Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development

MOE TOGHRAEI is an independent consultant and instructor. He has more than 20 years of experience in the chemical process industries. He provides consultancy in process and project engineering areas. He also has developed and instructed dozens of technical courses, including tailor-made courses for companies, public courses and online courses. His online courses are available through the University of Kansas and University of Dalhousie.

• Preface xixAcknowledgement xxiiiAbout the Companion Website xxvPart I Fundamentals of P&ID Development 11 What Is P&ID 31.1 Why Is P&ID Important? 31.2 What Is a P&ID? 41.3 P&ID Media 41.4 P&ID Development Activity 52 Management of P&ID Development 92.1 Project of Developing P&IDs 92.2 P&ID Milestones 92.3 Involved Parties in P&ID Development 112.4 P&ID Set Owner 122.5 Required Quality of the P&ID in Each Stage of Development 122.6 P&ID Evolution 122.7 Tracking Changes in P&IDs 122.8 Required Man‐Hours for the Development of P&IDs 133 Anatomy of a P&ID Sheet 153.1 Title Block 153.2 Ownership Block 153.3 Reference Drawing Block 153.4 Revision Block 153.5 Comments Block 163.6 Main Body of a P&ID 194 General Rules in Drawing of P&IDs 214.1 Items on P&IDs 214.1.1 Pipes or Other Flow Conductors 214.1.2 Equipment 214.1.3 Instruments 214.1.4 Signals 224.2 How to Show Them: Visual Rules 224.2.1 Line Crossing Over 244.2.2 Equipment Crossing 254.2.3 Off‐Page Connector 264.2.4 Color in P&IDs 264.3 Item Identifiers in P&IDs 264.3.1 Symbols 274.3.2 Tags 284.3.3 Name 294.3.4 Technical Information 294.4 Different Types of P&IDs 324.4.1 Legend P&IDs 334.4.2 System P&IDs 344.4.3 Network P&IDs 344.4.4 Interarea P&IDs 344.4.5 Detail P&IDs 364.5 A Set of P&IDs 394.6 P&IDs Prepared in Engineering Companies Compared to Manufacturing or Fabricating Companies 424.7 Dealing with Vendor or Licensor P&IDs 435 Principles of P&ID Development 455.1 Plant Stakeholders 455.2 The Hierarchy of P&ID Development Rules 455.3 Plant Operations 465.3.1 Process Parameters 465.3.2 Process Parameter Levels 475.3.2.1 Pressure Levels 485.3.2.2 Temperature Levels 495.3.2.3 Liquid/Solid Levels 495.3.2.4 Flow Levels 505.3.2.5 Analyte Levels 505.3.3 Parameter Levels versus Control System 505.3.4 Parameter Levels versus Safety 515.3.5 Parameter Levels versus Operator Role 525.3.6 General Procedure of P&ID Development 535.4 What Should a P&ID Address? 535.4.1 Normal Operation 535.4.2 Nonroutine Operation 535.4.2.1 Reduced Capacity Operation 545.4.3 Reduced Efficiency Operation 575.4.4 Start‐Up Operations 585.4.5 Shutdown 595.4.6 Inspection and Maintenance 605.4.6.1 Quantitative Approach to Maintenance Requirement 605.4.6.2 Qualitative Approach to Maintenance Requirement 605.4.7 Operability in Absence of One Item 615.4.8 Provision for the Future 615.5 Conflicting Check and Merging Opportunities Check 635.5.1 Conflict Check 635.5.2 Merging Opportunities Check 635.6 Dealing with Common Challenges in P&ID Development 645.7 Example: Development of P&ID of a Typical Pump 65Part II Pipes and Equipment 696 Pipes 716.1 Fluid Conductors: Pipes, Tubes, and Ducts 716.2 Pipe Identifiers 716.2.1 Pipe Symbol 716.2.2 Pipe Tag 716.2.2.1 Do All Pipes Need to be Tagged? 