R. Sakthivel is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Amrita School of Engineering in Tamil Nadu, India. Faisal O. Mahroogi is Director General of the Center of Leadership and Talent Development at Qassim University in Saudi Arabia. S. Narayan is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Qassim University in Saudi Arabia. S. Abubakar is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria. M. U. Kaisan is a member of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria. Youssef Alammari is a member of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Qassim University in Saudi Arabia.

• 1 Introduction 11.1 Classification of Motor Vehicle 11.1.1 Based on Type of Roads 11.1.2 Buses 31.1.3 Classifications by ISO 61.2 Functions of Subunits 71.3 Characteristics of Ground Vehicle 82 Transmission System 92.1 Introduction 92.2 Clutch 92.3 Synchromesh Gear Box 142.4 Differential Gear Box 152.5 Planetary Gear Systems 162.6 Manual Transmission System 172.7 Automatic Transmission System 172.8 Propeller Shaft and Drive Shaft 182.8.1 Role of Propeller Shaft 192.8.2 Functions of the Drive Shaft 193 Tires 213.1 Introduction 213.2 Construction of Tire 223.2.1 Tire Tread Designs 223.2.2 Cross-Ply Tires 223.2.3 Radial Ply Tires 233.3 Tire Dynamics 243.3.1 Steady State Tire Forces and Torques 243.3.2 Simple Dynamic Extension 25References 264 Suspension System 27 4.1 Introduction 274.2 Types of Suspension System 274.2.1 Mechanical System 284.2.2 Pneumatic System 284.2.3 Hydraulic System 294.2.3.1 Working Principle of Hydraulic Suspension System 304.2.3.2 Major Parts of Hydraulic Suspension System 304.3 Design Analysis of Suspension System 334.3.1 Dimension and Force Analysis of the Pedal 344.3.2 Design of Piston and Piston Head 454.3.3 Piston Head Design 504.3.4 Design of Main Cylinder 524.3.5 Design of Reservoir Cylinder 574.3.6 Design of the Pumping Cylinder 594.3.7 Plunger Design 614.3.8 Design of Pipe 654.3.9 Design of Spring 664.3.10 Design of Release Valve 714.3.11 Design of Pin 724.3.12 Design of Ball 744.3.13 Design of Pedal 754.3.14 Link Design 784.3.15 Seal Design 814.3.16 Testing for Rolling 844.3.16.1 The Longitudinal Location of CG 84Reference 885 Braking System 89 5.1 Introduction 895.2 Background of Brake System 905.3 Classifications of Brake System 915.4 Air or Pneumatic Brake System 915.4.1 Components of the Typical Air Brake System 925.4.2 Common Problems in Pneumatic Brake System 975.4.3 Cause of the Problem 975.4.4 Air Brake System Troubleshooting 985.4.5 Leakage in Pneumatic Brake System 985.5 Hydraulic Brake System 995.5.1 Components of Hydraulic Brake System 1015.6 Brake Drum Design 1015.6.1 Materials for Brake Lining 1015.6.2 Specification 1025.7 Result and Conclusion 109References 1096 Steering System 1116.1 Introduction 1116.2 Parts of Steering System 1126.3 Ackerman’s Steering Mechanism 1126.4 Davis Steering Mechanism 1206.5 Power Steering 1236.5.1 Hydraulic Power Assisted Steering – HPAS System 1236.5.1.1 Static Characteristic of the Hydraulic Power Steering System 1236.5.1.2 Components of Hydraulic Power Steering 1266.5.1.3 General Design of Hydraulic Power Steering Systems 1286.5.1.4 Hydraulic Power Steering Gear Design 1366.5.2 Electric Power Steering 1436.5.2.1 Working of EPS 1446.5.2.2 Essential Components of an EPS System 145References 1527 Hybrid Cars 1557.1 Introduction 1557.2 History 1557.3 Background 1567.4 Production of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 1577.5 Types of Vehicles 1587.5.1 Motorcycles 1587.5.2 Automobiles and Light Trucks 1587.5.3 Taxis 1587.5.4 Buses 1597.5.5 Trucks 1597.5.6 Military Vehicles 1597.5.7 Locomotives 159Reference 1608 Autonomous Cars 161 8.1 Introduction 1618.2 Implementable Ethics for Autonomous Vehicles 1638.3 Mobility and Autonomous Driving 1658.4 Safety Concept for Autonomous Vehicles 1678.5 Conclusions 169Index 171

R. Sakthivel is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Amrita School of Engineering in Tamil Nadu, India. Faisal O. Mahroogi is Director General of the Center of Leadership and Talent Development at Qassim University in Saudi Arabia. S. Narayan is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Qassim University in Saudi Arabia. S. Abubakar is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria. M. U. Kaisan is a member of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria. Youssef Alammari is a member of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Qassim University in Saudi Arabia.

