Sustainability

RAO Y. SURAMPALLI, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, Hon D.WRE, F.AAAS, Dist.M.ASCE, is President and Chief Executive Officer of the Global Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, USA.TIAN C. ZHANG, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, D.WRE, F.ASCE, F.AAAS is Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA.MANISH KUMAR GOYAL, Ph.D. is presently working as an Associate Professor in Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India.SATINDER K. BRAR, Ph.D. is Love Chair Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering, York University, Canada.R. D. TYAGI, Ph.D. is Professor with Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (Eau, Terre, et Environment), University of Quebec, Canada.

• Editor Biographies xxiiiList of Contributors xxviiPreface xxxiiiPart I Fundamentals and Framework 11 Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development 3Prangya R. Rout, Akshaya K. Verma, Puspendu Bhunia, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, R.D. Tyagi, S.K. Brar, and M.K. Goyal1.1 Background and Definition 31.2 Basic Concepts and Issues 41.3 Evolution of Sustainability and Sustainable Development 71.4 Challenges and Solutions 81.5 Adaptation and Resilience 81.6 Economic, Ecological, Social, Technological and Systems Perspectives 131.7 Conclusions 16References 172 The Need, Role and Significance of Sustainability 21Anita Talan, A.N. Pathak, and R.D. Tyagi2.1 Introduction 212.2 Three Pillars of Sustainability 212.3 Primary Goals of Sustainability 272.4 Significance of Sustainability 342.5 Challenges Toward Sustainability 352.6 Sustainable Future 392.7 Conclusions 39References 403 Sustainable Development: Dimensions, Intersections and Knowledge Platform 43Pritee Sharma and Kanak Singh3.1 Introduction 433.2 Understanding Complex Systems 443.3 Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Economic Dimension 473.4 Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Environmental Dimension 533.5 Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Social Dimension 563.6 Mapping Social Development Through Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 583.7 Sustainable Development Indicators 603.8 Exploring Knowledge Systems for Sustainability 613.9 Conclusion 65References 654 Measurement of Sustainability 69Rajneesh Singh, Akash Kumar Gupta, Puspendu Bhunia, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Pengzhi Lin, and Yu Chen4.1 Introduction 694.2 Types and Choice of Indicators 704.3 Framework of Lifecycle-Based Sustainability Metrics 724.4 Technological Aspects of Supply Chain and Process Sustainability 734.5 Sustainable Economy Indices 744.6 Environmental Indicator for Manufacturing Competitiveness 754.7 Monitoring and Evaluation Processes 774.8 Conclusion 79References 795 Sustainable Impact Assessment 83L.R. Kumar, Anita Talan and R.D. Tyagi5.1 Introduction 835.2 Types of Impact Assessment (IA) 835.3 Sustainable Impact Assessment (SIA) 865.4 Advantages of Conducting Sustainable Impact Assessment 895.5 Recent Evolution of Impact Assessment 905.6 Different Approaches of SIA 915.7 Determining Criteria for Sustainability 935.8 Procedure to Follow Impact Assessment 945.9 ToSIA – Software Tool for Sustainable Impact Assessment 995.10 Case Studies for Use of Sustainable Impact Assessment 1035.11 Conclusions 106References 1076 Analytical Tools and Methodologies to Evaluate Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations with Special Reference to Asia 111Gamini Herath6.1 Introduction 1116.2 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations 1126.3 Planning and Decision Making Methodologies for the Sustainable Development Goals 1126.4 Tools to Tackle Interlinked Goals