736.2.2.2 Which Span of Pipe Route can be Considered One Piece of Pipe? 736.2.2.3 How is the Pipe Tag Shown on a P&ID? 736.2.3 Pipe Off‐Page Connector 746.3 Pipe Tag Anatomy 746.3.1 Area or Project Number 746.3.2 Commodity Acronym 746.3.3 Pipe Material Specification Code 746.3.4 Pipe Size 776.3.5 Pipe Sequential Number 786.3.6 Other Pipe Tag Information 786.4 Pipes Crossing “Borders” 796.4.1 Implementing Spec Break 806.4.2 Reasons for a Spec Break 826.5 Goal of Piping 826.5.1 Magnitude of Flow in Pipe 836.5.2 Direction of Flow in Pipe 846.5.3 Providing Fluid with Enough Pressure at the Inlet 846.6 Piping Arrangements 846.6.1 Backflow Prevention Systems 856.6.2 Diversion of Flow 876.6.3 Distribution of Flow 876.7 Pipe Route 886.7.1 Slope 886.7.2 No Liquid Pocket 896.7.3 No Gas Pocket 896.7.4 Free Draining (Self‐Draining) 896.7.5 Free Venting 906.7.6 Gravity Flow 906.7.7 Vertical or Horizontal Pipe 906.7.8 Straight Piping 906.7.9 Minimum or Maximum Length or Distance 906.7.10 Other Special Pipe Routes 916.8 Piping Movement 916.9 Dealing with Unwanted Two‐Phase Flow in Pipes 926.9.1 Liquid–Gas Two‐Phase Flow 926.9.2 Gas–Liquid Two‐Phase Flow 946.9.3 Solid–Liquid Two‐Phase Flow 946.10 Tubes 946.11 Double–Wall Pipes 956.12 Pipes for Special Arrangements 966.12.1 Piping for Bypassing 966.12.2 Piping for Recirculation 966.12.3 Piping for Units in Series 966.12.4 Piping for Units in Parallel 976.12.5 Piping for Pressure Equalization 976.13 Pipe Size Rule of Thumbs 976.14 Pipe Appurtenances 976.14.1 Pipe Fittings 986.14.1.1 Pipe Direction Change 986.14.1.2 Reducers (Enlargers) 986.14.1.3 Three‐Way Connections 1006.14.1.4 Pipe Connections 1006.14.1.5 End‐of‐Pipe Systems 1006.14.2 Specialty Items 1026.14.2.1 Flange‐Insulating Gasket 1026.15 Other Approach about Piping 1036.16 “Merging” Pipes 1036.17 Wrapping–Up: Addressing Requirements of Pipe during the Life Span 1036.18 Transferring Bulk Solid Materials 104Reference 1047 Manual Valves and Automatic Valves 1057.1 Valve Naming 1057.2 Valve Functions 1057.3 Valve Structure 1057.4 Classification of Valves 1057.4.1 Valve Plug: Throttling vs. Blocking Valves 1067.4.2 Valve Selection 1087.4.3 Multi‐port Valves 1087.4.4 Double‐Seated Valves 1107.5 Valve Operators 1107.6 Different Types of Actuators 1117.7 Basis of Operation for Automatic Valves 1127.8 Tagging Automatic Valves 1137.9 Tagging Manual Valves 1137.10 Valve Positions 1137.10.1 Regular Position of Blocking Valves and Decision Methodology 1137.10.2 Failure Position of Automatic Valves and Decision Methodology 1147.10.3 More Concepts about Failure Position of Automatic Valves 1157.11 Valve Arrangement 1177.11.1 Valves in Series 1187.11.2 Valves in Parallel 1187.12 Control Valves and RO Combinations 1197.13 Operating in the Absence of Valves 1197.13.1 Operating in the Absence of Control Valves 1197.13.2 Operating in the Absence of Switching Valves 1227.14 Valves in Role of Unit Operation 1227.15 Special Valves 1237.15.1 Check Valves 1237.15.2 Regulators 