Chitosan

Shakeel Ahmed is a Research Fellow at Bio/Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. He obtained his PhD in the area of biopolymers and bionanocomposites. He has published several research publications in the area of green nanomaterials and biopolymers for various applications including biomedical, packaging, sensors, and water treatment. He is an associate member of Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), UK and life member of Asian Polymer Association and Society of Materials Chemistry (India).Saiqa Ikram is an Assistant Professor in Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. She was awarded her PhD from the Faculty of Technology, University of Delhi, India in the area of polymer technology. Her research area of interest is in green chemistry especially biopolymers, biocomposites and green synthesis of nanoparticles. Her work has been recognized at national level and sponsored in the form of Innovative Minor and Major Research Projects by the Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India. She has authored more than 45 research articles and five book chapters.

• Preface xviiSection I Production and Derivatives of Chitosan1 Chitin and Chitosan: History, Composition, and Properties 3Annu, Shakeel Ahmed and Saiqa Ikram1.1 Chitin 41.2 Chitosan 111.3 Conclusion  21References  212 Nitrogenated Polysaccharides – Chitin and Chitosan, Characterization and Application 25Michael  Ioelovich2.1 Introduction 262.2 Extraction of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides from Natural Sources 272.3 Research Methods of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides 282.4 Characterization of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides 472.5 Properties of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides 542.6 Applications 582.7 Conclusion 60References 613 Enzymes for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide and Determination of Activities of Enzymes Using Chitinous Substrates 71Sai Pyae Sone Aung, Wint Le Nu, Khin Chaw Win, Htun Inzali, Hla Ngwe and Nitar Nwe3.1 Introduction 723.2 Fermentation Methods for Production of Enzymes 743.3 Methods for Purification of Enzymes 743.4 Storage Conditions of Enzyme 783.5 Commercial Enzymes 783.6 Determinations of Enzyme Activities Using Chitinous Materials 783.7 Conclusion 85Acknowledgement 85References 854 Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide from Shrimp and Crab Shells Using Green Technology and Applications of Their Composite Materials 89Wint Le Nu, Khin Chaw Win, Sai Pyae Sone Aung, Htun Inzali, Tetsuya Furuike, Hiroshi Tamura and Nitar Nwe4.1 Introduction 904.2 Microorganisms for Production of Chitin and Chitosan Using Green Technology 924.3 Production of Chitin Using Microorganisms 934.4 Production of Chitosan from Chitin Using Chitin Deacetylase from Microorganisms 944.5 Production of Crude Chitooligosaccharide from Shrimp and Crab Shells Using Fermentation Technology 984.6 Applications of Chitin, Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharides and Their Composite Materials 1014.7 Conclusion 102Acknowledgement 107References 1075 Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Overlook of Commercial Application in Diverse Field 115Tanvir Arfin5.1 History 1155.2 Synthesis of Chitosan 1165.3 General Properties 1175.4 Biological Properties 1175.5 Physicochemical Aspects 1185.6 Molecular Weight 1185.7 Stability 1185.8 Fabrication 1195.9 Self-Assembly 1205.10 Strategies Self-Assembly 1215.11 Chief Significance 1225.12 Various Forms 1225.13 Chemical Modification 1225.14 Technologic Features for Medicinal Utilization 1225.15 Synthetic Procedure of Chitosan Nanoparticles 1235.16 Modified Chitosan 1235.17 Carboxymethyl Chitosan (CMC) 1235.18 Michael Reaction 1245.19 Antioxidant 1245.20 Antibacterial Properties 1265.21 Antimicrobial Activity 1265.22 Antiviral Activity 1295.23 Biological Adhesive 1295.24 Bonding Purposes 1305.25 Biodegradation 1305.26 Parameter Moving Transfection Competence 1315.27 Conjugation 1315.28 Functionalization of Chitosan 1315.29 Schiff ’s Base Formation 1315.30 Reductive Amination 1345.31 Chitosan–Proteins Interaction 1345.32 Absorption Enhancer 1355.33 Chitosan–Starch Blends 1355.34 Application in Various Fields 1355.35 Conclusion 146References 1466 Chitin and Chitosan-Complexes and Their Applications 1516.1 Introduction 1526.2 Synthesis of Chitosan from Chitin 1536.3 Different Properties of Chitosan 1546.4 Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan 1566.5 Complexes of Polyelectrolyte between Chitosan and Naturally Occurring Polymers 1576.6 Various Useful and Important Applications of Chitosan 1596.7 Conclusion 162Acknowledgement 162References 1627 Enzymes from Genetically Modified Microorganisms for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide 1677.1 Introduction 1687.2 Enzymes for Production of Chitin/Chitosan, and CTO 1697.3 Enzyme and DNA Technology for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and CTO 1697.4 Determinations of Enzyme Activities Using Chitinous Materials 1727.5 Conclusion 176References 179Section II Chitosan in Textile and Food Industry8 Chitosan Applications for the Food Industry 1858.1 Introduction 1858.2 Biological Activities of Chitosan and Its Derivatives 1878.3 Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Food Applications 1938.4 Nutritional Aspects of Chitin and Chitosan 2138.5 Preparation of Chitin and Chitosan Oligomers and Their Applications in the Food Industry as Health Supplements 2158.6 Future Trends: Chitosan-Based Nanotechnology for Food Applications 2178.7 Conclusion 217Acknowledgements 218References 2189 Chitosan: Sustainable and Environment Friendly Resource for Textile Industry 2339.1 Introduction 2339.2 Chitosan and Chitosan Resources 2349.3 Chitosan Treatment of Textiles 2369.4 Textile Functionalities Achieved 2409.5 Effluent Treatment Applications 2459.6 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 246References 247Section III Chitosan in Biomedical Applications10 Perspectives of Chitin- and Chitosan-based Scaffolds Dressing in Regenerative Medicine 25510.1 Introduction 25610.2 Scaffold Characteristics 25810.3 Fabrication Techniques 26010.4 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan as Regenerative Medicine 26110.5 Conclusion 264References 26511 Chitin – and Chitosan-Based Scaffolds 27111.1 Introduction 27211.2 Scaffold Components 27411.3 Scaffold Requirements 27411.4 Chitin – and Chitosan-Based Scaffolds Fabrication Techniques 27611.5 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan for Regeneration of Various Tissues 28111.6 Chitin – and CS-Based Scaffolds for Drug and Growth Factors Delivery 29311.7 Chitin – and CS-Based Scaffolds/Dressings in Market 29411.8 Conclusions 29411.9 Future perspectives 295Abbreviations 295References 30012 Nanopolymer Chitosan in Cancer and Alzheimer Biomedical Application 31112.1 Introduction 31112.2 Chitosan Applications in Cancer 31712.3 Chitosan Applications in Alzheimer’s 33512.4 Conclusion 348References 34813 Biomedical Significance of Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites 36113.1 Introduction 36213.2 Biomedical Applications 36313.3 Conclusion 377References 37814 Potential Biomedical Applications of Chitosan – and Chitosan-Based  Nanomaterials 38514.1 Introduction 38614.2 Production of Chitin and Chitosan 38714.3 Bioactivities of Chitin and Chitosan 38814.4 Biomedical Application of Chitin – and Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials 39414.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective 400Acknowledgement 401References 401Section IV Chitosan in Agriculture and Water treatment 15 Practical and Plausible Implications of Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Agriculture 41115.1 Introduction 41215.2 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan Nanocomposite in Agriculture 41315.3 Conclusion 423References 42316 Scope of Electrospun Chitosan Nanofibrous Web for Its Potential Application in Water Filtration 43116.1 Introduction 43116.2 Chitosan as an Efficient Material for Water Purification/ Disinfection 43316.3 Electrospinning Process 43816.4 Electrospun Chitosan Nanofibers Embedded with Silver Nanoparticles for Filtration of Water Contaminated with Bacteria 44216.5 Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites for Water Filtration 44616.6 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives 448References 44917 Application of Chitin/Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Adsorbents, Coagulants, and Flocculants 45317.1 Introduction 45417.2 Chitin and Chitosan 45517.3 Properties of Chitin and Chitosan 45517.4 Modification of Chitin and Chitosan 45617.5 Application of Natural Polymers in Wastewater Treatment as Promising Adsorbents 46117.6 Chitin and Chitosan as a New Type of Polymer Coagulant/Flocculants 46517.7 Future Directions for Research 47417.8 Conclusion 475Acknowledgments 475References 475