Fundamentals of Public Safety Networks and Critical Communications Systems

Mehmet Ulema, PhD, is a professor of Computer Information Systems at Manhattan College, New York. Previously he held management and technical positions in AT&T Bell Laboratories, Bellcore, Daewoo Telecom, and Hazeltine Corporation. He served in a number of leadership positions in IEEE, including Director of Standards Development in IEEE Communications Society, General Chair of IEEE NOMS 2016 and 2008, and Technical Program Chair for IEEE GLOBECOM 2009 and IEEE ICCC 2006. He also served on the editorial boards of several leading technical journals.

• Foreword by Alan Kaplan xvForeword by Hussein Mouftah xviiPreface xixAcknowledgments xxiiiList of Abbreviations xxvAbout the Author xxxv1 OVERVIEW 11.1 Background 11.2 Technologies Used in Critical Communications 41.2.1 Narrowband Land and Private Mobile Radio Systems 41.2.2 Broadband Technologies for Critical Communications 61.2.3 Interoperability 91.3 Applications, Systems, and End-User Devices 111.3.1 Applications and Systems 111.3.2 End-User Terminals and Consoles 131.4 Standards, Policies, and Spectrum 151.4.1 Frequency Spectrum for Critical Communications 151.4.2 Standards Development in Critical Communications 161.5 Planning, Design, Deployment, and Operational Aspects 181.5.1 Planning 181.5.2 Technology Considerations for a Critical Communications System 191.5.3 Economic and Financial Considerations 201.5.4 Paving the Way 211.5.5 Design and Deployment 221.5.6 Operations, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning (a.k.a. Management) 241.6 Summary and Conclusions 25References 272 USERS OF CRITICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 332.1 Introduction 332.2 Organizations Involved in Public Safety 342.2.1 Police Departments 342.2.2 Fire Departments 352.2.3 Emergency Medical Services 362.2.4 Emergency Management Agencies 372.2.5 Coast Guard 372.2.6 Other Organizations in Public Safety 382.3 Other Sectors using Critical Communications Systems 392.3.1 Transportation 402.3.2 Utilities 402.3.3 Others 412.4 Summary and Conclusions 42References 423 CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 453.1 Introduction 453.2 Features Common to Both Critical Communications Systems and Other Wireless Networks 473.3 Features Unique to Critical Communications Systems 503.4 Importance of Interoperability Features 523.5 Summary and Conclusions 53References 544 INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGIES AND STANDARDS FOR CRITICAL COMMUNICATIONS 554.1 Introduction 554.2 Analog Systems—Historical Perspective 584.3 Narrowband Land and Private Mobile Radio Systems 594.4 Limitations of Narrowband PMR/LMR Systems 604.5 Broadband Technologies 604.6 Other Technologies 614.7 Summary and Conclusions 63References 635 PROJECT 25 (P25) 655.1 Introduction 655.2 Architecture 685.3 Interfaces 715.3.1 Air Interfaces 725.3.2 Wireline Interfaces 735.3.3 Data Interfaces 745.3.4 Security Interfaces 755.4 Services 755.5 Operations 765.6 Security 775.7 RF Spectrum 775.8 Standardization 785.9 Deployment 805.10 Future 815.11 Summary and Conclusions 84References 856 TERRESTRIAL TRUNKED RADIO (TETRA) 876.1 Introduction 876.2 Architecture 886.3 Interfaces 906.3.1 Air Interfaces 906.3.2 Intersystem Interface 926.3.3 Terminal Equipment Interface (TEI) 936.3.4 Line Station (Dispatcher) Interface 946.3.5 Network Management Interface 946.3.6 PSTN/ISDN/PDN 946.4 Services 956.4.1 Basic Voice Services 956.4.2 Supplementary Services 966.4.3 Data Services 976.5 Operations 976.6 Security 986.7 Spectrum 986.8 Standardization 996.9 Deployment 1006.9.1 Cost Factors Impacting TETRA Wireless Systems 1006.10 Future 1046.11 Summary and Conclusions 105References 1057 DIGITAL MOBILE RADIO (DMR) 1077.1 Introduction 1077.2 Architecture 1097.3 Interfaces 1117.3.1 DMR Air Interface (AI) 1127.3.2 Trunking Interface 1137.3.3 Data Application Interface 1137.4 Services 1137.4.1 Voice Services 1147.4.2 Data Services 1157.5 Operations 1167.6 Security 1167.7 Spectrum 1177.8 Standardization 1177.9 Deployment 1187.10 Future 1197.11 Summary and