Aman Gupta holds a masters degree from Punjab Technical University, and he has written or co-written several books and papers. His areas of research include heat transfer, thermal engineering, and solid mechanics.Shubham Sharma holds a masters degree from Punjab Technical University. His area of research is in mechanical engineering, and he is a consultant in the field of combustion engines. Sunny Narayan holds a masters degree from the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom and has several books and papers to his credit. He is a member of SAE, ASME and INCE and is a freelance tutor. His area of research includes combustion engines, focusing on noise and vibration aspects of engines.

• Abstract ixList of Symbols xi1 Introduction 11.1 Background 11.2 Types of Stirling Engines 21.3 Stirling Engine Designs 41.4 Free-Piston Stirling Engines 61.5 Gamma Type Engine 18References 272 Liquid Piston Engines 292.1 Introduction 292.2 Objectives 322.3 Brief Overview of Pumps and Heat Engines 332.4 Heat Engine 382.5 Clever Pumps 422.6 History and Development of Stirling Engines 452.7 Operation of a Stirling Engine 482.8 Working Gas 532.9 Pros and Cons of Stirling Engine 532.10 Low Temperature Difference Stirling Engine 542.11 Basic Principle of a Fluidyne 552.12 Detailed Working of a Fluidyne 572.13 Role of Evaporation 612.14 Regenerator 612.15 Pumping Setups 622.16 Tuning of Liquid Column 632.17 Motion Analysis 642.18 Losses 652.19 Factors Affecting Amplitude 662.20 Performance of Engine 672.21 Design 672.22 Assembly 702.23 Calculation 712.24 Experiments 722.25 Results 742.26 Comparison Within Existing Commercial Devices 762.27 Improvements 782.28 Future Scope 792.29 Conclusion 802.30 Numerical Analysis 80References 833 Customer Satisfaction Issues 873.1 Durability Issues 873.2 Testing of Engines 883.3 Design of Systems 883.4 Systems Durability 89References 894 Lubrication Dynamics 914.1 Background 914.2 Friction Features 934.3 Effects of Varying Speeds and Loads 944.4 Friction Reduction 944.5 Piston-Assembly Dynamics 954.6 Reynolds Equation for Lubrication Oil Pressure 964.7 Introduction 1024.8 Background 1044.9 Occurrence of Piston Slap Events 1054.10 Literature Review 1104.11 Piston Motion Simulation Using COMSOL 1144.12 Force Analysis 1174.13 Effects of Various Skirt Design Parameters 1204.14 Numerical Model of Slapping Motion 1314.15 Piston Side Thrust Force 1324.16 Frictional Forces 1334.17 Determination of System Mobility 1334.18 Conclusion 1435 NVH Features of Engines 1455.1 Background 1455.2 Acoustics Overview of Internal Combustion Engine 1465.3 Imperial Formulation to Determine Noise Emitted from Engine 1495.4 Engine Noise Sources 1515.5 Noise Source Identification Techniques 1545.6 Summary 157References 1586 Diagnosis Methodology for Diesel Engines 1616.1 Introduction 1616.2 Power Spectral Density Function 1626.3 Time Frequency Analysis 1626.4 Wavelet Analysis 1636.5 Conclusion 164References 1657 Sources of Noise in Diesel Engines 1677.1 Introduction 1677.2 Combustion Noise 1687.3 Piston Assembly Noise 1687.4 Valve Train Noise 1707.5 Gear Train Noise 1707.6 Crank Train and Engine Block Vibrations 1717.7 Aerodynamic Noise 1717.8 Bearing Noise 1717.9 Timing Belt and Chain Noise 1727.10 Summary 174References 1758 Combustion Based Noise 1798.1 Introduction 1798.2 Background of Combustion Process in