Lalit K. Singh, PhD, was educated at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur and received his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Through his research, he developed a novel sequential-co-culture technique for the efficient bioconversion of sugars to bioethanol, and important innovation in the field of biofuels and fermentation technology. He has more than 25 publications in international journals, conference proceedings, and chapters in books. He has also organized several national seminars, faculty development programs and other academic activities.Gaurav Chaudhary, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, having earned Since a doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technolog in Roorkee, India in the field of biofuel/bioenergy. He has published five research articles in peer reviewed international journals and presented his research work in several national and international conferences. Currently he is involved in teaching & research development activities in the areas of biochemical engineering, biofuels, bioenergy, and phytochemicals.

• 1 Process Engineering Biofuel Production 1Opubo Gbanaye Benebo1.1 Biofuel Production Background 11.2 Process Engineering Liquid Biofuel Production 81.3 Algal Cultivation Process Technology 181.4 Algal Biomass Biorefinery Process Engineering 26Acknowledgment 32About the Author 33References 342 A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 35Abhishek Walia, Samriti Sharma and Saruchi2.1 Introduction 362.2 Algal Biomass Production 382.3 Developments in Algal Cultivation for Fuel By Using Different Production System 442.4 Algal Biofuels – Feedstock of the Future 482.5 Biofuel Pathways 512.6 High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 532.7 Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment 572.8 Economics of Algae Cultivation 582.9 Problems and Potential of Alga-Culture 612.10 Conclusion 63References 643 Waste Biomass Utilization for Liquid Fuels: Challenges & Solution 73Sourish Bhattacharya, Surajbhan Sevda, Pooja Bachani, Vamsi Bharadwaj and Sandhya Mishra3.1 Introduction 743.2 Waste Biomass and its Types 753.3 Major Waste Biomass Conversion Routes 763.4 Metabolic Engineering in Yeast for Accumulation of C5Sugars along with C6 Sugars 773.5 Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts 773.6 Biofuel from Microalgae through Mixotrophic Approach Utilizing Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate 803.7 Conclusion 82References 834 Biofuel Production from Lignocellulosic Feedstock via Thermochemical Routes 89Long T. Duong, Phuet Prasertcharoensuk and Anh N. Phan4.1 Introduction 894.2 Fast Pyrolysis 924.3 Bio-Oil Upgrading 1114.4 Gasification 1264.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 1404.6 Summary 147References 1485 Exploring the Potential of Carbohydrate Rich Algal Biomass as Feedstock for Bioethanol Production 167Jaskiran Kaur and Yogalakshmi K.N.5.1 Introduction 1685.2 Microalgae and Macroalgae as Bioethanol Feedstock 1695.3 Process Involved for Production of Bioethanol from Algae 1765.4 Algal Biomass Cultivation 1775.5 Pretreatment of Algal Biomass 1805.6 Fermentation of Algal Hydrolysate 1835.7 Distillation 1845.8 Manipulation of Algal Biomass 1855.9 Pros and Cons of Bioethanol Production from Algae 1865.10 Conclusions 187References 1876 Development of Acid-Base-Enzyme Pretreatment and Hydrolysis of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Bioethanol Production 197Nibedita Deb, Md. Zahangir Alam, Maan Fahmi Rashid Al-khatib and Amal Elgharbawy6.1 Introduction 1986.2 Biomass Energy 2006.3 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 2016.4 Pome Characterization 2036.5 Pretreatment 