1247.15.3 Safety‐Related Valves 1257.16 Valve Combinations 1267.17 End of Valve Arrangements 1267.18 Valve Sizing Rule of Thumbs 1277.19 Merging Valves 1277.20 Wrapping Up: Addressing Requirements of Valve During the Life Span 127References 1288 Provisions for Ease of Maintenance 1298.1 Introduction 1298.2 Different Types of Equipment Care 1298.3 In‐place In‐line Equipment Care 1298.4 In‐place Off‐line Equipment Care 1308.5 In‐workshop Off‐line Equipment Care 1318.6 Preparing Equipment for Off‐line Care 1318.7 Isolation 1318.7.1 Requirement of an Isolation System 1318.7.2 Type of Isolation System 1328.7.3 Placement of an Isolation System 1358.7.4 Inbound Versus Outbound Blind Location 1358.7.5 Merging Isolation Valves 1358.8 Bringing the Equipment to a Non‐harmful Condition 1368.8.1 Cooling Down 1368.8.2 Emptying and Then Draining/Venting 1368.8.2.1 Location and Number of Drain/Vent Valves 1378.8.2.2 Size of Drain/Vent Valves 1388.8.2.3 Other Usages of Drain/Vent Valves 1388.9 Cleaning 1398.9.1 Solid/Semi‐Solid Removal Methods 1398.9.2 Washing Systems 1398.9.3 Purging Methods 1408.10 Ultimate Destination of Dirty Fluids 1408.11 Making Equipment Easy to Remove 1418.12 Wrap‐up 1429 Containers 1439.1 Introduction 1439.2 Selection of Containers 1439.3 Containers Purposes 1449.4 Transferring Fluids Between Containers 1459.5 Container Positions 1469.6 Container Shapes 1479.6.1 Closing Parts of Containers 1489.6.2 Open Top or Fully Enclosed Containers 1489.7 Container Identifiers 1489.7.1 Container Symbol 1489.7.2 Container Tags 1499.7.3 Container Call‐outs 1499.7.3.1 Tank Call‐outs 1499.7.3.2 Vessel Call‐outs 1509.7.3.3 Tag of Container in Duty of Conversion 1519.8 Levels in Non‐flooded Liquid Containers 1519.9 Container Nozzles 1519.9.1 Nozzle Duties 1519.9.2 Nozzle Locations 1529.9.3 Nozzle Elevation Versus Liquid Levels 1539.9.4 The Size, Number, and Rating of Nozzles 1559.9.5 Merging Nozzles 1559.9.6 Nozzle Internal Assemblies 1569.9.7 Nozzle Externals 1579.10 Overflow Nozzles 1579.11 Breathing of Non‐flooded Containers 1589.12 Blanketed Tanks 1609.13 Heating (or Cooling) in Containers 1619.14 Mixing in Containers 1629.15 Container Internals 1629.16 Tank Roofs 1629.17 Tank Floors 1639.18 Container Arrangement 1649.19 Merging Containers 1649.20 Secondary Containment 1659.21 Underground Storage Tanks 1669.22 Sumps 1679.23 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of the Container During its Lifespan 16710 Pumps and Compressors 16910.1 Introduction 16910.2 Fluid Mover Roles 16910.3 Types of Fluid Movers 16910.4 A Brief Discussion on the Function of Fluid Movers in a System 16910.5 Fluid Mover Identifiers 17110.5.1 Fluid Mover Symbol 17110.5.2 Fluid Mover Tag 17110.5.3 Fluid Mover Call‐out 17310.6 Liquid Movers: Dynamic Pumps 17310.6.1 Centrifugal Pumps 17310.6.1.1 P&ID Development on the Suction Side 17410.6.1.2 P&ID Development on the Discharge Side 17510.6.2 Low Flow Intolerance and Minimum Flow Protection System 17610.6.2.1 Which Pumps May Need a Minimum Flow Pipe 17610.6.2.2 Where Should we Position the Recirculation Line? 17710.6.2.3 Where Should the Destination