MUHAMMAD ALI IMRAN is the Vice Dean of Glasgow College UESTC and Professor of Communication Systems in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK. He is a senior member of IEEE, a Fellow of IET, and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, UK. YUSUF ABDULRAHMAN SAMBO is a Research Associate in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK. He is also the University of Glasgow 5G Self-Organised Network (5GSON) testbed lead. Dr. Sambo is an IEEE member. QAMMER H. ABBASI is an Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK, and Visiting Assistant Professor with Queen Mary University of London, UK. Dr. Abbasi is an IEEE senior member and URSI Young Scientist Award winner. He is Associate editor for the IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology, IEEE Access and the Journal of Applied Electromagnetics.

• About the Editors xiList of Contributors xiiiPreface xvii1 Enabling the Verticals of 5G: Network Architecture, Design and Service Optimization 1Andy Sutton1.1 Introduction 11.2 Use Cases 31.3 5G Network Architecture 41.4 RAN Functional Decomposition 71.5 Designing a 5G Network 91.6 Network Latency 111.7 5G Network Architecture Design 131.8 Summary 20Acknowledgements 21References 212 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks and 5G Connected Industries 23Mohsin Raza, Sajjad Hussain, Nauman Aslam, Hoa Le-Minh and Huan X. Nguyen2.1 Overview 232.2 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks 242.2.1 Wired and Wireless Networks in Industrial Environment 242.2.2 Transformation of WSNs for Industrial Applications 242.2.3 IWSN Architecture 252.3 Industrial Traffic Types and its Critical Nature 282.3.1 Safety/Emergency Traffic 282.3.2 Critical Control Traffic 282.3.3 Low-Risk Control Traffic 282.3.4 Periodic Monitoring Traffic 282.3.5 Critical Nature and Time Deadlines 292.4 Existing Works and Standards 302.4.1 Wireless Technologies 302.4.2 Industry-Related IEEE Standards 312.4.2.1 IEEE 802.15.4 312.4.2.2 IEEE 802.15.4e 322.5 Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) in IWSNS 332.6 Summary 37References 373 Haptic Networking Supporting Vertical Industries 41Luis Sequeira, Konstantinos Antona koglou, Maliheh Mahlouji and Toktam Mahmoodi3.1 Tactile Internet Use Cases and Requirements 413.1.1 Quality of Service 423.1.2 Use Cases and Requirements 433.2 Teleoperation Systems 453.2.1 Classification of Teleoperation Systems 453.2.2 Haptic Control and Data Reduction 463.2.2.1 Performance of Teleoperation Control Schemes 483.2.2.2 Haptic Data Reduction 593.2.2.3 Kinesthetic Data Reduction 593.2.2.4 Tactile Data Reduction 623.2.3 Combining Control Schemes and Data Reduction 63Acknowledgment 64References 644 5G-Enhanced Smart Grid Services 75Muhammad Ismail, Islam Safak Bayram, Khalid Qaraqe and Erchin Serpedin4.1 Introduction 754.2 Smart Grid Services and Communication Requirements 784.2.1 Smart Grid Fundamentals 784.2.1.1 Data Collection and Management Services 784.2.1.2 Control and Operation Services 814.2.2 Communication Requirements for Smart Grid Services 874.3 Smart Grid Services Supported by 5G Networks 904.3.1 Data Collection and Management Services 904.3.1.1 Data Collection Services 914.3.1.2 Data Management Services 954.3.2 Operation Decision-Making Services 964.3.2.1 Demand Side Management Services 964.3.2.2 Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging Services 984.4 Summary and Future Research 99Acknowledgment 100References 1005 Evolution of Vehicular Communications within the Context of 5G Systems 103Kostas