James G. Speight, PhD, has more than forty-five years of experience in energy, environmental science, and ethics. He is the author of more than 65 books in petroleum science, petroleum engineering, biomass and biofuels, and environmental sciences. Although he has always worked in private industry which focused on contract-based work, Dr. Speight has served as Adjunct Professor in the Department of Chemical and Fuels Engineering at the University of Utah and in the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Wyoming. In addition, he was a Visiting Professor in the College of Science, University of Mosul, Iraq , and has also been a Visiting Professor in Chemical Engineering at the University of Missouri-Columbia, the Technical University of Denmark, and the University of Trinidad and Tobago.

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• Preface xviiPart I: Origin and Properties 11 History, Occurrence, and Resources 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Origin of Coal 81.3 Occurrence 121.4 Coal Utilization and Coal Types 141.5 Resources 221.6 Reserves 261.7 Energy Independence 31References 332 Classification 372.1 Introduction 372.2 Nomenclature of Coal 392.3 Classification Systems 432.4 Coal Petrography 592.5 Correlation of the Various Systems 62References 653 Recovery, Preparation, and Transportation 673.1 Introduction 673.2 Coal Recovery 693.3 Coal Preparation 783.4 Size Reduction 873.5 Coal Cleaning 923.6 Coal Drying 983.7 Desulfurization 1043.8 Transportation 105  References 1094 Storage 1134.1 Introduction 1134.2 Stockpiling 1154.4 Spontaneous Ignition 1244.5 Mechanism of Spontaneous Ignition 1344.6 Preventing Spontaneous Ignition 137References 1385 General Properties 1435.1 Introduction 1435.2 Sampling 1495.3 Proximate Analysis 1545.4 Ultimate Analysis 1675.5 Calorific Value 1745.6 Reporting Coal Analyses 176References 1806 Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties 1876.1 Introduction 1876.2 Physical Properties 1906.3 Mechanical Properties 2006.4 Thermal Properties 2076.5 Electrical Properties 2146.6 Epilog 217References 217Part II: Power Generation 2237 Combustion 2257.1 Introduction 2257.2 General Aspects 2307.3 Chemistry and Physics 2327.4 Catalytic Combustion 2497.5 Fuels 249References 2698 Combustion Systems 2758.1 Introduction 2758.2 Combustion Systems 2788.3 Fuel Feeders 303References 3049 Gasification 3079.1 Introduction 3079.2 General Aspects 3099.3 Chemistry and Physics 3259.4 Catalytic Gasification 3349.5 Plasma Gasification 3359.6 Gaseous Products 3369.7 Underground Gasification 341References 34410 Gasification Systems 34910.1 Introduction 34910.2 Gasifier Types 35210.3 Fixed-Bed Processes 35810.4 Fluidized-Bed Processes 36710.5 Entrained-Bed Processes 38110.6 Molten Salt Processes 38610.7 Other Designs 39010.8 Gasifier-Feedstock Compatibility 39610.8.7 Propensity for Char Formation 40010.8.8 Mineral Matter Content 40010.8.9 Ash Yield 40010.9 Energy Balance and Other Design Options 40110.10 Underground Gasification 402References 40611 Electric Power Generation 40911.1 Introduction 40911.2 Electricity From Coal 41211.3 Steam Generation 41511.4 Control of Emissions 42511.5 Power Plant Efficiency 42811.6 Combined Cycle Generation 432References 43512 Gas Cleaning 43712.1 Introduction 43712.2 General Aspects 43712.3 Air Pollution Control Devices 44512.4 Particulate Matter Removal 44912.5 Acid Gas Removal 45812.6 Removal of Sulfur-Containing Gases 46212.7 Removal of Nitrogen-Containing Gases 46512.8 Environmental Legislation 467References 46913 Clean Coal Technologies for Power Generation 47313.1 Introduction 47313.2 Historical Perspectives 48013.3 Modern Perspectives 48113.4 Clean Coal Technology 48313.5 Managing Wastes from Coal Use 50413.6 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration 506References 51414 Environmental Issues 51914.1 Introduction 51914.2 Coal Preparation 52114.3 Transportation and Storage 52314.4 Combustion 52514.5 Gasification 53214.6 Power Plant Waste 53614.7 The Future 553References 556Part III: Alternative Feedstocks and Energy Security 55915 Alternate Feedstocks 56115.1 Introduction 56115.2 Viscous Feedstocks 56215.3 Biomass 57515.4 Waste 605References 61016 Combustion of Alternate Feedstocks 61316.1 Introduction 61316.2 Viscous Feedstocks 61516.3 Biomass 61916.4 Solid Waste 632References 63817 Gasification of Alternate Feedstocks 64117.1 Introduction 64117.2 Viscous Feedstocks 64317.3 Biomass 65117.4 Solid Waste 65617.5 Process Products 667References 67318 Coal and Energy Security 67918.1 Introduction 67918.2 Energy Security 68318.3 The Future of Coal 68718.4 Sustainable Development 694References 701Conversion Factors 705Glossary 709Index 753About the Author 759

James G. Speight, PhD, has more than forty-five years of experience in energy, environmental science, and ethics. He is the author of more than 65 books in petroleum science, petroleum engineering, biomass and biofuels, and environmental sciences. Although he has always worked in private industry which focused on contract-based work, Dr. Speight has served as Adjunct Professor in the Department of Chemical and Fuels Engineering at the University of Utah and in the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Wyoming. In addition, he was a Visiting Professor in the College of Science, University of Mosul, Iraq , and has also been a Visiting Professor in Chemical Engineering at the University of Missouri-Columbia, the Technical University of Denmark, and the University of Trinidad and Tobago.