and Policy Incoherence 1136.5 Carrying Capacity (CC) 1166.6 Evalution Models Under Uncertainty 1176.7 Adaptive Management 1196.8 Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) 1196.9 Multiattribute Utility Theory 1216.10 Conclusions 124References 1247 Resilience Engineering and Quantification for Sustainable Systems 129Anita Talan, Bhoomika Yadav, L.R. Kumar, and R.D. Tyagi 1297.1 Introduction 1297.2 Resilience and Sustainability: Definitions, Differences and Similarities 1307.3 Technical Purposes of Resilience Engineering 1327.4 Resilience Assessment Approaches 1337.5 Indicators for Quantifying Successful Resilience and Sustainability 1387.6 Some Resilient Systems and Associated Codes/Standards 1407.7 Communal Resilience and Built Environment Sustainability 1447.8 Risk Analysis and Resilience 1497.9 Integration of Sustainability and Resilience 1517.10 Conclusions 152References 154Part II Dimensions and Different Aspects 1578 Economic Development and Sustainability 159L.R. Kumar, Anita Talan, and R.D. Tyagi8.1 Introduction 1598.2 Different Perspectives of Economic Development 1598.3 Indicators for Economic Development 1608.4 Economic Development for Sustainability 1628.5 Economic Policies for Sustainable Development 1678.6 Economic Development and Environment 1708.7 Economic Analysis of Sustainable Development 1748.8 Future Directions for Achieving Economic Sustainable Development 1778.9 Conclusions 178References 1799 Social Dimensions of Sustainability 183Anita Talan, R.D. Tyagi, and Rao Y. Surampalli9.1 Introduction 1839.2 Concepts and Definitions of Social Sustainability 1849.3 Social Sustainability 1859.4 Dimensions of Social Sustainability 1889.5 Gaps in Dimensions of Social Sustainability 1939.6 Research-based Policies and Federal Perspective Toward Social Sustainability 1959.7 Social Sustainability – an Integrated Approach 2009.8 Safety and Security 2029.9 Future Perspective and Conclusions 203References 20410 Social Engineering and Sustainability: Revisiting Popper’s “Piecemeal Approach” 207Neeraj Mishra10.1 Introduction 20710.2 Emergence of Sustainability on the Global Agenda 20810.3 Concept of Social Engineering 20910.4 Karl Popper’s Description of Social Engineering 21110.5 Social Engineering as a Tool for Sustainable Development 21410.6 Promoting Sustainable Consumption and Bio‐Politics of Sustainability 21710.7 Social Engineering, Sustainability and Industrial Production 22110.8 Conclusions 224References 22511 Environment Modeling for Sustainable Development 229Lalit Borana, Bhaskar Jyoti Deka, Jiaxin Guo, and Alicia Kyoungjin An11.1 Introduction 22911.2 Environmental Indicators in the Context of Sustainable Development 23111.3 Overview of Sustainable Development 23511.4 Role of Sustainability in Environmental Development 23711.5 Case Studies: Sustainability Management 24111.6 Modeling of Sustainability 24611.7 Modeling Tools for Sustainable Development Policies: Vision 2030 – United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 24911.8 Summary 251References 25112 Biodiversity and Sustainability 255Akshaya K. Verma, Prangya R. Rout, Eunseok Lee, Puspendu Bhunia, Jaeho Bae, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Rajeshwar D. Tyagi, Pengzhi Lin, and Yu Chen12.1 Introduction 25512.2 Threats to Biodiversity 25712.3 Role of Biodiversity in Sustainable Development 26812.4 Trends of Biodiversity 26912.5 Conclusions 270References 27113 Sustainability of Ecosystem Services (ESs) 277Carlos S. Osorio‐González, Niranjan Suralikerimath, Krishnamoorthy Hegde, and Satinder K. Brar13.1 Introduction 27713.2 Historical Evolution of Ecosystem Services Definition 27813.3 Framework for Assessing Ecosystem Services 28013.4 Utilization of Ecosystem Services for Sustainable