Katsaros and Mehrdad Dianati5.1 Introduction 1035.2 Vehicular Connectivity 1045.2.1 Cellular V2X 1055.2.1.1 Release 14 – First C-V2X Services 1055.2.1.2 Release 15 – First Taste of 5G 1085.2.1.3 Release 16 – Fully-Fledged 5G 1085.2.2 Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) 1105.2.2.1 Co-Existence 1105.2.3 Advanced Technologies 1115.2.3.1 Multi-Access Edge Computing 1115.2.3.2 Network Slicing 1135.3 Data Dissemination 1145.3.1 Context-Aware Middleware 1145.3.2 Heterogeneity and Interoperability 1165.3.3 Higher Layer Communication Protocols 1185.4 Towards Connected Autonomous Driving 1215.4.1 Phase 1 – Awareness Driving Applications 1225.4.2 Phase 2 – Collective Perception 1225.4.3 Phase 3/4 – Trajectory/Manoeuvre Sharing 1235.4.4 Phase 5 – Full Autonomy 1235.5 Conclusions 123References 1246 State-of-the-Art of Sparse Code Multiple Access for Connected Autonomous Vehicle Application 127Yi Lu, Chong Han, Carsten Maple, Mehrdad Dianati and Alex Mouzakitis6.1 Introduction 1276.2 Sparse Code Multiple Access 1306.3 State-of-the-Art 1346.3.1 Codebook Design 1346.3.2 Decoding/Detecting Techniques for SCMA 1376.3.3 Other Research on Performance Evaluation of SCMA 1386.4 Conclusion and Future Work 140References 1457 5G Communication Systems and Connected Healthcare 149David Soldani and Matteo Innocenti7.1 Introduction 1497.2 Use Cases and Technical Requirements 1517.2.1 Wireless Tele Surgery 1517.2.2 Wireless Service Robots 1517.3 5G communication System 1547.3.1 3GPP Technology Roadmap 1547.3.2 5G Spectrum 1557.3.3 5G Reference Architecture 1557.3.4 5G Security Aspects 1617.3.5 5G Enabling Technologies 1617.3.5.1 5G design for Low-Latency Transmission 1627.3.5.2 5G design for Higher-Reliability Transmission 1667.3.6 5G Deployment Scenarios 1687.4 Value Chain, Business Model and Business Case Calculation 1707.4.1 Market Uptake for Robotic Platforms 1717.4.2 Business Model and Value Chain 1717.4.3 Business case for Service Providers 1717.4.3.1 Assumptions 1727.4.3.2 Business Cases Calculation 1727.5 Conclusions 174References 1758 5G: Disruption in Media and Entertainment 179Stamos Katsigiannis, Wasim Ahmad and Naeem Ramzan8.1 Multi-Channel Wireless Audio Systems for Live Production 1798.2 Video 1818.2.1 Video Compression Algorithms 1818.2.1.1 HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding 1818.2.1.2 VP9 1828.2.1.3 AV1: AO Media Video 1 1838.2.2 Streaming Protocols 1838.2.2.1 Apple HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) 1838.2.2.2 Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) 1848.2.3 Video Streaming Over Mobile Networks 1848.3 Immersive Media 1858.3.1 Virtual Reality (VR) 1868.3.2 Augmented Reality (AR) 1868.3.3 360-Degree Video 1878.3.4 Immersive Media Streaming 188References 1899 Towards Realistic Modelling of Drone-based Cellular Network Coverage 191Haneya Naeem Qureshi and Ali Imran9.1 Overview of Existing Models for Drone-Based Cellular Network Coverage 1929.2 Key Objectives and Organization of this Chapter 1939.3 Motivation 1949.4 System Model 1949.5 UAV Coverage Model Development 1969.5.1 Coverage Probability 1969.5.2 Received Signal Strength 1989.6 Trade-Offs between Coverage Radius, Beamwidth and Height 1999.6.1 Coverage Radius Versus Beamwidth 1999.6.2 Coverage Radius Versus Height 2009.6.3 Height Versus Beamwidth 2019.7 Impact of Altitude, Beamwidth and Radius on RSS 2019.8 Analysis for Different Frequencies and Environments 2039.9 Comparison of Altitude and Beamwidth to Control Coverage 2049.10 Coverage Probability with Varying Tilt Angles and Asymmetric