Point of the Recirculation Pipe Be? 17710.6.2.4 What Should the Size of the Recirculation Pipe Be? 17810.6.2.5 What Should the Arrangement on the Recirculation Pipe Be? 17810.6.3 Cavitation 18010.6.4 Very Small Centrifugal Pumps 18110.6.5 Different Types of Spare Pump 18210.6.6 Centrifugal Pump Arrangements 18210.6.6.1 Centrifugal Pumps in Parallel 18310.6.6.2 Centrifugal Pumps in Series 18410.6.7 Pump Warm‐up or Cool‐down System 18510.6.8 Piping Spec. for Centrifugal Pumps 18710.6.9 Centrifugal Pump Drives 18710.6.10 (Liquid) Seal Systems in Centrifugal Pumps 18710.6.11 Merging Pumps 18910.7 Liquid Movers: PD Pumps 19010.7.1 PD Pump P&ID Piping 19110.7.1.1 Reciprocating Pumps P&ID Piping 19110.7.1.2 Rotary Pumps P&ID Piping 19210.7.2 PD Pump Arrangements 19310.7.3 Merging PD Pumps 19310.7.4 Tying Together Dissimilar Pumps 19310.7.5 PD Pump Drives 19310.7.6 Sealing Systems for PD Pumps 19410.7.7 Metering Pumps (Dosing Pumps) 19410.7.8 Liquid Transfer – Summary 19510.7.9 Pumps: Duty Other than Pumping! 19510.8 Gas Movers: Fans, Blowers, Compressors 19610.8.1 Low Flow Intolerance and Anti‐Surge Systems 19610.8.2 P&ID Development of Gas Movers 19710.8.3 Gas Mover Drives 19810.8.4 Auxiliary Systems Around Fluid Movers 19810.8.5 Gas Transfer – Summary 19910.9 Wrapping‐up: Addressing Requirements of Fluid Movers During the Life Span 200Reference 20011 Heat Transfer Units 20111.1 Introduction 20111.2 Main Types of Heat Transfer Units 20111.3 Different Types of Heat Exchangers and Their Selection 20211.4 Different Types of Heat Transfer Fluids and Their Selection 20311.5 Heat Exchangers: General Naming 20411.6 Heat Exchanger Identifiers 20411.6.1 Heat Exchanger Symbol 20411.6.2 Heat Exchanger Tag 20411.6.3 Heat Exchanger Call‐Out 20511.7 Heat Exchanger P&ID 20611.7.1 Vents and Drains 20611.7.2 Isolation Valves 20711.7.3 Chemical Cleaning Valves 20711.7.4 PSDs 20711.8 Heat Exchanger Arrangement 20711.8.1 Heat Exchangers in Series 20711.8.2 Heat Exchangers in Parallel 20911.9 Aerial Coolers 20911.9.1 Aerial Cooler P&ID 21011.9.2 Dealing with Extreme Temperatures 21111.9.3 Aerial Cooler Arrangement 21111.10 Merging Heat Exchangers 21211.11 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of a Heat Exchanger During its Life Span 21211.12 Fired Heaters and Furnaces 21311.12.1 Process Fluid Side 21311.12.2 Flue Gas Side 21311.12.3 Firing Side 21411.13 Fire Heater Arrangement 21511.14 Merging Fired Heaters 21611.15 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of Fired Heaters During their Lifespan 21612 Pressure Relief Devices 21712.1 Introduction 21712.2 Why Pressure Is So Important? 21712.3 Dealing with Abnormal Pressures 21712.3.1 Active Versus Passive Solutions 21912.3.2 Where Could Passive Solutions Be Used? 21912.3.3 Where Should Active Solutions Be Used? 21912.4 Safety Relief System 21912.5 What Is an “Enclosure,” and Which “Side” Should Be Protected? 