Diesel Engines 1808.3 Combustion Phase Analysis 1838.4 Combustion Based Engine Noise 1848.5 Factors Affecting Combustion Noise 1868.6 In Cylinder Pressure Analysis 1878.7 Effects of Heat Release Rate 1878.8 Effects of Cyclic Variations 1888.9 Resonance Phenomenon 1898.10 In Cylinder Pressure Decomposition Method 1898.11 Mathematical Model of Generation of Combustion Noise 1928.12 Evaluation of Combustion Noise Methods 1938.13 Summary 199References 1999 Effects of Turbo Charging in S.I. Engines 2039.1 Abstract 2039.2 Fundamentals 2049.3 Turbochargers 2059.4 Turbocharging in Diesel Engines 2069.5 Turbocharging of Gasoline Engines 2079.6 Turbocharging 2089.7 Components of Turbocharged SI Engines 2089.8 Intercooler 2139.9 Designing of Turbocharger 2139.10 Operational Problems in Turbocharging of SI Engines 2229.11 Methods to Reduce Knock in S.I Engines 2239.12 Ignition Timing and Knock 2239.13 Charge Air Cooling 2249.14 Downsizing of SI Engines 2259.15 Techniques Associated with Turbo Charging of SI Engines Boosting Systems 22510 Emissions Control by Turbo Charged SI Engines 23111 Scope of Turbo Charging in SI Engines 23312 Summary 23513 Conclusions and Future Work 23713.1 Conclusions 23713.2 Contributions 23713.3 Future Recommendations 238References 240List of Important Terms 243Bibliography 247Glossary 249Index 251

Aman Gupta holds a masters degree from Punjab Technical University, and he has written or co-written several books and papers. His areas of research include heat transfer, thermal engineering, and solid mechanics.Shubham Sharma holds a masters degree from Punjab Technical University. His area of research is in mechanical engineering, and he is a consultant in the field of combustion engines. Sunny Narayan holds a masters degree from the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom and has several books and papers to his credit. He is a member of SAE, ASME and INCE and is a freelance tutor. His area of research includes combustion engines, focusing on noise and vibration aspects of engines.

• Abstract ixList of Symbols xi1 Introduction 11.1 Background 11.2 Types of Stirling Engines 21.3 Stirling Engine Designs 41.4 Free-Piston Stirling Engines 61.5 Gamma Type Engine 18References 272 Liquid Piston Engines 292.1 Introduction 292.2 Objectives 322.3 Brief Overview of Pumps and Heat Engines 332.4 Heat Engine 382.5 Clever Pumps 422.6 History and Development of Stirling Engines 452.7 Operation of a Stirling Engine 482.8 Working Gas 532.9 Pros and Cons of Stirling Engine 532.10 Low Temperature Difference Stirling Engine 542.11 Basic Principle of a Fluidyne 552.12 Detailed Working of a Fluidyne 572.13 Role of Evaporation 612.14 Regenerator 612.15 Pumping Setups 622.16 Tuning of Liquid Column 632.17 Motion Analysis 642.18 Losses 652.19 Factors Affecting Amplitude 662.20 Performance of Engine 672.21 Design 672.22 Assembly 702.23 Calculation 712.24 Experiments 722.25 Results 742.26 Comparison Within Existing Commercial Devices 762.27 Improvements 782.28 Future Scope 792.29 Conclusion 802.30 Numerical Analysis 80References 833 Customer Satisfaction Issues 873.1 Durability Issues 873.2 Testing of Engines 883.3 Design of Systems 883.4 Systems Durability 89References 894 Lubrication Dynamics 914.1 Background 914.2 Friction Features 934.3 Effects of Varying Speeds and Loads 944.4 Friction Reduction 944.5 Piston-Assembly