Beamwidths 2069.11 Coverage Analysis with Multiple UAVs 2079.12 Conclusion 211Acknowledgment 211References 211Appendix A 21310 Intelligent Positioning of UAVs for Future Cellular Networks 217João Pedro Battistella Nadas, Paulo Valente Klaine, Rafaela de Paula Parisotto and Richard D. Souza10.1 Introduction 21710.2 Applications of UAVs in Cellular Networks 21810.2.1 Coverage in Rural Areas 21810.2.2 Communication for Internet of Things 21810.2.3 Flying Fronthaul /Backhaul 21910.2.4 Aerial Edge Caching 21910.2.5 Pop-Up Networks 21910.2.6 Emergency Communication Networks 22010.3 Strategies for Positioning UAVs in Cellular Network 22110.4 Reinforcement Learning 22210.4.1 Q-Learning 22210.5 Simulations 22310.5.1 Urban Model 22310.5.2 The UAVs 22410.5.3 Path loss 22510.5.4 Simulation Scenario 22510.5.5 Proposed RL Implementation 22610.5.5.1 Simulation Results 22810.6 Conclusion 229References 23011 Integrating Public Safety Networks to 5G: Applications and Standards 233Usman Raza, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Rizwan Asghar, Imran Shafique Ansari and Fabrizio Granelli11.1 Introduction 23311.2 Public Safety Scenarios 23511.2.1 In-Coverage Scenario 23511.2.2 Out-of-Coverage Scenario 23611.2.3 Partial-Coverage Scenario 23611.3 Standardization Efforts 23611.3.1 3rd Generation Partnership Project 23711.3.1.1 Release 8 23711.3.1.2 Release 9 23711.3.1.3 Release 10 23811.3.1.4 Release 11 23811.3.1.5 Release 12 23811.3.1.6 Release 13 24011.3.1.7 Release 14 24111.3.1.8 Release 15 24111.3.2 Open Mobile Alliance 24211.3.2.1 PTT over Cellular 24211.3.2.2 Push to Communicate for Public Safety (PCPS) 24211.3.3 Alliance for Telecommunication Industry Solutions 24211.3.3.1 Energy and Utility Sector 24311.3.3.2 Building Alarm Systems 24311.3.3.3 PS Communications with Emergency Centers 24311.3.3.4 Smart City Solutions 24311.3.4 APCO Global Alliance 24411.3.5 Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA) 24411.4 Future Challenges and Enabling Technologies 24511.4.1 Future challenges 24611.4.1.1 Connectivity 24611.4.1.2 Interoperability 24611.4.1.3 Resource Scarceness 24711.4.1.4 Security 24711.4.1.5 Big Data 24711.4.2 Enabling Technologies 24811.4.2.1 Software-Defined Networking 24811.4.2.2 Cognitive Radio Networks 24811.4.2.3 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 24811.5 Conclusion 248References 24912 Future Perspectives 253Muhammad Ali Imran, Yusuf Abdulrahman Sambo and Qammer H. Abbasi12.1 Enabling Rural Connectivity 25312.2 Key Technologies for the Design of beyond 5G Networks 25412.2.1 Blockchain 25412.2.2 Terahertz Communication 25512.2.3 LiFi 25512.2.4 Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting 256Index 257

MUHAMMAD ALI IMRAN is the Vice Dean of Glasgow College UESTC and Professor of Communication Systems in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK. He is a senior member of IEEE, a Fellow of IET, and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, UK. YUSUF ABDULRAHMAN SAMBO is a Research Associate in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK. He is also the University of Glasgow 5G Self-Organised Network (5GSON) testbed lead. Dr. Sambo is an IEEE member. QAMMER H. ABBASI is an Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK, and Visiting Assistant Professor with Queen Mary University of London, UK. Dr. Abbasi is an IEEE senior member and URSI Young Scientist Award winner. He is Associate editor for the IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology, IEEE Access and the Journal of Applied Electromagnetics.