• 1 Introduction 11.1 Classification of Motor Vehicle 11.1.1 Based on Type of Roads 11.1.2 Buses 31.1.3 Classifications by ISO 61.2 Functions of Subunits 71.3 Characteristics of Ground Vehicle 82 Transmission System 92.1 Introduction 92.2 Clutch 92.3 Synchromesh Gear Box 142.4 Differential Gear Box 152.5 Planetary Gear Systems 162.6 Manual Transmission System 172.7 Automatic Transmission System 172.8 Propeller Shaft and Drive Shaft 182.8.1 Role of Propeller Shaft 192.8.2 Functions of the Drive Shaft 193 Tires 213.1 Introduction 213.2 Construction of Tire 223.2.1 Tire Tread Designs 223.2.2 Cross-Ply Tires 223.2.3 Radial Ply Tires 233.3 Tire Dynamics 243.3.1 Steady State Tire Forces and Torques 243.3.2 Simple Dynamic Extension 25References 264 Suspension System 27 4.1 Introduction 274.2 Types of Suspension System 274.2.1 Mechanical System 284.2.2 Pneumatic System 284.2.3 Hydraulic System 294.2.3.1 Working Principle of Hydraulic Suspension System 304.2.3.2 Major Parts of Hydraulic Suspension System 304.3 Design Analysis of Suspension System 334.3.1 Dimension and Force Analysis of the Pedal 344.3.2 Design of Piston and Piston Head 454.3.3 Piston Head Design 504.3.4 Design of Main Cylinder 524.3.5 Design of Reservoir Cylinder 574.3.6 Design of the Pumping Cylinder 594.3.7 Plunger Design 614.3.8 Design of Pipe 654.3.9 Design of Spring 664.3.10 Design of Release Valve 714.3.11 Design of Pin 724.3.12 Design of Ball 744.3.13 Design of Pedal 754.3.14 Link Design 784.3.15 Seal Design 814.3.16 Testing for Rolling 844.3.16.1 The Longitudinal Location of CG 84Reference 885 Braking System 89 5.1 Introduction 895.2 Background of Brake System 905.3 Classifications of Brake System 915.4 Air or Pneumatic Brake System 915.4.1 Components of the Typical Air Brake System 925.4.2 Common Problems in Pneumatic Brake System 975.4.3 Cause of the Problem 975.4.4 Air Brake System Troubleshooting 985.4.5 Leakage in Pneumatic Brake System 985.5 Hydraulic Brake System 995.5.1 Components of Hydraulic Brake System 1015.6 Brake Drum Design 1015.6.1 Materials for Brake Lining 1015.6.2 Specification 1025.7 Result and Conclusion 109References 1096 Steering System 1116.1 Introduction 1116.2 Parts of Steering System 1126.3 Ackerman’s Steering Mechanism 1126.4 Davis Steering Mechanism 1206.5 Power Steering 1236.5.1 Hydraulic Power Assisted Steering – HPAS System 1236.5.1.1 Static Characteristic of the Hydraulic Power Steering System 1236.5.1.2 Components of Hydraulic Power Steering 1266.5.1.3 General Design of Hydraulic Power Steering Systems 1286.5.1.4 Hydraulic Power Steering Gear Design 1366.5.2 Electric Power Steering 1436.5.2.1 Working of EPS 1446.5.2.2 Essential Components of an EPS System 145References 1527 Hybrid Cars 1557.1 Introduction 1557.2 History 1557.3 Background 1567.4 Production of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 1577.5 Types of Vehicles 1587.5.1 Motorcycles 1587.5.2 Automobiles and Light Trucks 1587.5.3 Taxis 1587.5.4 Buses 1597.5.5 Trucks 1597.5.6 Military Vehicles 1597.5.7 Locomotives 159Reference 1608 Autonomous Cars 161 8.1 Introduction 1618.2 Implementable Ethics for Autonomous Vehicles 1638.3 Mobility and Autonomous Driving 1658.4 Safety Concept for Autonomous Vehicles 1678.5 Conclusions 169Index 171

R. Sakthivel is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Amrita School of Engineering in Tamil Nadu, India. Faisal O. Mahroogi is Director General of the Center of Leadership and Talent Development at Qassim University in Saudi Arabia. S. Narayan is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Qassim University in Saudi Arabia. S. Abubakar is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria. M. U. Kaisan is a member of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria. Youssef Alammari is a member of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Qassim University in Saudi Arabia.