2036.6 Hydrolysis 2066.7 Fermentation Process 2096.8 Bioethanol 2106.9 Conclusion 2146.10 Acknowledgment 214References 2147 Technological Barriers in Biobutanol Production 219Arpita Prasad, Shivani Thakur, Swati Sharma, Shivani Saxena and Vijay Kumar Garlapati7.1 Introduction 2197.2 Production Technologies of Biobutanol 2207.3 Lignocellulosic Materials for Bio-Butanol Production 2237.4 Natural Producers of Biobutanol 2257.5 Main Obstacles in the Biobutanol Production 2277.6 Engineered Pathways towards a Better Solventogenic Producer 2277.7 In-Situ Butanol Recovery Integrated with Batch and Fed-Batch Fermentation 2317.8 Future Prospects 2327.9 Conclusions 233References 2338 Biobutanol: Research Breakthrough for its Commercial Interest 237Sandip B. Bankar, Pranhita R. Nimbalkar, Manisha A. Khedkar and Prakash V. Chavan8.1 Introduction 2388.2 Butanol: Next-Generation Liquid Fuel 2398.3 Routes of Butanol Production 2418.4 Microbial ABE Production 2438.5 Feedstocks Used in ABE Fermentation Process 2478.6 Saccharification and Detoxification Processes 2488.7 Strain Engineering and Developments in Butanol Production 2508.8 Bioreactor Operations 2538.9 Butanol Separation Techniques 2558.10 Techno-Economic Assessment 2668.11 Current Status and Future Prospective 268References 2709 Potential and Prospects of Biobutanol Production from Agricultural Residues 285Shuvashish Behera, Koushalya S, Sachin Kumar and Jafar Ali B M9.1 Introduction 2869.2 Agricultural Residues 2879.3 ABE Fermentation 2929.4 Challenges 3059.5 Future Prospects and Conclusions 309Acknowledgments 310References 31010 State of Art Strategies for Biodiesel Production: Bioengineering Approaches 319Irem Deniz, Bahar Aslanbay and Esra Imamoglu10.1 Introduction 31910.2 Biodiesel and Microalgal Biorefineries 32010.3 Metabolic Engineering Approaches for Biodiesel Production 33210.4 Novel Photobioreactor Designs for Biodiesel Production 33710.5 Advanced Photobioreactor Configurations and Kinetics 33810.6 Conclusions 340References 34011 Bio-Oil Production from Algal Feedstock 351Naveen Dwivedi and Shubha Dwivedi11.1 Introduction 35111.2 Technologies Used for the Production of Bio-Oil from Algal Biomass 35611.3 Properties of Bio-Oils 36211.4 Uses of Bio-Oils 36211.5 Up-Gradation of Bio-Oil to Biodiesel along with Recent Developments 36311.6 Conclusion 367References 36812 Effect of Upgrading Techniques on Fuel Properties and Composition of Bio-Oil 373Krushna Prasad Shadangi and Kaustubha Mohanty12.1 Introduction 37412.2 Bio-Oil and its Properties 37512.3 Upgrading of Bio-Oil 37612.4 Conclusion 381References 382Index 387

Lalit K. Singh, PhD, was educated at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur and received his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Through his research, he developed a novel sequential-co-culture technique for the efficient bioconversion of sugars to bioethanol, and important innovation in the field of biofuels and fermentation technology. He has more than 25 publications in international journals, conference proceedings, and chapters in books. He has also organized several national seminars, faculty development programs and other academic activities.Gaurav Chaudhary, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, having earned Since a doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technolog in Roorkee, India in the field of biofuel/bioenergy. He has published five research articles in peer reviewed international journals and presented his research work in several national and international conferences. Currently he is involved in teaching & research development activities in the areas of biochemical engineering, biofuels, bioenergy, and phytochemicals.