• About the Editors xiList of Contributors xiiiPreface xvii1 Enabling the Verticals of 5G: Network Architecture, Design and Service Optimization 1Andy Sutton1.1 Introduction 11.2 Use Cases 31.3 5G Network Architecture 41.4 RAN Functional Decomposition 71.5 Designing a 5G Network 91.6 Network Latency 111.7 5G Network Architecture Design 131.8 Summary 20Acknowledgements 21References 212 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks and 5G Connected Industries 23Mohsin Raza, Sajjad Hussain, Nauman Aslam, Hoa Le-Minh and Huan X. Nguyen2.1 Overview 232.2 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks 242.2.1 Wired and Wireless Networks in Industrial Environment 242.2.2 Transformation of WSNs for Industrial Applications 242.2.3 IWSN Architecture 252.3 Industrial Traffic Types and its Critical Nature 282.3.1 Safety/Emergency Traffic 282.3.2 Critical Control Traffic 282.3.3 Low-Risk Control Traffic 282.3.4 Periodic Monitoring Traffic 282.3.5 Critical Nature and Time Deadlines 292.4 Existing Works and Standards 302.4.1 Wireless Technologies 302.4.2 Industry-Related IEEE Standards 312.4.2.1 IEEE 802.15.4 312.4.2.2 IEEE 802.15.4e 322.5 Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) in IWSNS 332.6 Summary 37References 373 Haptic Networking Supporting Vertical Industries 41Luis Sequeira, Konstantinos Antona koglou, Maliheh Mahlouji and Toktam Mahmoodi3.1 Tactile Internet Use Cases and Requirements 413.1.1 Quality of Service 423.1.2 Use Cases and Requirements 433.2 Teleoperation Systems 453.2.1 Classification of Teleoperation Systems 453.2.2 Haptic Control and Data Reduction 463.2.2.1 Performance of Teleoperation Control Schemes 483.2.2.2 Haptic Data Reduction 593.2.2.3 Kinesthetic Data Reduction 593.2.2.4 Tactile Data Reduction 623.2.3 Combining Control Schemes and Data Reduction 63Acknowledgment 64References 644 5G-Enhanced Smart Grid Services 75Muhammad Ismail, Islam Safak Bayram, Khalid Qaraqe and Erchin Serpedin4.1 Introduction 754.2 Smart Grid Services and Communication Requirements 784.2.1 Smart Grid Fundamentals 784.2.1.1 Data Collection and Management Services 784.2.1.2 Control and Operation Services 814.2.2 Communication Requirements for Smart Grid Services 874.3 Smart Grid Services Supported by 5G Networks 904.3.1 Data Collection and Management Services 904.3.1.1 Data Collection Services 914.3.1.2 Data Management Services 954.3.2 Operation Decision-Making Services 964.3.2.1 Demand Side Management Services 964.3.2.2 Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging Services 984.4 Summary and Future Research 99Acknowledgment 100References 1005 Evolution of Vehicular Communications within the Context of 5G Systems 103Kostas Katsaros and Mehrdad Dianati5.1 Introduction 1035.2 Vehicular Connectivity 1045.2.1 Cellular V2X 1055.2.1.1 Release 14 – First C-V2X Services 1055.2.1.2 Release 15 – First Taste of 5G 1085.2.1.3 Release 16 – Fully-Fledged 5G 1085.2.2 Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) 1105.2.2.1 Co-Existence 1105.2.3 Advanced Technologies 1115.2.3.1 Multi-Access Edge Computing 1115.2.3.2 Network Slicing 1135.3 Data Dissemination 1145.3.1 Context-Aware Middleware 1145.3.2 Heterogeneity and Interoperability 1165.3.3 Higher Layer Communication Protocols 1185.4 Towards Connected Autonomous Driving 1215.4.1 Phase 1 – Awareness Driving Applications 1225.4.2 Phase 2 – Collective Perception 1225.4.3 Phase 3/4 – Trajectory/Manoeuvre Sharing 1235.4.4 Phase 5 – Full Autonomy 1235.5 Conclusions 123References 1246 State-of-the-Art of Sparse Code Multiple Access for Connected Autonomous Vehicle Application 127Yi Lu, Chong Han, Carsten Maple, Mehrdad Dianati and Alex Mouzakitis6.1 Introduction 1276.2 Sparse Code Multiple Access 1306.3 State-of-the-Art 1346.3.1 Codebook Design 1346.3.2 Decoding/Detecting Techniques for SCMA 1376.3.3 Other Research on Performance Evaluation of SCMA 1386.4 Conclusion and Future Work 140References 1457 5G Communication Systems and Connected Healthcare 149David Soldani and Matteo Innocenti7.1 Introduction 