Handbook of Language Variation and Change

J.K. Chambers is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Toronto. He is the author of Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and its Social Significance, Revised Edition (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009) and Dialectology, Second Edition (with P. Trudgill, 1998), as well as numerous other books and scores of articles. He works extensively as a forensic consultant and maintains a parallel vocation in jazz criticism, including a volume on the bebop pianist Richard Twardzik (2008) and a prize-winning biography of Miles Davis, Milestones: The Music and Times of Miles Davis (1998). Natalie Schilling is Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University. She is the author of American English: Dialects and Variation, Third Edition (with W. Wolfram, Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) and Sociolinguistic Fieldwork (2013). An expert in language variation and change in American English, she conducts workshops on sociolinguistics and forensic linguistics for an array of audiences within and beyond academia, and is a noted consultant in both these fields. Among her works for general audiences is English in America: A Linguistic History, an audio-video lecture series for The Great Courses (2016).

• List of Illustrations ixList of Contributors xiiiPreface to the Second Edition xvStudying Language Variation: An Informal Epistemology 1J.K. ChambersPart I Data Collection 171 Entering the Community: Fieldwork 19Crawford Feagin2 Data in the Study of Variation and Change 38Tyler Kendall3 Investigating Historical Variation and Change in Written Documents: New Perspectives 57Edgar W. SchneiderPart II Evaluation 834 The Quantitative Paradigm 85Robert Bayley5 Sociophonetics 108Erik R. Thomas6 Comparative Sociolinguistics 128Sali A. Tagliamonte7 Language with an Attitude 157Dennis R. PrestonPart III Linguistic Structure 1838 Variation and Syntactic Theory 185Ralph W. Fasold9 Investigating Chain Shifts and Mergers 203Matthew J. Gordon10 Discourse Variation 220Ronald MacaulayPart IV Language and Time 23711 Real Time and Apparent Time 239Patricia Cukor-Avila and Guy Bailey12 Child Language Variation 263Julie Roberts13 Adolescence 277Sam Kirkham and Emma Moore14 Patterns of Variation including Change 297J.K. ChambersPart V Social Differentiation 32515 Investigating Stylistic Variation 327Natalie Schilling16 Social Class 350Sharon Ash17 Gender, Sex, Sexuality, and Sexual Identities 368Robin Queen18 Ethnicity 388Carmen FoughtPart VI Domains 40719 Social Networks 409Lesley Milroy and Carmen Llamas20 Communities of Practice 428Miriam Meyerhoff and Anna Strycharz21 Constructing Identity 448Scott F. KieslingPart VII Contact 46922 Space, Diffusion and Mobility 471David Britain23 Linguistic Outcomes of Bilingualism 501Gillian Sankoff24 Koineization 519Paul Kerswill25 Supraregionalisation and Dissociation 537Raymond HickeyPart VIII Sociolinguists and Their Communities 55526 Community Commitment and Responsibility 557Walt Wolfram Postscript 577Natalie Schilling and Jack Chambers Index 579