Conclusions 119References 1208 LONG-TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) 1218.1 Introduction 1228.2 Architecture 1258.2.1 E-UTRAN 1258.2.2 Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 1278.3 Interfaces 1288.3.1 Air Interface 1298.3.2 E-UTRAN Network Interfaces 1298.3.3 EPC Interfaces 1308.3.4 Interworking Interfaces 1318.4 Services 1328.5 Operations 1338.6 Security 1348.7 Spectrum 1358.8 Standardization 1368.9 Future 1388.10 Deployment 1388.11 Use of LTE as a Critical Communications Network 1398.12 Summary and Conclusions 142References 1439 FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES FOR CRITICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 1459.1 Introduction 1459.2 5G and Beyond 1469.3 Augmented Reality (AR) 1509.4 Internet of Things (IoT) 1519.5 Big Data Analytics 1529.6 Summary and Conclusions 153References 15410 SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS USED IN CRITICAL COMMUNICATIONS 15710.1 Introduction 15710.2 Command and Control Centers 15810.3 Emergency Response Systems 15810.4 Incident Management System 16010.5 Public Warning Systems 16110.6 Others 16210.7 Summary and Conclusions 163References 16311 END-USER DEVICES CONNECTED TO CRITICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 16511.1 Introduction 16511.2 Mobile Radios 16611.3 Portable Radios 16711.4 Dispatch Consoles 17011.5 Others 17111.6 Summary and Conclusions 172References 17212 PLANNING FOR DEPLOYMENT AND OPERATIONS OF CRITICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 17512.1 Introduction 17512.2 Developing Policies 17612.2.1 National Broadband Policy 17712.2.2 Governance Policy 17712.2.3 Spectrum Management Policy 17812.3 Developing a Business Case 18012.3.1 Identifying Alternatives 18112.3.2 Feasibility Studies 18412.3.3 Interoperability Concerns 18512.3.4 Comparison of Alternatives and the Recommendation 18812.4 Developing Project Plans 19012.5 Summary and Conclusions 192References 19313 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DEPLOYING CRITICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 19513.1 Introduction 19513.2 Cost and Benefit of Deploying and Operating a Public Safety Network 19613.2.1 Cost of Deploying and Operating a Public Safety Network 19613.2.2 Benefits of Deploying and Operating a Public Safety Network 19813.3 Financing Alternatives 19913.3.1 Bond Financing 19913.3.2 Lease Financing 20013.3.3 Financing via Sharing the Network 20013.4 Evaluation of Financing Alternatives 20113.5 Summary and Conclusions 202References 20314 DESIGNING, IMPLEMENTATION, AND INTEGRATION 20514.1 Introduction 20514.2 Network Architecture and Design 20514.2.1 Designing Narrowband Technologies Based Network 20614.2.2 Designing a Broadband Technology Based Network 20814.3 Implementation and Installation 21314.4 System Integration, Verification, and Validation Testing 21414.5 Summary and Conclusions 215References 21515 OPERATIONS, ADMINISTRATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF CRITICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 21715.1 Introduction 21715.2 Developing Operations Plans 22015.3 Operation Support Systems (OSSs), Tools, and Applications 22115.3.1 Many Types of OSSs: Layered Organization 22215.3.2 Interfaces among OSSs 22315.3.3 OSSs Supporting Network Management Functions 22315.3.4 Tools and Applications Supporting Operations 22415.3.5 OSSs Supporting Network Technologies 22515.4 Operations Support Centers, Policies, Guidelines, and Procedures 22615.4.1 Centers, People, Administration 22815.4.2 Configuration Management Related Procedures 23015.4.3 Fault Management Related Procedures 23215.4.4 Performance Management Related Procedures 23315.4.5 Accounting Management Related Procedures 23415.4.6 Security Management Related Procedures 23515.5 Summary and Conclusions 236References 23716 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 23916.1 Major Points and Observations 23916.2 Challenges in Deploying Critical Communications Systems 241A PROJECT 25 DOCUMENTS 243B TETRA DOCUMENTS BY ETSI 249C LTE CRITICAL COMMUNICATIONS RELATED DOCUMENTS 265Index 273