1497.2 Use Cases and Technical Requirements 1517.2.1 Wireless Tele Surgery 1517.2.2 Wireless Service Robots 1517.3 5G communication System 1547.3.1 3GPP Technology Roadmap 1547.3.2 5G Spectrum 1557.3.3 5G Reference Architecture 1557.3.4 5G Security Aspects 1617.3.5 5G Enabling Technologies 1617.3.5.1 5G design for Low-Latency Transmission 1627.3.5.2 5G design for Higher-Reliability Transmission 1667.3.6 5G Deployment Scenarios 1687.4 Value Chain, Business Model and Business Case Calculation 1707.4.1 Market Uptake for Robotic Platforms 1717.4.2 Business Model and Value Chain 1717.4.3 Business case for Service Providers 1717.4.3.1 Assumptions 1727.4.3.2 Business Cases Calculation 1727.5 Conclusions 174References 1758 5G: Disruption in Media and Entertainment 179Stamos Katsigiannis, Wasim Ahmad and Naeem Ramzan8.1 Multi-Channel Wireless Audio Systems for Live Production 1798.2 Video 1818.2.1 Video Compression Algorithms 1818.2.1.1 HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding 1818.2.1.2 VP9 1828.2.1.3 AV1: AO Media Video 1 1838.2.2 Streaming Protocols 1838.2.2.1 Apple HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) 1838.2.2.2 Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) 1848.2.3 Video Streaming Over Mobile Networks 1848.3 Immersive Media 1858.3.1 Virtual Reality (VR) 1868.3.2 Augmented Reality (AR) 1868.3.3 360-Degree Video 1878.3.4 Immersive Media Streaming 188References 1899 Towards Realistic Modelling of Drone-based Cellular Network Coverage 191Haneya Naeem Qureshi and Ali Imran9.1 Overview of Existing Models for Drone-Based Cellular Network Coverage 1929.2 Key Objectives and Organization of this Chapter 1939.3 Motivation 1949.4 System Model 1949.5 UAV Coverage Model Development 1969.5.1 Coverage Probability 1969.5.2 Received Signal Strength 1989.6 Trade-Offs between Coverage Radius, Beamwidth and Height 1999.6.1 Coverage Radius Versus Beamwidth 1999.6.2 Coverage Radius Versus Height 2009.6.3 Height Versus Beamwidth 2019.7 Impact of Altitude, Beamwidth and Radius on RSS 2019.8 Analysis for Different Frequencies and Environments 2039.9 Comparison of Altitude and Beamwidth to Control Coverage 2049.10 Coverage Probability with Varying Tilt Angles and Asymmetric Beamwidths 2069.11 Coverage Analysis with Multiple UAVs 2079.12 Conclusion 211Acknowledgment 211References 211Appendix A 21310 Intelligent Positioning of UAVs for Future Cellular Networks 217João Pedro Battistella Nadas, Paulo Valente Klaine, Rafaela de Paula Parisotto and Richard D. Souza10.1 Introduction 21710.2 Applications of UAVs in Cellular Networks 21810.2.1 Coverage in Rural Areas 21810.2.2 Communication for Internet of Things 21810.2.3 Flying Fronthaul /Backhaul 21910.2.4 Aerial Edge Caching 21910.2.5 Pop-Up Networks 21910.2.6 Emergency Communication Networks 22010.3 Strategies for Positioning UAVs in Cellular Network 22110.4 Reinforcement Learning 22210.4.1 Q-Learning 22210.5 Simulations 22310.5.1 Urban Model 22310.5.2 The UAVs 22410.5.3 Path loss 22510.5.4 Simulation Scenario 22510.5.5 Proposed RL Implementation 22610.5.5.1 Simulation Results 22810.6 Conclusion 229References 23011 Integrating Public Safety Networks to 5G: Applications and Standards 233Usman Raza, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Rizwan Asghar, Imran Shafique Ansari and Fabrizio Granelli11.1 Introduction 23311.2 Public Safety Scenarios 23511.2.1 In-Coverage Scenario 23511.2.2 Out-of-Coverage Scenario 23611.2.3 Partial-Coverage Scenario 23611.3 Standardization Efforts 23611.3.1 3rd Generation Partnership Project 23711.3.1.1 Release 8 23711.3.1.2 Release 9 23711.3.1.3 Release 10 23811.3.1.4 Release 11 23811.3.1.5 Release 12 23811.3.1.6 Release 13 24011.3.1.7 Release 14 24111.3.1.8 Release 15 24111.3.2 Open Mobile Alliance 24211.3.2.1 PTT over Cellular 24211.3.2.2 Push to Communicate for Public Safety (PCPS) 24211.3.3 Alliance for Telecommunication Industry Solutions 24211.3.3.1 Energy and Utility Sector 24311.3.3.2 Building Alarm Systems 24311.3.3.3 PS Communications with Emergency Centers 