Development 28113.5 Recent Advances in Mapping and Measuring Multiple Services 28313.6 Possible Approaches for Sustainable Use of Ecosystem Services 28413.7 Challenge and Interlinkage Themes for Researchers 28713.8 Future Directions and Conclusions 288References 28914 Sustainable Infrastructure 295Gilbert Hinge, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Manish Kumar Goyal14.1 Infrastructure − An Introduction 29514.2 Mitigation Policies 29914.3 Strategic Environmental Assessment 30114.4 Recycling Reuse and Reclamation 30414.5 Reverse Logistics 30514.6 Deconstruction 30714.7 Summary 308References 30915 Industrial Practices in Sustainability 313K.K. Brar, Dalila Larios Martinez, Mitra Naghdi, Satinder K. Brar, Bhupinder Singh Chadha, Preetinder Singh, and Rao Y. Surampalli15.1 Introduction 31315.2 Causes of Environmental Deterioration 31415.3 Effects of Environmental Degradation 31515.4 Human-Induced Eye-Opening Environmental Incidents 31815.5 Sustainable Development 31915.6 Benefits of Being a Sustainable Business 32015.7 How to Achieve Sustainable Development 32115.8 Commitment Toward the Environment 32215.9 Future Action Needed 335References 33616 Challenges of Sustainability in Agricultural Management 339Jew Das, Srinidhi Jha, Manish Kumar Goyal, and Rao Y. Surampalli16.1 Introduction 33916.2 An Overview of Indian Agriculture 34116.3 Agricultural Sustainability: Environmental, Economic and Social Perspectives 34716.4 Challenges to Agricultural Sustainability 34816.5 Road to Sustainable Agriculture: Possible Solutions 35216.6 Conclusions 354References 35517 Food Security and Sustainability 357Preetika Kuknur Pachapur, Vinayak Laxman Pachapur, Satinder K. Brar, Rosa Galvez, Yann Le Bihan, and Rao Y. Surampalli17.1 Introduction 35717.2 Food Needs 35817.3 Population Growth 35917.4 Impact of Climate Change on Food Security 36017.5 International Case Studies 36117.6 Biofuels and Food Security 36417.7 Water–Energy–Food Security Nexus 36717.8 Genetically Modified Foods for Food Security 36817.9 Horizontal Gene Transfer for Food Security 36917.10 Future Plans for Food Security 369References 37118 Sustainable Healthcare Systems 375Carlos S. Osorio‐González, Krishnamoorthy Hegde, Satinder K. Brar, Antonio Avalos‐ Ramírez, and Rao Y. Surampalli18.1 Introduction 37518.2 Classification of Healthcare Systems 37618.3 Sustainability and Healthcare Systems 37718.4 Sustainability Challenges in Healthcare Systems 37918.5 Categories of Sustainability in Healthcare Systems 38118.6 Overview of Sustainable Healthcare Systems 38418.7 Conclusion 390References 39119 Ethical Aspects of Sustainability 397Anita Talan, Rajwinder Kaur, R.D. Tyagi, and Tian C. Zhang19.1 Introduction 39719.2 Juxtaposing Ethics, Morality and Sustainable Development 39819.3 Approaches to Ethics 40019.4 The Neoliberal Era and Adaptation into the Sustainability Framework 40219.5 Global Flora and Sustainability 40519.6 Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change: Ethical Perspective 40519.7 Conclusions 409References 41020 Education and Human Resource Development for Sustainability 413Anita Talan, and R. D Tyagi20.1 Introduction 41320.2 Education for Sustainability 41320.3 Objectives of Education for Sustainable Development 41620.4 Potential Improvements via Education for Sustainable Development 42120.5 Global Education and Global Actions of ESD 42420.6 Sustainability as Human Resource Development 42920.7 HRD Indicators 43220.8 Change in HRD for Sustainability 43320.9 HRD Resources for Sustainable Development 43420.10 Conclusion 435References 436Part III Applications 43921 Climate Change Adaptation for Sustainable Management of Water in India: Issues and Challenges 441Adani Azhoni21.1 Introduction 44121.2 Climate Change Challenges to