Ivana Markova, PhD., is Assistant Professor at San Francisco State University. She is currently working on research testing new cellulosic fibers as possible reinforcement materials for composites.

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• Preface ixAcknowledgments xiIntroduction xiii1 Natural Cellulosic Fibers 11.1 Seed Fibers 11.1.1 Cotton 11.1.2 Organic Cotton 41.1.3 Kapok Fibers 61.1.4 Poplar Fibers 81.1.5 Willow Fibers 91.1.6 Coir Fibers 111.2 Bast Fibers 121.2.1 Linen 121.2.2 Ramie 161.2.3 Hemp 171.2.4 Bamboo 211.2.5 Jute 221.2.6 Fiber Size 221.2.7 Nettle 221.2.8 Bast Fiber in Its Historical Context 261.3 Leaf Fibers 261.3.1 Sisal 271.3.2 Henequen 271.3.3 Abaca 271.3.4 Pineapple Leaves 28References 282 Animal Fibers 312.1 Wool 312.1.1 Cuticle 322.1.2 Scale Pattern Type (Animal Hair) 332.1.2.1 Mosaic 342.1.2.2 Wave 342.1.2.3 Chevron 342.1.2.4 Petal 362.1.3 Types of Scale Margins 362.1.4 Cortex 362.1.5 Medulla 362.1.5.1 Lattice 372.1.5.2 Simple Unbroken 372.1.5.3 Interrupted 382.1.5.4 Fragmental 382.1.5.5 Ladder Type of Medulla 382.1.6 Fiber Size 392.1.7 Fiber Morphology 392.1.7.1 Fiber Absorbency 412.1.7.2 Fiber Shrinkage 412.1.7.3 Wool Varieties 422.1.8 Merino Wool and Other Fine Wool Fibers 432.1.8.1 Normal Fleece Wool 442.1.8.2 Kemp Fibers 442.2 Luxury Fibers 452.2.1 Cashmere 462.2.2 Yangir 492.2.3 Mohair 492.2.4 Vicuna 542.2.5 Camelid Fibers 552.2.6 Alpaca 572.2.7 Llama 612.2.8 Shahtoosh 622.2.9 Yak 622.2.10 Other Identification Techniques to Note 632.3 Silk 662.3.1 Peace or Ahimsa Silk 692.3.2 Spider Silk 71References 733 Fur Fibers 773.1 Animal Fibers 773.1.1 Scale Cast 783.1.2 Cuticle Scales 793.1.3 Rabbit, Hare, and Angora Rabbit Fibers 793.1.4 Angora Hair 813.2 Other Fur Fibers 843.2.1 Mink and Ermine 863.2.2 Kolinsky Mink 883.2.3 Raccoon Dog 883.2.4 Red Fox 893.3 Faux Fur 893.4 Dog and Cat Fur 943.4.1 Karakul 963.4.2 Optical Microscopy 973.4.3 Measuring Hair Length 98References 984 Regenerated Cellulosic and Protein Fibers 1014.1 Regenerated Cellulosic Fibers 1014.1.1 Viscose Rayon 1014.1.2 Bamboo Rayon 1034.1.3 High Wet Modulus (HWM) Rayon 1044.1.4 Cuprammonium Rayon 1064.1.5 Lyocell Fibers 1074.1.6 A Review of Cross‐sectional Shapes of Fibers 1084.1.7 Cross‐sectional Fiber Shape and Luster 1094.1.8 Acetate Fibers 1114.2 Regenerated Protein Fibers 1134.2.1 Soybean Fibers 1144.2.2 Milk Fibers 1174.2.3 Composite Cellulose Fibers 117References 1205 Synthetic Fibers 1235.1 Nylon 1235.2 Polyester 1245.3 Luster 1265.4 Delustering 1265.5 Longitudinal View 1285.6 Variety of Cross‐sectional Shapes 1285.7 Comparison Analysis 1315.8 Fibers in Carpeting 1335.9 Fabric Tenacity 1345.10 Performance Textiles 1355.11 Acrylic Fibers 1365.12 Fiber Cross‐sections 1375.13 Fiber Longitudinal View 1385.14 Spandex 1415.15 Olefin 1435.16 Fiber Melting Point 1445.17 Microfibers 1465.17.1 Applications of Microfibers 1505.17.2 Imitation Leather/Suede 157References 1596 Nanofibers 1616.1 Nanotechnology in Textiles 1616.1.1 Production of Nanofibers 