• 1 Process Engineering Biofuel Production 1Opubo Gbanaye Benebo1.1 Biofuel Production Background 11.2 Process Engineering Liquid Biofuel Production 81.3 Algal Cultivation Process Technology 181.4 Algal Biomass Biorefinery Process Engineering 26Acknowledgment 32About the Author 33References 342 A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 35Abhishek Walia, Samriti Sharma and Saruchi2.1 Introduction 362.2 Algal Biomass Production 382.3 Developments in Algal Cultivation for Fuel By Using Different Production System 442.4 Algal Biofuels – Feedstock of the Future 482.5 Biofuel Pathways 512.6 High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 532.7 Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment 572.8 Economics of Algae Cultivation 582.9 Problems and Potential of Alga-Culture 612.10 Conclusion 63References 643 Waste Biomass Utilization for Liquid Fuels: Challenges & Solution 73Sourish Bhattacharya, Surajbhan Sevda, Pooja Bachani, Vamsi Bharadwaj and Sandhya Mishra3.1 Introduction 743.2 Waste Biomass and its Types 753.3 Major Waste Biomass Conversion Routes 763.4 Metabolic Engineering in Yeast for Accumulation of C5Sugars along with C6 Sugars 773.5 Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts 773.6 Biofuel from Microalgae through Mixotrophic Approach Utilizing Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate 803.7 Conclusion 82References 834 Biofuel Production from Lignocellulosic Feedstock via Thermochemical Routes 89Long T. Duong, Phuet Prasertcharoensuk and Anh N. Phan4.1 Introduction 894.2 Fast Pyrolysis 924.3 Bio-Oil Upgrading 1114.4 Gasification 1264.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 1404.6 Summary 147References 1485 Exploring the Potential of Carbohydrate Rich Algal Biomass as Feedstock for Bioethanol Production 167Jaskiran Kaur and Yogalakshmi K.N.5.1 Introduction 1685.2 Microalgae and Macroalgae as Bioethanol Feedstock 1695.3 Process Involved for Production of Bioethanol from Algae 1765.4 Algal Biomass Cultivation 1775.5 Pretreatment of Algal Biomass 1805.6 Fermentation of Algal Hydrolysate 1835.7 Distillation 1845.8 Manipulation of Algal Biomass 1855.9 Pros and Cons of Bioethanol Production from Algae 1865.10 Conclusions 187References 1876 Development of Acid-Base-Enzyme Pretreatment and Hydrolysis of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Bioethanol Production 197Nibedita Deb, Md. Zahangir Alam, Maan Fahmi Rashid Al-khatib and Amal Elgharbawy6.1 Introduction 1986.2 Biomass Energy 2006.3 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 2016.4 Pome Characterization 2036.5 Pretreatment 2036.6 Hydrolysis 2066.7 Fermentation Process 2096.8 Bioethanol 2106.9 Conclusion 2146.10 Acknowledgment 214References 2147 Technological Barriers in Biobutanol Production 219Arpita Prasad, Shivani Thakur, Swati Sharma, Shivani Saxena and Vijay Kumar Garlapati7.1 Introduction 2197.2 Production Technologies of Biobutanol 2207.3 Lignocellulosic Materials for Bio-Butanol Production 2237.4 Natural Producers of Biobutanol 2257.5 Main Obstacles in the Biobutanol Production 2277.6 Engineered Pathways towards a Better Solventogenic Producer 2277.7 In-Situ Butanol Recovery Integrated with Batch and Fed-Batch Fermentation 2317.8 Future Prospects 2327.9 Conclusions 233References 2338 Biobutanol: Research Breakthrough for its Commercial Interest 237Sandip B. Bankar, Pranhita R. Nimbalkar, Manisha A. Khedkar and Prakash V. Chavan8.1 Introduction 2388.2 Butanol: Next-Generation Liquid Fuel 2398.3 Routes of Butanol Production 2418.4 Microbial ABE Production 2438.5 Feedstocks Used in ABE Fermentation Process 2478.6 Saccharification and Detoxification Processes 2488.7 Strain Engineering and Developments in Butanol Production 2508.8 Bioreactor Operations 2538.9 Butanol Separation Techniques 2558.10 Techno-Economic Assessment 2668.11 Current