India’s Water Management 44321.3 Adaptation Approaches 44421.4 Water Management Institutions and Their Role in Adaptation 44921.5 Indian Water Institutions 45021.6 Recent Initiatives to Address Climate Change in India 45221.7 Adaptation for Sustainability: Two Examples 45221.8 Discussion and Conclusion 454References 45522 Sustainability of Carbon Storage and Sequestration 465Gilbert Hinge, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Manish Kumar Goyal22.1 Introduction 46522.2 Carbon Sources and Sinks 46622.3 Types of Carbon Sequestration 46622.4 Methods for Quantification of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks 46822.5 Adaptation and Mitigation Policy for Carbon Management 47522.6 Conclusions 479References 47923 Environmental Degradation and Sustainability 483Yong Qi, Puspendu Bhunia, Tian C. Zhang, F. Luo, Pengzhi Lin, and Yu Chen23.1 Introduction 48323.2 Desertification and Associated Sustainable Strategies 48423.3 Environmental Pollution and Associated Impacts 48623.4 Snow Ablation and Glacier Retreat 49123.5 Dams and Resettlement 49223.6 Strategies for Sustainable Development While Addressing Environmental Pollution and Degradation 49423.7 Future Trends 50123.8 Conclusions 502References 50224 Sustainability of River Water Resources Under the Influence of Climate Change 507Shivam Gupta and Manish Kumar Goyal24.1 Introduction 50724.2 Effects of Global Warming on Observed Changes 50824.3 Water Stress – the Supply Demand Balance 51024.4 Impacts of Climate Change on Glaciers and Mountainous Water Resources 51124.5 Sustainable Management of River Water Resources 51224.6 Case Studies 51324.7 Conclusions 523References 52325 Sustainable Systems for Groundwater Resource Management 527Manish Kumar Goyal, Srinidhi Jha, and Rao Y. Surampalli25.1 Introduction 52725.2 Occurrence and Distribution 53025.3 Groundwater Usage in the World 53325.4 Two Main Challenges 53625.5 Toward Groundwater Sustainability 53925.6 Looking for Possible Solutions: Primary Solutions 54225.7 Intuitional and Organizational Reforms: Secondary Solutions 54625.8 Conclusions 548References 54926 Sustainability and Energy Management in Facilities for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse 553Joseph Sebastian, Pratik Kumar, Krishnamoorthy Hegde, Satinder K. Brar, Mausam Verma, and Rao Y. Surampalli26.1 Introduction 55326.2 Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Reuse 55426.3 Approaches for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Reuse 55726.4 Sustainable Energy Derived from Wastewater 56426.5 Conclusions 575References 57627 Energy Needs for Sustainable Buildings and Transportation 583Rehan Khan, Suchit Deshmukh, and Ritunesh Kumar27.1 Introduction 58327.2 Building and Energy 58427.3 Energy for Transportation 59427.4 Conclusions 602References 60228 Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Sustainability 605Manish Kumar Goyal, Ashutosh Sharma, and Rao Y. Surampalli28.1 Introduction 60528.2 Remote Sensing for Earth Observation (EO) and Data Acquisition 60928.3 Sustainable Resource Management Using Remote Sensing and GIS 61228.4 Case Study 61328.5 Future Perspectives 61928.6 Conclusions 620References 62029 Artificial Intelligence and Computational Sustainability 627S.K. Ram and R.D. Tyagi29.1 Introduction 62729.2 Basic Elements of AI Implementation 62829.3 Concept of Computational Sustainability 62929.4 Computational Sustainability and Ecological Preservation 63129.5 Potential Applications of AI in Various Sectors 63229.6 AI for UN Sustainable Development Goals 63829.7 Challenges Associated with AI 63829.8 AI and Its Socio‐Economic Impact 64129.9 AI for Developing Countries: A Case Study of Zimbabwe 64329.10 Conclusions and Future Prospects 645References 645Index 651