1636.1.2 Uses of Nanofibers 1636.1.3 Nanowebs 1646.1.4 Nanocoatings 1666.1.5 Nanoparticles 1676.1.6 Electrically Conductive Fibers 1686.1.7 Porous Surface Fibers 1696.1.8 Microscopy 170References 1707 Recycled Fibers 1737.1 Fiber Recycling 1737.2 Recycled Polyester via Chemical Recycling 1737.2.1 Microscopic Appearance 1747.3 Recycled PET via Mechanical Recycling 1747.3.1 Microscopic Images 1767.4 Recycling Nylon 1777.5 Recycled Cotton 1777.5.1 Microscopic Appearance 1797.6 Recycled Wool 1797.6.1 Microscopic Appearance 1807.7 Other Recycling Methods – Using a Rayon Manufacturing Method to Recycle Fibers – A Dissolution‐Based Recycling Method 1817.7.1 Microscopic Appearance 1827.7.2 Recycling Blends 182References 1848 Historic Fibers 1878.1 Textile Fibers and History 1878.1.1 General Information – Ancient Textiles 1888.1.2 Greek Textiles 1888.2 The Use of Hemp in Central Europe 1948.3 Egyptian Textiles 1948.3.1 Middle Kingdom Linen Cloth 1958.3.2 Romano‐Egyptian Textiles 196References 198Index 201

Ivana Markova, PhD., is Assistant Professor at San Francisco State University. She is currently working on research testing new cellulosic fibers as possible reinforcement materials for composites.

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• Preface ixAcknowledgments xiIntroduction xiii1 Natural Cellulosic Fibers 11.1 Seed Fibers 11.1.1 Cotton 11.1.2 Organic Cotton 41.1.3 Kapok Fibers 61.1.4 Poplar Fibers 81.1.5 Willow Fibers 91.1.6 Coir Fibers 111.2 Bast Fibers 121.2.1 Linen 121.2.2 Ramie 161.2.3 Hemp 171.2.4 Bamboo 211.2.5 Jute 221.2.6 Fiber Size 221.2.7 Nettle 221.2.8 Bast Fiber in Its Historical Context 261.3 Leaf Fibers 261.3.1 Sisal 271.3.2 Henequen 271.3.3 Abaca 271.3.4 Pineapple Leaves 28References 282 Animal Fibers 312.1 Wool 312.1.1 Cuticle 322.1.2 Scale Pattern Type (Animal Hair) 332.1.2.1 Mosaic 342.1.2.2 Wave 342.1.2.3 Chevron 342.1.2.4 Petal 362.1.3 Types of Scale Margins 362.1.4 Cortex 362.1.5 Medulla 362.1.5.1 Lattice 372.1.5.2 Simple Unbroken 372.1.5.3 Interrupted 382.1.5.4 Fragmental 382.1.5.5 Ladder Type of Medulla 382.1.6 Fiber Size 392.1.7 Fiber Morphology 392.1.7.1 Fiber Absorbency 412.1.7.2 Fiber Shrinkage 412.1.7.3 Wool Varieties 422.1.8 Merino Wool and Other Fine Wool Fibers 432.1.8.1 Normal Fleece Wool 442.1.8.2 Kemp Fibers 442.2 Luxury Fibers 452.2.1 Cashmere 462.2.2 Yangir 492.2.3 Mohair 492.2.4 Vicuna 542.2.5 Camelid Fibers 552.2.6 Alpaca 572.2.7 Llama 612.2.8 Shahtoosh 622.2.9 Yak 622.2.10 Other Identification Techniques to Note 632.3 Silk 662.3.1 Peace or Ahimsa Silk 692.3.2 Spider Silk 71References 733 Fur Fibers 773.1 Animal Fibers 773.1.1 Scale Cast 783.1.2 Cuticle Scales 793.1.3 Rabbit, Hare, and Angora Rabbit Fibers 793.1.4 Angora Hair 813.2 Other Fur Fibers 843.2.1 Mink and Ermine 863.2.2 Kolinsky Mink 883.2.3 Raccoon Dog 883.2.4 Red Fox 893.3 Faux Fur 893.4 Dog and Cat Fur 943.4.1 Karakul 963.4.2 Optical Microscopy 973.4.3 Measuring Hair Length 98References 984 Regenerated Cellulosic and Protein Fibers 1014.1 