Dynamics 954.6 Reynolds Equation for Lubrication Oil Pressure 964.7 Introduction 1024.8 Background 1044.9 Occurrence of Piston Slap Events 1054.10 Literature Review 1104.11 Piston Motion Simulation Using COMSOL 1144.12 Force Analysis 1174.13 Effects of Various Skirt Design Parameters 1204.14 Numerical Model of Slapping Motion 1314.15 Piston Side Thrust Force 1324.16 Frictional Forces 1334.17 Determination of System Mobility 1334.18 Conclusion 1435 NVH Features of Engines 1455.1 Background 1455.2 Acoustics Overview of Internal Combustion Engine 1465.3 Imperial Formulation to Determine Noise Emitted from Engine 1495.4 Engine Noise Sources 1515.5 Noise Source Identification Techniques 1545.6 Summary 157References 1586 Diagnosis Methodology for Diesel Engines 1616.1 Introduction 1616.2 Power Spectral Density Function 1626.3 Time Frequency Analysis 1626.4 Wavelet Analysis 1636.5 Conclusion 164References 1657 Sources of Noise in Diesel Engines 1677.1 Introduction 1677.2 Combustion Noise 1687.3 Piston Assembly Noise 1687.4 Valve Train Noise 1707.5 Gear Train Noise 1707.6 Crank Train and Engine Block Vibrations 1717.7 Aerodynamic Noise 1717.8 Bearing Noise 1717.9 Timing Belt and Chain Noise 1727.10 Summary 174References 1758 Combustion Based Noise 1798.1 Introduction 1798.2 Background of Combustion Process in Diesel Engines 1808.3 Combustion Phase Analysis 1838.4 Combustion Based Engine Noise 1848.5 Factors Affecting Combustion Noise 1868.6 In Cylinder Pressure Analysis 1878.7 Effects of Heat Release Rate 1878.8 Effects of Cyclic Variations 1888.9 Resonance Phenomenon 1898.10 In Cylinder Pressure Decomposition Method 1898.11 Mathematical Model of Generation of Combustion Noise 1928.12 Evaluation of Combustion Noise Methods 1938.13 Summary 199References 1999 Effects of Turbo Charging in S.I. Engines 2039.1 Abstract 2039.2 Fundamentals 2049.3 Turbochargers 2059.4 Turbocharging in Diesel Engines 2069.5 Turbocharging of Gasoline Engines 2079.6 Turbocharging 2089.7 Components of Turbocharged SI Engines 2089.8 Intercooler 2139.9 Designing of Turbocharger 2139.10 Operational Problems in Turbocharging of SI Engines 2229.11 Methods to Reduce Knock in S.I Engines 2239.12 Ignition Timing and Knock 2239.13 Charge Air Cooling 2249.14 Downsizing of SI Engines 2259.15 Techniques Associated with Turbo Charging of SI Engines Boosting Systems 22510 Emissions Control by Turbo Charged SI Engines 23111 Scope of Turbo Charging in SI Engines 23312 Summary 23513 Conclusions and Future Work 23713.1 Conclusions 23713.2 Contributions 23713.3 Future Recommendations 238References 240List of Important Terms 243Bibliography 247Glossary 249Index 251

Aman Gupta holds a masters degree from Punjab Technical University, and he has written or co-written several books and papers. His areas of research include heat transfer, thermal engineering, and solid mechanics.Shubham Sharma holds a masters degree from Punjab Technical University. His area of research is in mechanical engineering, and he is a consultant in the field of combustion engines. Sunny Narayan holds a masters degree from the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom and has several books and papers to his credit. He is a member of SAE, ASME and INCE and is a freelance tutor. His area of research includes combustion engines, focusing on noise and vibration aspects of engines.