24311.3.3.4 Smart City Solutions 24311.3.4 APCO Global Alliance 24411.3.5 Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA) 24411.4 Future Challenges and Enabling Technologies 24511.4.1 Future challenges 24611.4.1.1 Connectivity 24611.4.1.2 Interoperability 24611.4.1.3 Resource Scarceness 24711.4.1.4 Security 24711.4.1.5 Big Data 24711.4.2 Enabling Technologies 24811.4.2.1 Software-Defined Networking 24811.4.2.2 Cognitive Radio Networks 24811.4.2.3 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 24811.5 Conclusion 248References 24912 Future Perspectives 253Muhammad Ali Imran, Yusuf Abdulrahman Sambo and Qammer H. Abbasi12.1 Enabling Rural Connectivity 25312.2 Key Technologies for the Design of beyond 5G Networks 25412.2.1 Blockchain 25412.2.2 Terahertz Communication 25512.2.3 LiFi 25512.2.4 Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting 256Index 257

MUHAMMAD ALI IMRAN is the Vice Dean of Glasgow College UESTC and Professor of Communication Systems in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK. He is a senior member of IEEE, a Fellow of IET, and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, UK. YUSUF ABDULRAHMAN SAMBO is a Research Associate in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK. He is also the University of Glasgow 5G Self-Organised Network (5GSON) testbed lead. Dr. Sambo is an IEEE member. QAMMER H. ABBASI is an Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK, and Visiting Assistant Professor with Queen Mary University of London, UK. Dr. Abbasi is an IEEE senior member and URSI Young Scientist Award winner. He is Associate editor for the IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology, IEEE Access and the Journal of Applied Electromagnetics.

• About the Editors xiList of Contributors xiiiPreface xvii1 Enabling the Verticals of 5G: Network Architecture, Design and Service Optimization 1Andy Sutton1.1 Introduction 11.2 Use Cases 31.3 5G Network Architecture 41.4 RAN Functional Decomposition 71.5 Designing a 5G Network 91.6 Network Latency 111.7 5G Network Architecture Design 131.8 Summary 20Acknowledgements 21References 212 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks and 5G Connected Industries 23Mohsin Raza, Sajjad Hussain, Nauman Aslam, Hoa Le-Minh and Huan X. Nguyen2.1 Overview 232.2 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks 242.2.1 Wired and Wireless Networks in Industrial Environment 242.2.2 Transformation of WSNs for Industrial Applications 242.2.3 IWSN Architecture 252.3 Industrial Traffic Types and its Critical Nature 282.3.1 Safety/Emergency Traffic 282.3.2 Critical Control Traffic 282.3.3 Low-Risk Control Traffic 282.3.4 Periodic Monitoring Traffic 282.3.5 Critical Nature and Time Deadlines 292.4 Existing Works and Standards 302.4.1 Wireless Technologies 302.4.2 Industry-Related IEEE Standards 312.4.2.1 IEEE 802.15.4 312.4.2.2 IEEE 802.15.4e 322.5 Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) in IWSNS 332.6 Summary 37References 373 Haptic Networking Supporting Vertical Industries 41Luis Sequeira, Konstantinos Antona koglou, Maliheh Mahlouji and Toktam Mahmoodi3.1 Tactile Internet Use Cases and Requirements 413.1.1 Quality of Service 423.1.2 Use Cases and Requirements 433.2 Teleoperation Systems 453.2.1 Classification of Teleoperation Systems 453.2.2 Haptic Control and Data Reduction 463.2.2.1 Performance of Teleoperation Control Schemes 483.2.2.2 Haptic Data Reduction 593.2.2.3 Kinesthetic Data Reduction 593.2.2.4 Tactile Data Reduction 623.2.3 Combining Control Schemes and Data Reduction 63Acknowledgment 64References 644 5G-Enhanced Smart Grid Services 75Muhammad Ismail, Islam Safak Bayram, Khalid Qaraqe and Erchin Serpedin4.1 Introduction 754.2 Smart Grid Services and Communication Requirements 784.2.1 Smart Grid Fundamentals 784.2.1.1 Data Collection and Management Services 784.2.1.2 Control and Operation Services 814.2.2 Communication Requirements for Smart Grid Services 874.3 Smart Grid Services Supported by 5G Networks 904.3.1 Data Collection