Regenerated Cellulosic Fibers 1014.1.1 Viscose Rayon 1014.1.2 Bamboo Rayon 1034.1.3 High Wet Modulus (HWM) Rayon 1044.1.4 Cuprammonium Rayon 1064.1.5 Lyocell Fibers 1074.1.6 A Review of Cross‐sectional Shapes of Fibers 1084.1.7 Cross‐sectional Fiber Shape and Luster 1094.1.8 Acetate Fibers 1114.2 Regenerated Protein Fibers 1134.2.1 Soybean Fibers 1144.2.2 Milk Fibers 1174.2.3 Composite Cellulose Fibers 117References 1205 Synthetic Fibers 1235.1 Nylon 1235.2 Polyester 1245.3 Luster 1265.4 Delustering 1265.5 Longitudinal View 1285.6 Variety of Cross‐sectional Shapes 1285.7 Comparison Analysis 1315.8 Fibers in Carpeting 1335.9 Fabric Tenacity 1345.10 Performance Textiles 1355.11 Acrylic Fibers 1365.12 Fiber Cross‐sections 1375.13 Fiber Longitudinal View 1385.14 Spandex 1415.15 Olefin 1435.16 Fiber Melting Point 1445.17 Microfibers 1465.17.1 Applications of Microfibers 1505.17.2 Imitation Leather/Suede 157References 1596 Nanofibers 1616.1 Nanotechnology in Textiles 1616.1.1 Production of Nanofibers 1636.1.2 Uses of Nanofibers 1636.1.3 Nanowebs 1646.1.4 Nanocoatings 1666.1.5 Nanoparticles 1676.1.6 Electrically Conductive Fibers 1686.1.7 Porous Surface Fibers 1696.1.8 Microscopy 170References 1707 Recycled Fibers 1737.1 Fiber Recycling 1737.2 Recycled Polyester via Chemical Recycling 1737.2.1 Microscopic Appearance 1747.3 Recycled PET via Mechanical Recycling 1747.3.1 Microscopic Images 1767.4 Recycling Nylon 1777.5 Recycled Cotton 1777.5.1 Microscopic Appearance 1797.6 Recycled Wool 1797.6.1 Microscopic Appearance 1807.7 Other Recycling Methods – Using a Rayon Manufacturing Method to Recycle Fibers – A Dissolution‐Based Recycling Method 1817.7.1 Microscopic Appearance 1827.7.2 Recycling Blends 182References 1848 Historic Fibers 1878.1 Textile Fibers and History 1878.1.1 General Information – Ancient Textiles 1888.1.2 Greek Textiles 1888.2 The Use of Hemp in Central Europe 1948.3 Egyptian Textiles 1948.3.1 Middle Kingdom Linen Cloth 1958.3.2 Romano‐Egyptian Textiles 196References 198Index 201

Ivana Markova, PhD., is Assistant Professor at San Francisco State University. She is currently working on research testing new cellulosic fibers as possible reinforcement materials for composites.

Select Guide Rating

• Preface ixAcknowledgments xiIntroduction xiii1 Natural Cellulosic Fibers 11.1 Seed Fibers 11.1.1 Cotton 11.1.2 Organic Cotton 41.1.3 Kapok Fibers 61.1.4 Poplar Fibers 81.1.5 Willow Fibers 91.1.6 Coir Fibers 111.2 Bast Fibers 121.2.1 Linen 121.2.2 Ramie 161.2.3 Hemp 171.2.4 Bamboo 211.2.5 Jute 221.2.6 Fiber Size 221.2.7 Nettle 221.2.8 Bast Fiber in Its Historical Context 261.3 Leaf Fibers 261.3.1 Sisal 271.3.2 Henequen 271.3.3 Abaca 271.3.4 Pineapple Leaves 28References 282 Animal Fibers 312.1 Wool 312.1.1 Cuticle 322.1.2 Scale Pattern Type (Animal Hair) 332.1.2.1 Mosaic 342.1.2.2 Wave 342.1.2.3 Chevron 342.1.2.4 Petal 362.1.3 Types of Scale Margins 362.1.4 Cortex 362.1.5 Medulla 362.1.5.1 Lattice 372.1.5.2 Simple Unbroken 372.1.5.3 Interrupted 