Medicine at a Glance

Patrick Davey is Consultant Cardiologist at Northampton General Hospital and Honorary Senior Lecturer at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine at John Radcliffe Hospital at Oxford. Alex Pitcher is Consultant Cardiologist at Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and a Senior Clinical Teaching Fellow at New College, Oxford.

• List of Contributors xiiPreface xivAcknowledgements xviAbbreviations xviiiHow to use your revision guide xxivAbout the companion website xxviPart 1 Introduction 11 How to be a medical student 22 Patient confidentiality 43 Consent 64 Relationship with the patient 85 History of presenting complaint 106 Past medical history, drugs and allergies 127 Family and social history 148 Functional enquiry 159 Basic clinical skills 1610 Principles of examination 2111 Is the patient ill? 2212 The critically ill patient 24Part 2 Clinical presentations at a glance 28Cardiovascular disease13 Chest pain 3014 Oedema 3415 Palpitations 3616 The painful leg 3717 Heart murmurs 3818 Shock 40Respiratory disease19 Breathlessness, cough and haemoptysis 4220 Wheeze (stridor) 4621 Pleural effusion 4722 Pneumothorax 48Gastroenterology23 Unintentional weight loss 5024 Constipation and change in bowel habit 5225 Diarrhoea: acute and chronic 5426 Vomiting and intestinal obstruction 5627 Haematemesis and melaena 5828 Rectal bleeding 6229 Dysphagia 6430 Abdominal pain and dyspepsia 6631 Jaundice 6832 Abdominal mass 7033 Ascites 71Renal medicine34 Polyuria and oliguria 7235 Dysuria, frequency and urgency 7436 Haematuria 75Endocrinology37 Sweating, flushing and thyroid swellings 7638 Obesity 7939 Hirsutism and infertility 8240 Erectile dysfunction and gynaecomastia 84Infectious disease41 Principles of infection 8642 Investigation of suspected infection 8843 An approach to the patient with fever of short duration 9044 Healthcare-associated infections 9445 Fever of unknown origin 9646 Fever and rash 10047 Fever in HIV-infected patients 10248 Fever in the returned traveller 10449 Vaginal discharge and urethritis in men 106Haematology50 Anaemia 10851 Clinical approach to lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly 11052 The patient with abnormal bleeding or bruising 11253 Leukopenia 113Oncology54 Oncological emergencies 114Neurology55 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 1: Neuroepidemiology 11756 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 2 11857 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 3 12058 Common neurological symptoms 12259 Weakness 12560 Disturbance of vision: a neurological perspective 12861 Sudden painless loss of vision 13262 Tremor and other involuntary movements 13463 Headache and facial pain 13664 Episodic alterations in awareness and consciousness 138Ophthalmology65 The red eye 142Rheumatology66 Introduction to rheumatological disease 14467 Low back pain and other regional pain syndromes 150Dermatology68 Introduction to dermatology 15469 Pruritus and rashes 15670 Hair and nail disorders 15871 Leg ulcers 16072 Photodermatoses 161Women’s health73 Pelvic pain 16274 Urinary incontinence 166Other acute medical emergencies75 Attempted suicide by drug poisoning 16876 Anaphylaxis 17077 Allergic reactions 17278 Cardiac and respiratory arrest 17479 Delirium 17680 Coma 179Part 3 Diseases and treatments at a glance 182Cardiovascular disease81 Hypertension 18482 Hyperlipidaemia 18783 Acute coronary syndromes 19084 ST segment elevation myocardial infarction 19885 Chronic coronary syndromes 20286 Acute aortic dissection 20687 Heart failure 20888 Aortic valve disease 21289 Mitral valve disease 21490 Cardiomyopathies 21691 Pericardial disease 21792 Pulmonary embolism 21893 Cardiac infections 22094 Tachyarrhythmias 22295 Bradyarrhythmias 22896 Congenital heart disease 230Respiratory disease97 Lung function tests 23298 Overnight oximetry and sleep apnoea 23399 Respiratory failure 234100 Arterial blood gas analysis 236101 Chest X-ray anatomy 238102 Basic chest X-ray interpretation 240103 Chest X-ray cases 1 242104 Chest X-ray cases 2 244105 Non-invasive ventilation 246106 Mechanical ventilation 248107 Lower respiratory tract infection: pneumonia 250108 Upper respiratory tract infection 253109 Asthma 254110 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 257111 Bronchiectasis 260112 Cystic fibrosis 262113 Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous lung diseases 264114 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis) 266115 Pulmonary fibrosis 268116 Pulmonary