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• Preface xviiPart I: Origin and Properties 11 History, Occurrence, and Resources 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Origin of Coal 81.3 Occurrence 121.4 Coal Utilization and Coal Types 141.5 Resources 221.6 Reserves 261.7 Energy Independence 31References 332 Classification 372.1 Introduction 372.2 Nomenclature of Coal 392.3 Classification Systems 432.4 Coal Petrography 592.5 Correlation of the Various Systems 62References 653 Recovery, Preparation, and Transportation 673.1 Introduction 673.2 Coal Recovery 693.3 Coal Preparation 783.4 Size Reduction 873.5 Coal Cleaning 923.6 Coal Drying 983.7 Desulfurization 1043.8 Transportation 105  References 1094 Storage 1134.1 Introduction 1134.2 Stockpiling 1154.4 Spontaneous Ignition 1244.5 Mechanism of Spontaneous Ignition 1344.6 Preventing Spontaneous Ignition 137References 1385 General Properties 1435.1 Introduction 1435.2 Sampling 1495.3 Proximate Analysis 1545.4 Ultimate Analysis 1675.5 Calorific Value 1745.6 Reporting Coal Analyses 176References 1806 Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties 1876.1 Introduction 1876.2 Physical Properties 1906.3 Mechanical Properties 2006.4 Thermal Properties 2076.5 Electrical Properties 2146.6 Epilog 217References 217Part II: Power Generation 2237 Combustion 2257.1 Introduction 2257.2 General Aspects 2307.3 Chemistry and Physics 2327.4 Catalytic Combustion 2497.5 Fuels 249References 2698 Combustion Systems 2758.1 Introduction 2758.2 Combustion Systems 2788.3 Fuel Feeders 303References 3049 Gasification 3079.1 Introduction 3079.2 General Aspects 3099.3 Chemistry and Physics 3259.4 Catalytic Gasification 3349.5 Plasma Gasification 3359.6 Gaseous Products 3369.7 Underground Gasification 341References 34410 Gasification Systems 34910.1 Introduction 34910.2 Gasifier Types 35210.3 Fixed-Bed Processes 35810.4 Fluidized-Bed Processes 36710.5 Entrained-Bed Processes 38110.6 Molten Salt Processes 38610.7 Other Designs 39010.8 Gasifier-Feedstock Compatibility 39610.8.7 Propensity for Char Formation 40010.8.8 Mineral Matter Content 40010.8.9 Ash Yield 40010.9 Energy Balance and Other Design Options 40110.10 Underground Gasification 402References 40611 Electric Power Generation 40911.1 Introduction 40911.2 Electricity From Coal 41211.3 Steam Generation 41511.4 Control of Emissions 42511.5 Power Plant Efficiency 42811.6 Combined Cycle Generation 432References 43512 Gas Cleaning 43712.1 Introduction 43712.2 General Aspects 43712.3 Air Pollution Control Devices 44512.4 Particulate Matter Removal 44912.5 Acid Gas Removal 45812.6 Removal of Sulfur-Containing Gases 46212.7 Removal of Nitrogen-Containing Gases 46512.8 Environmental Legislation 467References 46913 Clean Coal Technologies for Power Generation 47313.1 Introduction 47313.2 Historical Perspectives 48013.3 Modern Perspectives 48113.4 Clean Coal Technology 48313.5 Managing Wastes from Coal Use 50413.6 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration 506References 51414 Environmental Issues 51914.1 Introduction 51914.2 Coal Preparation 52114.3 Transportation and Storage 52314.4 Combustion 52514.5 Gasification 53214.6 Power Plant Waste 53614.7 The Future 553References 556Part III: Alternative Feedstocks and Energy Security 55915 Alternate Feedstocks 56115.1 Introduction 56115.2 Viscous Feedstocks 56215.3 Biomass 57515.4 Waste 605References 61016 Combustion of Alternate Feedstocks 61316.1 Introduction 61316.2 Viscous Feedstocks 61516.3 Biomass 61916.4 Solid Waste 632References 63817 Gasification of Alternate Feedstocks 64117.1 Introduction 64117.2 Viscous Feedstocks 64317.3 Biomass 65117.4 Solid Waste 65617.5 Process Products 667References 67318 Coal and Energy Security 67918.1 Introduction 67918.2 Energy Security 68318.3 The Future of Coal 68718.4 Sustainable Development 694References 701Conversion Factors 705Glossary 709Index 753About the Author 759

James G. Speight, PhD, has more than forty-five years of experience in energy, environmental science, and ethics. He is the author of more than 65 books in petroleum science, petroleum engineering, biomass and biofuels, and environmental sciences. Although he has always worked in private industry which focused on contract-based work, Dr. Speight has served as Adjunct Professor in the Department of Chemical and Fuels Engineering at the University of Utah and in the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Wyoming. In addition, he was a Visiting Professor in the College of Science, University of Mosul, Iraq , and has also been a Visiting Professor in Chemical Engineering at the University of Missouri-Columbia, the Technical University of Denmark, and the University of Trinidad and Tobago.

