Race

Alan H. Goodman is Professor of Biological Anthropology at Hampshire College and former Vice President of Academic Affairs and Dean of Faculty. He has written extensively on human variation and the biological consequences of inequality and poverty and co-leads the RACE national public education project sponsored by the AAA and funded by NSF and the Ford Foundation. Goodman is a former President of the AAA. Yolanda T. Moses is Professor of Anthropology and recent Associate Vice Chancellor for Diversity, Excellence and Equity at the University of California, Riverside. A cultural anthropologist, she has published extensively on issues of social inequality in complex societies and cultural diversity in higher education. She co-leads the RACE national education project and is a former President of the AAA. Joseph L. Jones is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the College of William & Mary. A biological anthropologist, his work involves descendant community engagement and skeletal research on African diasporic biohistory and health. He has published on slavery and environmental lead exposure at the New York African Burial Ground in Lower Manhattan. Jones is former RACE project manager for the American Anthropological Association. Sponsored by the American Anthropological Association (AAA). Based out of Washington DC, the American Anthropological Association is a professional association for anthropologists working across the four major fields of anthropology – biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology. With approximately 10,000 members, the AAA supports researchers, higher education professionals, students, and individuals working in the public, private, and non-governmental sectors. The AAA publishes a portfolio of more than 20 journals, stages annual research conferences, and supports anthropologists at all stages of their careers through awards and fellowships, career planning services, and internship and summer field school programs.

• List of Illustrations viiPreface xiAcknowledgments xiv1 Introducing Race, Human Variation, and Racism 1Part 1 Histories of Race, Difference, and Racism 72 Inventing Race 93 Creating Race 154 Human Mismeasure 275 Inventing Whiteness 456 Separate and Unequal 69Part 2 Why Human Variation is Not Racial 917 Introduction: Race ≠ Human Biological Variation 938 Skin Deep? 1019 Sickle Cell Disease: Not for Blacks Only 11110 The Apportionment of Variation, or …: Why We are All Africans Under the Skin 12311 The Evolution of Variation 133Part 3 Living with Race and Racism 14712 Introduction: Living with Race and Racism 14913 The Census and Making Race “Official” 15814 Race and Education 17815 Linking Race and Wealth: An American Dilemma 19416 Race and Health Inequalities 21317 Conclusion 232Glossary 250Index 257