• 1 Introduction 11.1 Classification of Motor Vehicle 11.1.1 Based on Type of Roads 11.1.2 Buses 31.1.3 Classifications by ISO 61.2 Functions of Subunits 71.3 Characteristics of Ground Vehicle 82 Transmission System 92.1 Introduction 92.2 Clutch 92.3 Synchromesh Gear Box 142.4 Differential Gear Box 152.5 Planetary Gear Systems 162.6 Manual Transmission System 172.7 Automatic Transmission System 172.8 Propeller Shaft and Drive Shaft 182.8.1 Role of Propeller Shaft 192.8.2 Functions of the Drive Shaft 193 Tires 213.1 Introduction 213.2 Construction of Tire 223.2.1 Tire Tread Designs 223.2.2 Cross-Ply Tires 223.2.3 Radial Ply Tires 233.3 Tire Dynamics 243.3.1 Steady State Tire Forces and Torques 243.3.2 Simple Dynamic Extension 25References 264 Suspension System 27 4.1 Introduction 274.2 Types of Suspension System 274.2.1 Mechanical System 284.2.2 Pneumatic System 284.2.3 Hydraulic System 294.2.3.1 Working Principle of Hydraulic Suspension System 304.2.3.2 Major Parts of Hydraulic Suspension System 304.3 Design Analysis of Suspension System 334.3.1 Dimension and Force Analysis of the Pedal 344.3.2 Design of Piston and Piston Head 454.3.3 Piston Head Design 504.3.4 Design of Main Cylinder 524.3.5 Design of Reservoir Cylinder 574.3.6 Design of the Pumping Cylinder 594.3.7 Plunger Design 614.3.8 Design of Pipe 654.3.9 Design of Spring 664.3.10 Design of Release Valve 714.3.11 Design of Pin 724.3.12 Design of Ball 744.3.13 Design of Pedal 754.3.14 Link Design 784.3.15 Seal Design 814.3.16 Testing for Rolling 844.3.16.1 The Longitudinal Location of CG 84Reference 885 Braking System 89 5.1 Introduction 895.2 Background of Brake System 905.3 Classifications of Brake System 915.4 Air or Pneumatic Brake System 915.4.1 Components of the Typical Air Brake System 925.4.2 Common Problems in Pneumatic Brake System 975.4.3 Cause of the Problem 975.4.4 Air Brake System Troubleshooting 985.4.5 Leakage in Pneumatic Brake System 985.5 Hydraulic Brake System 995.5.1 Components of Hydraulic Brake System 1015.6 Brake Drum Design 1015.6.1 Materials for Brake Lining 1015.6.2 Specification 1025.7 Result and Conclusion 109References 1096 Steering System 1116.1 Introduction 1116.2 Parts of Steering System 1126.3 Ackerman’s Steering Mechanism 1126.4 Davis Steering Mechanism 1206.5 Power Steering 1236.5.1 Hydraulic Power Assisted Steering – HPAS System 1236.5.1.1 Static Characteristic of the Hydraulic Power Steering System 1236.5.1.2 Components of Hydraulic Power Steering 1266.5.1.3 General Design of Hydraulic Power Steering Systems 1286.5.1.4 Hydraulic Power Steering Gear Design 1366.5.2 Electric Power Steering 1436.5.2.1 Working of EPS 1446.5.2.2 Essential Components of an EPS System 145References 1527 Hybrid Cars 1557.1 Introduction 1557.2 History 1557.3 Background 1567.4 Production of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 1577.5 Types of Vehicles 1587.5.1 Motorcycles 1587.5.2 Automobiles and Light Trucks 1587.5.3 Taxis 1587.5.4 Buses 1597.5.5 Trucks 1597.5.6 Military Vehicles 1597.5.7 Locomotives 159Reference 1608 Autonomous Cars 161 8.1 Introduction 1618.2 Implementable Ethics for Autonomous Vehicles 1638.3 Mobility and Autonomous Driving 1658.4 Safety Concept for Autonomous Vehicles 1678.5 Conclusions 169Index 171