-doping and N-vacancy 1044.3.1.2 S-doping 1064.3.1.3 P-doping 1064.3.1.4 Metal doping 1074.3.2 Copolymerization of g-C3N4 1074.4 Nanostructure Engineering of g-C3N4 1094.4.1 Ordered Mesoporous Nanostructures of g-C3N4 1094.4.1.1 Hard Templating Methods 1094.4.1.2 Soft Templating Methods 1104.4.1.3 Template-free Methods 1124.4.2 Exfoliation to 2D Nanosheets of g-C3N4 1134.4.3 0D Quantum Dots of g-C3N4 1154.5 g-C3N4 Composite Photocatalysts 1174.5.1 Metal/g-C3N4 Heterojunctions 1174.5.2 Graphitic Carbon/g-C3N4 Heterojunctions 1204.5.3 Semiconductors/g-C3N4 Heterojunctions 1224.5.3.1 Type-II Heterojunction 1234.5.3.2 Z-scheme 1244.5.3.3 0D/2D Heterostructures 1244.5.3.4 g-C3N4 Homojunctions 1254.5.3.5 Dyes Sensitization 1264.5.4 Deposition of Earth-Abundant Cocatalysts 1284.6 Conclusions and Outlook 130References 1325 Carbon Materials for Supercapacitors 137Yanfang Gao, Zijun Shi and Lijun Li5.1 Introduction 1375.2 Affecting Factors 1395.2.1 Specific Surface Area 1395.2.2 Pore Size 1395.2.3 Surface Functional Groups 1415.2.4 Electrical Conductivity 1415.3 Electrolyte 1425.3.1 Aqueous Electrolyte 1425.3.2 Organic Electrolyte 1435.3.3 Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 1435.4 Electrode Materials 1435.4.1 Activated Carbons 1435.4.2 Graphene 1485.4.3 Carbon Nanotubes 1525.4.4 Carbide-Derived Carbon 1575.4.5 Carbon Aerogels 1595.5 Conclusion and Outlook 161References 1616 Diamond/𝛃-SiC Composite Films 169Xin Jiang, Hao Zhuang and Haiyuan Fu6.1 Introduction 1696.2 Deposition Instruments 1696.3 Conditions of the CVD Process 1706.4 Film Quantity (Phase Distribution, Orientation, and Crystallinity) and Characterization 1726.5 Growth Mechanism 1776.6 Applications 1796.6.1 Improvement of the Film Adhesion 1796.6.2 Biosensor Applications 1816.6.3 Preferential Protein Absorption 1866.6.4 Diamond Networks 1926.7 Conclusions and Future Aspects 196References 1987 Diamond/Graphite Nanostructured Film: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications 205Nan Huang, Zhaofeng Zhai, Yuning Guo, Qingquan Tian and Xin Jiang7.1 Introduction 2057.2 Synthesis of the D/G Nanostructured Film 2067.3 Growth Mechanism of the D/G Nanostructured Film 2087.4 Properties and Applications of the D/G Nanostructured Film 2107.4.1 Mechanical Properties 2107.4.2 Electrochemical Properties 2127.4.3 Hybrid D/G Film Electrode for the Detection of Trace Heavy Metal Ions 2147.4.4 Hybrid D/G Film Electrochemical Biosensor for DNA Detection 2167.5 Conclusions 218Acknowledgment 219References 2198 Carbon Nanodot Composites: Fabrication, Properties, and Environmental and Energy Applications 223Hui Huang, Yang Liu and Zhenhui Kang8.1 Introduction 2238.2 Synthesis, Structure, and Properties 2248.2.1 Synthesis of C-dots 2248.2.2 Composition and Structure 2258.2.3 Properties 2268.2.3.1 Absorption 2268.2.3.2 Photoluminescence 2278.2.3.3 Photoinduced Electron Transfer Property 2278.2.3.4 Electrochemiluminescence 2278.2.3.5 Proton adsorption 2298.2.3.6 Toxicity 2298.3 C-dot-based Functional Nanocomposites 2298.3.1 C-dots in Mesoporous Structures 2298.3.2 C-dots in Polymers 2328.3.3 C-dots as Building Blocks for Mesoporous Structures 2328.4 Catalysis Application 2358.4.1 C-dots as Photocatalysts 2358.4.2 C-dots as Electrocatalysts 2398.4.3 Photocatalyst Design Based on C-dots 2418.4.3.1 Metal Nanoparticle/C-dots Complex Photocatalyst 2418.4.3.2 C-dots/Ag/Ag3PW12O40 Photocatalysts 2428.4.3.3 C-dots/TiO2 Photocatalysts 2438.4.3.4 CDs/Ag3PO4 Photocatalysts 2448.4.3.5 CDs/Cu2O Photocatalysts 2448.4.3.6 C-dots/C3N4 Photocatalysts 2458.4.3.7 C-dots/Enzyme Photocatalysts 2458.4.4 Photoelectrochemical Catalyst Design Based on C-dots 2468.4.5 Modulation of Electron/Energy Transfer States at the TiO2–C-dots Interface 2488.4.6 Electrocatalyst Design Based on C-dots 2498.4.7 Surface Modifications Towards Catalyst Design 2528.5 C-Dots for Sensing and Detection 2528.5.1 PL Sensors 2528.5.2 Electronic, Electrochemiluminescent and Electrochemical Sensors 2558.5.3 C-dots for Humidity and Temperature Sensing 2578.6 C-dots for Solar Energy 2578.7 Application in Supercapacitors and Lithium-Ion Batteries 2638.8 C-Dots Nanocomposite for Efficient Lubrication 2648.9 Outlook 267References 269Index 275