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• Preface xviiPart I: Origin and Properties 11 History, Occurrence, and Resources 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Origin of Coal 81.3 Occurrence 121.4 Coal Utilization and Coal Types 141.5 Resources 221.6 Reserves 261.7 Energy Independence 31References 332 Classification 372.1 Introduction 372.2 Nomenclature of Coal 392.3 Classification Systems 432.4 Coal Petrography 592.5 Correlation of the Various Systems 62References 653 Recovery, Preparation, and Transportation 673.1 Introduction 673.2 Coal Recovery 693.3 Coal Preparation 783.4 Size Reduction 873.5 Coal Cleaning 923.6 Coal Drying 983.7 Desulfurization 1043.8 Transportation 105  References 1094 Storage 1134.1 Introduction 1134.2 Stockpiling 1154.4 Spontaneous Ignition 1244.5 Mechanism of Spontaneous Ignition 1344.6 Preventing Spontaneous Ignition 137References 1385 General Properties 1435.1 Introduction 1435.2 Sampling 1495.3 Proximate Analysis 1545.4 Ultimate Analysis 1675.5 Calorific Value 1745.6 Reporting Coal Analyses 176References 1806 Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties 1876.1 Introduction 1876.2 Physical Properties 1906.3 Mechanical Properties 2006.4 Thermal Properties 2076.5 Electrical Properties 2146.6 Epilog 217References 217Part II: Power Generation 2237 Combustion 2257.1 Introduction 2257.2 General Aspects 2307.3 Chemistry and Physics 2327.4 Catalytic Combustion 2497.5 Fuels 249References 2698 Combustion Systems 2758.1 Introduction 2758.2 Combustion Systems 2788.3 Fuel Feeders 303References 3049 Gasification 3079.1 Introduction 3079.2 General Aspects 3099.3 Chemistry and Physics 3259.4 Catalytic Gasification 3349.5 Plasma Gasification 3359.6 Gaseous Products 3369.7 Underground Gasification 341References 34410 Gasification Systems 34910.1 Introduction 34910.2 Gasifier Types 35210.3 Fixed-Bed Processes 35810.4 Fluidized-Bed Processes 36710.5 Entrained-Bed Processes 38110.6 Molten Salt Processes 38610.7 Other Designs 39010.8 Gasifier-Feedstock Compatibility 39610.8.7 Propensity for Char Formation 40010.8.8 Mineral Matter Content 40010.8.9 Ash Yield 40010.9 Energy Balance and Other Design Options 40110.10 Underground Gasification 402References 40611 Electric Power Generation 40911.1 Introduction 40911.2 Electricity From Coal 41211.3 Steam Generation 41511.4 Control of Emissions 42511.5 Power Plant Efficiency 42811.6 Combined Cycle Generation 432References 43512 Gas Cleaning 43712.1 Introduction 43712.2 General Aspects 43712.3 Air Pollution Control Devices 44512.4 Particulate Matter Removal 44912.5 Acid Gas Removal 45812.6 Removal of Sulfur-Containing Gases 46212.7 Removal of Nitrogen-Containing Gases 46512.8 Environmental Legislation 467References 46913 Clean Coal Technologies for Power Generation 47313.1 Introduction 47313.2 Historical Perspectives 48013.3 Modern Perspectives 48113.4 Clean Coal Technology 48313.5 Managing Wastes from Coal Use 50413.6 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration 506References 51414 Environmental Issues 51914.1 Introduction 51914.2 Coal Preparation 52114.3 Transportation and Storage 52314.4 Combustion 52514.5 Gasification 53214.6 Power Plant Waste 53614.7 The Future 553References 556Part III: Alternative Feedstocks and Energy Security 55915 Alternate Feedstocks 56115.1 Introduction 56115.2 Viscous Feedstocks 56215.3 Biomass 57515.4 Waste 605References 61016 Combustion of Alternate Feedstocks 61316.1 Introduction 61316.2 Viscous Feedstocks 61516.3 Biomass 61916.4 Solid Waste 632References 63817 Gasification of Alternate Feedstocks 64117.1 Introduction 64117.2 Viscous Feedstocks 64317.3 Biomass 65117.4 Solid Waste 65617.5 Process Products 667References 67318 Coal and Energy Security 67918.1 Introduction 67918.2 Energy Security 68318.3 The Future of Coal 68718.4 Sustainable Development 694References 701Conversion Factors 705Glossary 709Index 753About the Author 759