Status and Future Prospective 268References 2709 Potential and Prospects of Biobutanol Production from Agricultural Residues 285Shuvashish Behera, Koushalya S, Sachin Kumar and Jafar Ali B M9.1 Introduction 2869.2 Agricultural Residues 2879.3 ABE Fermentation 2929.4 Challenges 3059.5 Future Prospects and Conclusions 309Acknowledgments 310References 31010 State of Art Strategies for Biodiesel Production: Bioengineering Approaches 319Irem Deniz, Bahar Aslanbay and Esra Imamoglu10.1 Introduction 31910.2 Biodiesel and Microalgal Biorefineries 32010.3 Metabolic Engineering Approaches for Biodiesel Production 33210.4 Novel Photobioreactor Designs for Biodiesel Production 33710.5 Advanced Photobioreactor Configurations and Kinetics 33810.6 Conclusions 340References 34011 Bio-Oil Production from Algal Feedstock 351Naveen Dwivedi and Shubha Dwivedi11.1 Introduction 35111.2 Technologies Used for the Production of Bio-Oil from Algal Biomass 35611.3 Properties of Bio-Oils 36211.4 Uses of Bio-Oils 36211.5 Up-Gradation of Bio-Oil to Biodiesel along with Recent Developments 36311.6 Conclusion 367References 36812 Effect of Upgrading Techniques on Fuel Properties and Composition of Bio-Oil 373Krushna Prasad Shadangi and Kaustubha Mohanty12.1 Introduction 37412.2 Bio-Oil and its Properties 37512.3 Upgrading of Bio-Oil 37612.4 Conclusion 381References 382Index 387

Lalit K. Singh, PhD, was educated at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur and received his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Through his research, he developed a novel sequential-co-culture technique for the efficient bioconversion of sugars to bioethanol, and important innovation in the field of biofuels and fermentation technology. He has more than 25 publications in international journals, conference proceedings, and chapters in books. He has also organized several national seminars, faculty development programs and other academic activities.Gaurav Chaudhary, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, having earned Since a doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technolog in Roorkee, India in the field of biofuel/bioenergy. He has published five research articles in peer reviewed international journals and presented his research work in several national and international conferences. Currently he is involved in teaching & research development activities in the areas of biochemical engineering, biofuels, bioenergy, and phytochemicals.

• 1 Process Engineering Biofuel Production 1Opubo Gbanaye Benebo1.1 Biofuel Production Background 11.2 Process Engineering Liquid Biofuel Production 81.3 Algal Cultivation Process Technology 181.4 Algal Biomass Biorefinery Process Engineering 26Acknowledgment 32About the Author 33References 342 A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 35Abhishek Walia, Samriti Sharma and Saruchi2.1 Introduction 362.2 Algal Biomass Production 382.3 Developments in Algal Cultivation for Fuel By Using Different Production System 442.4 Algal Biofuels – Feedstock of the Future 482.5 Biofuel Pathways 512.6 High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 532.7 Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment 572.8 Economics of Algae Cultivation 582.9 Problems and Potential of Alga-Culture 612.10 Conclusion 63References 643 Waste Biomass Utilization for Liquid Fuels: Challenges & Solution 73Sourish Bhattacharya, Surajbhan Sevda, Pooja Bachani, Vamsi Bharadwaj and Sandhya Mishra3.1 Introduction 743.2 Waste Biomass and its Types 753.3 Major Waste Biomass Conversion Routes 763.4 Metabolic Engineering in Yeast for Accumulation of C5Sugars along with C6 Sugars 773.5 Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts 773.6 Biofuel from Microalgae through Mixotrophic Approach Utilizing Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate 803.7 Conclusion 82References 834 Biofuel Production from Lignocellulosic Feedstock via Thermochemical Routes 89Long T. Duong, Phuet Prasertcharoensuk and Anh N. Phan4.1 Introduction 894.2 Fast Pyrolysis 924.3 Bio-Oil Upgrading 1114.4 Gasification 1264.