• Abstract ixList of Symbols xi1 Introduction 11.1 Background 11.2 Types of Stirling Engines 21.3 Stirling Engine Designs 41.4 Free-Piston Stirling Engines 61.5 Gamma Type Engine 18References 272 Liquid Piston Engines 292.1 Introduction 292.2 Objectives 322.3 Brief Overview of Pumps and Heat Engines 332.4 Heat Engine 382.5 Clever Pumps 422.6 History and Development of Stirling Engines 452.7 Operation of a Stirling Engine 482.8 Working Gas 532.9 Pros and Cons of Stirling Engine 532.10 Low Temperature Difference Stirling Engine 542.11 Basic Principle of a Fluidyne 552.12 Detailed Working of a Fluidyne 572.13 Role of Evaporation 612.14 Regenerator 612.15 Pumping Setups 622.16 Tuning of Liquid Column 632.17 Motion Analysis 642.18 Losses 652.19 Factors Affecting Amplitude 662.20 Performance of Engine 672.21 Design 672.22 Assembly 702.23 Calculation 712.24 Experiments 722.25 Results 742.26 Comparison Within Existing Commercial Devices 762.27 Improvements 782.28 Future Scope 792.29 Conclusion 802.30 Numerical Analysis 80References 833 Customer Satisfaction Issues 873.1 Durability Issues 873.2 Testing of Engines 883.3 Design of Systems 883.4 Systems Durability 89References 894 Lubrication Dynamics 914.1 Background 914.2 Friction Features 934.3 Effects of Varying Speeds and Loads 944.4 Friction Reduction 944.5 Piston-Assembly Dynamics 954.6 Reynolds Equation for Lubrication Oil Pressure 964.7 Introduction 1024.8 Background 1044.9 Occurrence of Piston Slap Events 1054.10 Literature Review 1104.11 Piston Motion Simulation Using COMSOL 1144.12 Force Analysis 1174.13 Effects of Various Skirt Design Parameters 1204.14 Numerical Model of Slapping Motion 1314.15 Piston Side Thrust Force 1324.16 Frictional Forces 1334.17 Determination of System Mobility 1334.18 Conclusion 1435 NVH Features of Engines 1455.1 Background 1455.2 Acoustics Overview of Internal Combustion Engine 1465.3 Imperial Formulation to Determine Noise Emitted from Engine 1495.4 Engine Noise Sources 1515.5 Noise Source Identification Techniques 1545.6 Summary 157References 1586 Diagnosis Methodology for Diesel Engines 1616.1 Introduction 1616.2 Power Spectral Density Function 1626.3 Time Frequency Analysis 1626.4 Wavelet Analysis 1636.5 Conclusion 164References 1657 Sources of Noise in Diesel Engines 1677.1 Introduction 1677.2 Combustion Noise 1687.3 Piston Assembly Noise 1687.4 Valve Train Noise 1707.5 Gear Train Noise 1707.6 Crank Train and Engine Block Vibrations 1717.7 Aerodynamic Noise 1717.8 Bearing Noise 1717.9 Timing Belt and Chain Noise 1727.10 Summary 174References 1758 Combustion Based Noise 1798.1 Introduction 1798.2 Background of Combustion Process in Diesel Engines 1808.3 Combustion Phase Analysis 1838.4 Combustion Based Engine Noise 1848.5 Factors Affecting Combustion Noise 1868.6 In Cylinder Pressure Analysis 1878.7 Effects of Heat Release Rate 1878.8 Effects of Cyclic Variations 1888.9 Resonance Phenomenon 1898.10 In Cylinder Pressure Decomposition Method 1898.11 Mathematical Model of Generation of Combustion Noise 1928.12 Evaluation of Combustion Noise Methods 1938.13 Summary 199References 1999 Effects of Turbo Charging in S.I. Engines 2039.1 Abstract 2039.2 Fundamentals 2049.3 Turbochargers 2059.4 Turbocharging in Diesel Engines 2069.5 Turbocharging of Gasoline Engines 2079.6 Turbocharging 2089.7 Components of Turbocharged SI Engines 2089.8 Intercooler 2139.9 Designing of Turbocharger 2139.10 Operational Problems in Turbocharging of SI Engines 2229.11 Methods to Reduce Knock in S.I Engines 2239.12 Ignition Timing and Knock 2239.13 Charge Air Cooling 2249.14 Downsizing of SI Engines 2259.15 Techniques Associated with Turbo Charging of SI Engines Boosting Systems 22510 Emissions Control by Turbo Charged SI Engines 23111 Scope of Turbo Charging in SI Engines 23312 Summary 23513 Conclusions and Future Work 23713.1 Conclusions 23713.2 Contributions 23713.3 Future Recommendations 238References 240List of Important Terms 243Bibliography 247Glossary 249Index 251