382.1.5.4 Fragmental 382.1.5.5 Ladder Type of Medulla 382.1.6 Fiber Size 392.1.7 Fiber Morphology 392.1.7.1 Fiber Absorbency 412.1.7.2 Fiber Shrinkage 412.1.7.3 Wool Varieties 422.1.8 Merino Wool and Other Fine Wool Fibers 432.1.8.1 Normal Fleece Wool 442.1.8.2 Kemp Fibers 442.2 Luxury Fibers 452.2.1 Cashmere 462.2.2 Yangir 492.2.3 Mohair 492.2.4 Vicuna 542.2.5 Camelid Fibers 552.2.6 Alpaca 572.2.7 Llama 612.2.8 Shahtoosh 622.2.9 Yak 622.2.10 Other Identification Techniques to Note 632.3 Silk 662.3.1 Peace or Ahimsa Silk 692.3.2 Spider Silk 71References 733 Fur Fibers 773.1 Animal Fibers 773.1.1 Scale Cast 783.1.2 Cuticle Scales 793.1.3 Rabbit, Hare, and Angora Rabbit Fibers 793.1.4 Angora Hair 813.2 Other Fur Fibers 843.2.1 Mink and Ermine 863.2.2 Kolinsky Mink 883.2.3 Raccoon Dog 883.2.4 Red Fox 893.3 Faux Fur 893.4 Dog and Cat Fur 943.4.1 Karakul 963.4.2 Optical Microscopy 973.4.3 Measuring Hair Length 98References 984 Regenerated Cellulosic and Protein Fibers 1014.1 Regenerated Cellulosic Fibers 1014.1.1 Viscose Rayon 1014.1.2 Bamboo Rayon 1034.1.3 High Wet Modulus (HWM) Rayon 1044.1.4 Cuprammonium Rayon 1064.1.5 Lyocell Fibers 1074.1.6 A Review of Cross‐sectional Shapes of Fibers 1084.1.7 Cross‐sectional Fiber Shape and Luster 1094.1.8 Acetate Fibers 1114.2 Regenerated Protein Fibers 1134.2.1 Soybean Fibers 1144.2.2 Milk Fibers 1174.2.3 Composite Cellulose Fibers 117References 1205 Synthetic Fibers 1235.1 Nylon 1235.2 Polyester 1245.3 Luster 1265.4 Delustering 1265.5 Longitudinal View 1285.6 Variety of Cross‐sectional Shapes 1285.7 Comparison Analysis 1315.8 Fibers in Carpeting 1335.9 Fabric Tenacity 1345.10 Performance Textiles 1355.11 Acrylic Fibers 1365.12 Fiber Cross‐sections 1375.13 Fiber Longitudinal View 1385.14 Spandex 1415.15 Olefin 1435.16 Fiber Melting Point 1445.17 Microfibers 1465.17.1 Applications of Microfibers 1505.17.2 Imitation Leather/Suede 157References 1596 Nanofibers 1616.1 Nanotechnology in Textiles 1616.1.1 Production of Nanofibers 1636.1.2 Uses of Nanofibers 1636.1.3 Nanowebs 1646.1.4 Nanocoatings 1666.1.5 Nanoparticles 1676.1.6 Electrically Conductive Fibers 1686.1.7 Porous Surface Fibers 1696.1.8 Microscopy 170References 1707 Recycled Fibers 1737.1 Fiber Recycling 1737.2 Recycled Polyester via Chemical Recycling 1737.2.1 Microscopic Appearance 1747.3 Recycled PET via Mechanical Recycling 1747.3.1 Microscopic Images 1767.4 Recycling Nylon 1777.5 Recycled Cotton 1777.5.1 Microscopic Appearance 1797.6 Recycled Wool 1797.6.1 Microscopic Appearance 1807.7 Other Recycling Methods – Using a Rayon Manufacturing Method to Recycle Fibers – A Dissolution‐Based Recycling Method 1817.7.1 Microscopic Appearance 1827.7.2 Recycling Blends 182References 1848 Historic Fibers 1878.1 Textile Fibers and History 1878.1.1 General Information – Ancient Textiles 1888.1.2 Greek Textiles 1888.2 The Use of Hemp in Central Europe 1948.3 Egyptian Textiles 1948.3.1 Middle Kingdom Linen Cloth 1958.3.2 Romano‐Egyptian Textiles 196References 198Index 201