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 1404.6 Summary 147References 1485 Exploring the Potential of Carbohydrate Rich Algal Biomass as Feedstock for Bioethanol Production 167Jaskiran Kaur and Yogalakshmi K.N.5.1 Introduction 1685.2 Microalgae and Macroalgae as Bioethanol Feedstock 1695.3 Process Involved for Production of Bioethanol from Algae 1765.4 Algal Biomass Cultivation 1775.5 Pretreatment of Algal Biomass 1805.6 Fermentation of Algal Hydrolysate 1835.7 Distillation 1845.8 Manipulation of Algal Biomass 1855.9 Pros and Cons of Bioethanol Production from Algae 1865.10 Conclusions 187References 1876 Development of Acid-Base-Enzyme Pretreatment and Hydrolysis of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Bioethanol Production 197Nibedita Deb, Md. Zahangir Alam, Maan Fahmi Rashid Al-khatib and Amal Elgharbawy6.1 Introduction 1986.2 Biomass Energy 2006.3 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 2016.4 Pome Characterization 2036.5 Pretreatment 2036.6 Hydrolysis 2066.7 Fermentation Process 2096.8 Bioethanol 2106.9 Conclusion 2146.10 Acknowledgment 214References 2147 Technological Barriers in Biobutanol Production 219Arpita Prasad, Shivani Thakur, Swati Sharma, Shivani Saxena and Vijay Kumar Garlapati7.1 Introduction 2197.2 Production Technologies of Biobutanol 2207.3 Lignocellulosic Materials for Bio-Butanol Production 2237.4 Natural Producers of Biobutanol 2257.5 Main Obstacles in the Biobutanol Production 2277.6 Engineered Pathways towards a Better Solventogenic Producer 2277.7 In-Situ Butanol Recovery Integrated with Batch and Fed-Batch Fermentation 2317.8 Future Prospects 2327.9 Conclusions 233References 2338 Biobutanol: Research Breakthrough for its Commercial Interest 237Sandip B. Bankar, Pranhita R. Nimbalkar, Manisha A. Khedkar and Prakash V. Chavan8.1 Introduction 2388.2 Butanol: Next-Generation Liquid Fuel 2398.3 Routes of Butanol Production 2418.4 Microbial ABE Production 2438.5 Feedstocks Used in ABE Fermentation Process 2478.6 Saccharification and Detoxification Processes 2488.7 Strain Engineering and Developments in Butanol Production 2508.8 Bioreactor Operations 2538.9 Butanol Separation Techniques 2558.10 Techno-Economic Assessment 2668.11 Current Status and Future Prospective 268References 2709 Potential and Prospects of Biobutanol Production from Agricultural Residues 285Shuvashish Behera, Koushalya S, Sachin Kumar and Jafar Ali B M9.1 Introduction 2869.2 Agricultural Residues 2879.3 ABE Fermentation 2929.4 Challenges 3059.5 Future Prospects and Conclusions 309Acknowledgments 310References 31010 State of Art Strategies for Biodiesel Production: Bioengineering Approaches 319Irem Deniz, Bahar Aslanbay and Esra Imamoglu10.1 Introduction 31910.2 Biodiesel and Microalgal Biorefineries 32010.3 Metabolic Engineering Approaches for Biodiesel Production 33210.4 Novel Photobioreactor Designs for Biodiesel Production 33710.5 Advanced Photobioreactor Configurations and Kinetics 33810.6 Conclusions 340References 34011 Bio-Oil Production from Algal Feedstock 351Naveen Dwivedi and Shubha Dwivedi11.1 Introduction 35111.2 Technologies Used for the Production of Bio-Oil from Algal Biomass 35611.3 Properties of Bio-Oils 36211.4 Uses of Bio-Oils 36211.5 Up-Gradation of Bio-Oil to Biodiesel along with Recent Developments 36311.6 Conclusion 367References 36812 Effect of Upgrading Techniques on Fuel Properties and Composition of Bio-Oil 373Krushna Prasad Shadangi and Kaustubha Mohanty12.1 Introduction 37412.2 Bio-Oil and its Properties 37512.3 Upgrading of Bio-Oil 37612.4 Conclusion 381References 382Index 387