22012.6 Regulatory Issues Involved in PRVs 22012.6.1 Codes Versus Standards 22112.7 PRD Structure 22212.8 Six Steps to Providing a Protective Layer 22212.9 Locating PRDs 22312.10 Positioning PRDs 22312.11 Specifying the PRD 22512.12 Selecting the Right Type of PRD 22512.12.1 Pressure Relief Valve Type 22512.12.2 Rupture Disks 22612.12.3 Decision General Rules 22612.13 PRD Identifiers 22612.13.1 PRD Symbols and Tags 22612.13.2 PRD Technical Information 22712.14 Selecting the Right Type of PRD Arrangement 22812.15 Deciding on an Emergency Release Collecting Network 23012.16 Deciding on a Disposal System 23212.16.1 Liquid Disposal 23212.16.2 Gas/Vapor Disposal 23312.16.3 Two‐Phase Flow Handling 23412.17 Protecting Atmospheric Containers 23512.18 Merging PRDs 23612.19 Wrapping‐Up: Addressing the Requirements of PRDs During their Lifespan 238Part III Instrumentation and Control System 23913 Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Control 24113.1 What Is Process Control? 24113.2 Components of Process Control Against Violating Parameters 24113.3 Parameters Versus Steering/Protecting Components 24213.4 How Many Steering Loops Are Needed? 24213.5 ICSS System Technology 24313.5.1 Use of PLC for a BPCS 24313.5.2 Use of DCS for a SIS 24413.5.3 Alarm Systems 24413.5.4 ICSS System Symbology 24413.6 ICSS Elements 24513.7 Basic Process Control System (BPCS) 24513.8 Instruments on P&IDs 24713.8.1 Fundamental Terminology 24713.8.2 Identifiers for Equipment and Instrumentation 24713.9 Instrument Identifiers 24813.9.1 Acronyms 24813.9.2 Divider Types 24913.9.3 Symbol Type 25013.9.4 Additional Information and Tag Number 25213.10 Signals: Communication Between Instruments 25213.10.1 Signal Types 25313.10.2 Signal Functions 25313.10.3 Signal Math Functions 25413.10.4 Signal Selectors 25413.11 Different Instrument Elements 25513.11.1 Primary Instruments 25513.11.1.1 Temperature Measurement 25613.11.1.2 Pressure Measurement 25713.11.1.3 Level Measurement 25813.11.1.4 Flow Measurement 25813.11.1.5 Process Analyzers 26013.11.2 Transmitters 26213.11.3 Controllers 26313.11.4 Indicators 26313.11.5 Final Control Elements in a BPCS 26313.11.5.1 Control Valves 26413.11.5.2 Variable Speed Devices on Electric Motors 26413.12 Simple Control Loops 26413.12.1 Level Control Loops 26513.12.2 Pressure Control Loops 26513.12.3 Temperature Control Loops 26513.12.4 Composition Control Loops 26613.12.5 Flow Control Loops 26613.13 Position of Sensor Regarding Control Valves 26614 Application of Control Architectures 26914.1 Introduction 26914.2 Control System Design 26914.3 Selecting the Parameter to Control 26914.4 Identifying the Manipulated Stream 27014.5 Determining the Set Point 27114.6 Building a Control Loop 27214.6.1 Feedback Versus Feedforward 27214.6.2 Single‐ versus Multiple‐Loop Control 27314.7 Multi‐Loop Control Architectures 27414.7.1 Cascade Control 27414.8 Feedforward Plus Feedback Control 27614.8.1 Ratio or Relationship Control 27914.8.2 Selective Control 28014.8.3 Override and Limit Control 28114.8.3.1 Override Control 28314.8.3.2 Limit Control 28614.8.4 Split Range and Parallel Control 28614.8.5 Clarification of Confusion 28814.8.5.1 Cascade Versus Ratio 28814.8.5.2 Single Loop Versus Ratio 28814.8.5.3 Selective Versus Override 28814.9 Monitoring Parameters 28914.9.1 Container Sensors 29014.9.2 