eosinophilia and vasculitis 270117 Fungi and the lung 272118 Industrial lung disease 274119 Lung disease caused by drugs 276120 BOOP and ARDS 277121 Primary tumours of the lung 278Gastroenterology122 Gastrointestinal infections 281123 Reflux 282124 Peptic ulcer disease 283125 Iron deficiency 284126 Abnormal liver chemistry 286127 Diverticular disease 289128 Inflammatory bowel disease 290129 Gallstone disease 293130 Malabsorption 294131 Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer 296132 Inflammatory liver disease: viral and immune 298133 Metabolic liver disease (including alcohol) 302134 Acute and chronic liver disease 304135 Functional gastrointestinal disorders 307136 Upper gastrointestinal cancer 308137 Colorectal cancer 310138 Nutrition 312Renal medicine139 Renal physiology and function tests 314140 Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia 316141 Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia 318142 Disorders of acid–base balance 320143 Urinary calculi 322144 Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes 324145 Glomerulonephritis 326146 Renal involvement in systemic disease 328147 Hereditary renal disorders 332148 Tubulointerstitial disease 334149 Acute renal failure 336150 Chronic renal failure and the dialysis patient 338151 The renal transplant recipient 340152 Drugs and renal failure 342153 Benign prostatic hypertrophy 343154 Urinary tract infection 344Endocrinology155 Diabetes and its complications 346156 Diabetic emergencies 352157 Hyperprolactinaemia and acromegaly 354158 Hypothyroidism 356159 Hyperthyroidism 358160 Calcium metabolism 360161 Adrenal disease 362162 Miscellaneous endocrine disorders 364163 Hypogonadism 366Infectious disease164 Bacteraemia and septic shock 368165 Herpes virus infections in adults 370166 HIV infection and advanced HIV disease 374167 Common fungal infections 376168 Specific bacterial infections 378169 Malaria 380170 Tuberculosis 382171 Tropical infectious diseases 384172 Diseases predisposing to infection 386173 Immunological deficiency syndromes 388Haematology174 Haematinic deficiency anaemias 392175 Haemolytic anaemia 394176 Thalassaemia and sickle cell disease 398177 Bone marrow failure 400178 Acute leukaemia 402179 Lymphoma 404180 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 406181 Myeloproliferative neoplasms 408182 Myeloma 410183 Myelodysplasia 411184 The blood in systemic disease 412185 Platelet disorders 416186 Disorders of coagulation 418187 Anticoagulation and antiplatelet drugs 420188 Thrombophilia 422Oncology189 Aetiology of cancer 424190 Diagnostic strategies and basic principles of cancer management 426191 Cancer screening and early detection 430192 Breast cancer 432193 Prostate cancer 435194 Cancer with an unknown primary 438195 Paraneoplastic cancer syndromes and hormone-producing cancers 440196 Palliative care 442Neurology197 Head computed tomography cases 444198 Head magnetic resonance imaging cases 446199 Stroke 448200 Management of stroke 450201 Other vascular disorders of the brain 452202 Dementias 454203 Epilepsy 456204 Multiple sclerosis 458205 Infections of the central nervous system 460206 Tumours and the nervous system 462207 Spinal cord disease 464208 Neuromuscular disease 466209 Peripheral neuropathy 468210 Movement disorders 470Rheumatology211 Osteoarthritis 472212 Gout and pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate arthropathy) 474213 Arthritis associated with infectious agents 476214 Vasculitis 478215 Metabolic bone disease 481216 Other bone disease 484217 Rheumatoid arthritis 486218 Inflammatory spondyloarthropathies 491219 Systemic lupus erythematosus 496220 Myositis syndromes, polymyalgia rheumatica and systemic sclerosis 500Dermatology221 Eczema and urticaria 503222 Psoriasis 506223 Blistering diseases 508224 Skin infections and infestations 510225 Acne, rosacea and hidradenitis 513226 The skin and systemic disease 514227 Disorders of skin pigmentation 517228 Skin tumours 518229 Orogenital disease 520Women’s health230 Endometriosis and adenomyosis 522231 Polycystic ovary syndrome 526232 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 530233 Cardiovascular disease in pregnancy 532234 Other medical and surgical conditions in pregnancy 534Miscellaneous235 Fluid replacement therapy 536236 Illness in elderly people 538237 Chronic tiredness and other medically unexplained symptoms 540238 Psychiatric disorders 542239 Substance misuse 544240 Alcohol misuse 546241 Drug toxicity (adverse drug reactions) 548242 Covid-19 554Index 558