Fluid Mover Sensors 29014.9.3 Heat Exchanger Sensors 29114.9.4 Fired Heater Sensors 29115 Plant Process Control 29315.1 Introduction 29315.2 Plant‐Wide Control 29315.3 Heat and Mass Balance Control 29315.4 Surge Control 29515.4.1 Disturbances in Process Parameters 29515.4.2 Disturbance Management 29615.4.2.1 Absorption 29615.4.2.2 Rejection 29615.4.3 Disturbance Versus Fluid Phase 29615.4.4 Dampening Gas/Vapor Flow Surge 29715.4.5 Dampening Liquid Flow Surge 29815.4.6 The Purpose of Containers in Process Plants 30115.5 Equipment Control 30215.5.1 Do We Need to Control at All? 30215.5.2 Principles of Equipment‐wise Control 30215.6 Pipe Control System 30415.6.1 Control of a Single Pipe 30415.6.1.1 Control of Pressure in a Pipe 30415.6.1.2 Control of Flow in a Pipe 30415.6.2 Controlling Multiple Pipes 30615.6.2.1 Flow Merging 30615.6.2.2 Flow Splitting 30815.7 Fluid Mover Control System 30915.7.1 Pump Control Systems 31015.7.1.1 Centrifugal Pump Control 31015.7.1.2 Positive Displacement (PD) Pump 31415.7.2 Gas Mover Control Systems 31615.7.2.1 Capacity Control Methods for Gas Movers 31615.7.3 Anti‐Surge Control 31915.7.4 Lead–Lag Operation of Fluid‐Movers 31915.8 Heat Transfer Equipment Control 32015.8.1 Heat Exchanger Control System 32015.8.1.1 Direct Control System 32015.8.1.2 Bypass Control System 32115.8.1.3 Control of Heat Exchangers Experiencing Phase Change 32415.8.2 Air Cooler Control 32715.8.3 Heat Exchanger for Heat Recovery 32715.8.4 Back Pressure Control of Heat Exchangers 32815.8.5 Fired Heater Control 32815.9 Container Control System 33115.10 Blanket Gas Control Systems 332Reference 33216 Plant Interlocks and Alarms 33316.1 Introduction 33316.2 Safety Strategies 33316.3 Concept of a SIS 33316.4 SIS Actions and SIS Types 33316.5 SIS Extent 33616.6 Deciding on the Required SIS 33616.7 The Anatomy of a SIS 33616.7.1 SIS Element Symbols 33616.7.1.1 SIS Primary Elements: Sensors 33716.7.2 SIS Final Elements 33716.7.2.1 Switching Valves 33716.7.2.2 Switching Valve Actuator Arrangements 33816.7.2.3 Valve Position Validation 33816.7.2.4 Merging a Switching Valve and a Control Valve 33816.7.2.5 On/off Action of Electric Motors 33916.7.3 SIS Logic 33916.8 Showing Safety Instrumented Functions on P&IDs 34016.9 Discrete Control 34316.10 Alarm System 34416.10.1 Anatomy of Alarm Systems 34516.10.2 Alarm Requirements 34516.10.3 Alarm System Symbology 34616.10.4 Concept of “Common Alarm” 34716.11 Fire and Gas Detection System (FGS) 34716.11.1 Manual Alarm 35016.12 Electric Motor Control 35116.12.1 Simple Motor Control 35116.12.2 The Focal Element of Motor Control: mcc 35116.12.3 All About Relationships with Electric Motors 35116.12.4 P&ID Representation of Commands and Responses 35216.12.5 P&ID Representation of Principal Arrangement for Inspection and Repair 35316.12.6 Examples 355Part IV Utilities 35717 Utilities 35917.1 Utility System Components 35917.2 Developing P&IDs for Utility Systems 35917.2.1 Identifying the Utility Users 35917.2.2 Utility Distribution and Collection Network Topologies 35917.2.3 Designing the Detail of a Utility Network 36117.2.4 Placing Priority on Utility Users 36217.2.5 Connection Details of Utility to Process 36317.3 Different Utilities in Plants 36317.4 Air as a Utility in Process Plants 36317.4.1 Instrument Air (IA) 36317.4.2 Utility Air (UA) or Plant Air (PA) 36417.5 Water as a Utility in Process Plants 36417.5.1 Utility Water (UW) or Plant Water (PW) 36417.5.2 Potable Water 36417.6 Heat Transfer Media 36417.6.1 Steam 36517.7 Condensate Collection Network 36617.8 Fuel as Utility 36617.8.1 Fuel Oil 36617.8.2 Fuel Gas 36617.9 Inert Gas 36717.9.1 Blanket Gas 36717.9.2 Purging Gas 36717.10 Vapor Collection Network 36717.11 Emergency Vapor/Gas Release Collection Network 36817.12 Fire Water 36817.13 Surface Drainage Collection Network or Sewer System 37017.14 Utility Circuits 37217.14.1 Air Circuit 37217.14.2 Steam–Condensate Circuit 37417.14.3 Cooling Water Circuit 37517.14.4 Natural Gas Preparation System 37517.15 Connection Between Distribution and Collecting Networks 375Part V Additional Information and General Procedure 37918 Ancillary Systems and Additional Considerations 38118.1 Introduction 38118.2 Safety Issues 38118.2.1 Different Types of Hazards 38118.2.2 Hazards and Injuries 38118.2.3 Mechanical Hazards 38118.2.4 Chemical Hazards 38218.2.5 Energy Hazards 38218.2.5.1 Noise Barrier 38218.2.5.2 Burning Prevention 38218.2.6 Safety Showers and Eye Washers 38318.3 Dealing with Environment 38418.3.1 Arrangements for Maintaining the Temperature of the Process 38418.3.2 Winterization 38518.3.3 Deciding on the Extent of Insulation 38918.3.4 Summary of Insulation 39018.4 Utility Stations 39018.5 Off‐Line Monitoring Programs 39218.5.1 The Program Component 39218.5.2 Sampling System 39318.5.3 Sample Extraction Device 39318.5.4 Sample Transferring Tube 39418.5.5 Sample Conditioning System 39418.5.6 Sample Hand‐Over System 39518.5.7 Waste Sample Collection System 39518.5.8 Sampling Station Structural Frame 39518.5.9 Showing a Sampling System on P&IDs 39618.5.10 Sampling System for Process Analyzers 39618.6 Corrosion Monitoring Program 39618.7 Impact of the Plant Model on the P&ID 39718.8 Design Pressure and Temperature Considerations 39818.8.1 Decision on “Design Pressure @ Design Temperature” Pair 39918.8.1.1 Deciding on “Design Pressure” 39918.8.1.2 Deciding on “Design Temperature” 39918.8.2 Sources of Rebel Pressures 40018.8.3 Sources of Rebel Temperatures 40018.8.4 Design Pressure and Design Temperature of Single Process Elements 40018.8.5 Design Pressure of Connected Items 40118.8.5.1 Design Pressure of Connected Equipment–Equipment 40218.8.5.2 Design Pressure of Connected Equipment–Sensor 40319 General Procedures 40519.1 Introduction 40519.2 General Procedure for P&ID Development 40519.2.1 P&ID Development: Piping and Equipment 40519.2.2 P&ID Development: Control and Instruments 40619.3 P&ID Reviewing and Checking 40919.3.1 Format Check 40919.3.2 Demonstration Rules Check 41019.3.3 Technical Check 41019.3.4 Design Check 41219.4 Methods of P&ID Reviewing and Checking 41219.4.1 Systematic Approach 41219.4.2 Scanning Approach 41219.5 Required Quality of P&IDs at Each Stage of Development 41320 Examples 417Index 453