and Management Services 904.3.1.1 Data Collection Services 914.3.1.2 Data Management Services 954.3.2 Operation Decision-Making Services 964.3.2.1 Demand Side Management Services 964.3.2.2 Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging Services 984.4 Summary and Future Research 99Acknowledgment 100References 1005 Evolution of Vehicular Communications within the Context of 5G Systems 103Kostas Katsaros and Mehrdad Dianati5.1 Introduction 1035.2 Vehicular Connectivity 1045.2.1 Cellular V2X 1055.2.1.1 Release 14 – First C-V2X Services 1055.2.1.2 Release 15 – First Taste of 5G 1085.2.1.3 Release 16 – Fully-Fledged 5G 1085.2.2 Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) 1105.2.2.1 Co-Existence 1105.2.3 Advanced Technologies 1115.2.3.1 Multi-Access Edge Computing 1115.2.3.2 Network Slicing 1135.3 Data Dissemination 1145.3.1 Context-Aware Middleware 1145.3.2 Heterogeneity and Interoperability 1165.3.3 Higher Layer Communication Protocols 1185.4 Towards Connected Autonomous Driving 1215.4.1 Phase 1 – Awareness Driving Applications 1225.4.2 Phase 2 – Collective Perception 1225.4.3 Phase 3/4 – Trajectory/Manoeuvre Sharing 1235.4.4 Phase 5 – Full Autonomy 1235.5 Conclusions 123References 1246 State-of-the-Art of Sparse Code Multiple Access for Connected Autonomous Vehicle Application 127Yi Lu, Chong Han, Carsten Maple, Mehrdad Dianati and Alex Mouzakitis6.1 Introduction 1276.2 Sparse Code Multiple Access 1306.3 State-of-the-Art 1346.3.1 Codebook Design 1346.3.2 Decoding/Detecting Techniques for SCMA 1376.3.3 Other Research on Performance Evaluation of SCMA 1386.4 Conclusion and Future Work 140References 1457 5G Communication Systems and Connected Healthcare 149David Soldani and Matteo Innocenti7.1 Introduction 1497.2 Use Cases and Technical Requirements 1517.2.1 Wireless Tele Surgery 1517.2.2 Wireless Service Robots 1517.3 5G communication System 1547.3.1 3GPP Technology Roadmap 1547.3.2 5G Spectrum 1557.3.3 5G Reference Architecture 1557.3.4 5G Security Aspects 1617.3.5 5G Enabling Technologies 1617.3.5.1 5G design for Low-Latency Transmission 1627.3.5.2 5G design for Higher-Reliability Transmission 1667.3.6 5G Deployment Scenarios 1687.4 Value Chain, Business Model and Business Case Calculation 1707.4.1 Market Uptake for Robotic Platforms 1717.4.2 Business Model and Value Chain 1717.4.3 Business case for Service Providers 1717.4.3.1 Assumptions 1727.4.3.2 Business Cases Calculation 1727.5 Conclusions 174References 1758 5G: Disruption in Media and Entertainment 179Stamos Katsigiannis, Wasim Ahmad and Naeem Ramzan8.1 Multi-Channel Wireless Audio Systems for Live Production 1798.2 Video 1818.2.1 Video Compression Algorithms 1818.2.1.1 HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding 1818.2.1.2 VP9 1828.2.1.3 AV1: AO Media Video 1 1838.2.2 Streaming Protocols 1838.2.2.1 Apple HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) 1838.2.2.2 Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) 1848.2.3 Video Streaming Over Mobile Networks 1848.3 Immersive Media 1858.3.1 Virtual Reality (VR) 1868.3.2 Augmented Reality (AR) 1868.3.3 360-Degree Video 1878.3.4 Immersive Media Streaming 188References 1899 Towards Realistic Modelling of Drone-based Cellular Network Coverage 191Haneya Naeem Qureshi and Ali Imran9.1 Overview of Existing Models for Drone-Based Cellular Network Coverage 1929.2 Key Objectives and Organization of this Chapter 1939.3 Motivation 1949.4 System Model 1949.5 UAV Coverage Model Development 1969.5.1 Coverage Probability 1969.5.2 Received Signal Strength 1989.6 Trade-Offs between Coverage Radius, Beamwidth and Height 1999.6.1 Coverage Radius Versus Beamwidth 1999.6.2 Coverage Radius Versus Height 2009.6.3 Height Versus Beamwidth 2019.7 Impact of Altitude, Beamwidth and Radius on RSS 2019.8 Analysis for Different Frequencies and Environments 2039.9 Comparison of Altitude and Beamwidth to Control Coverage 2049.10 Coverage Probability with Varying Tilt Angles and Asymmetric Beamwidths 2069.11 Coverage Analysis with Multiple UAVs 2079.12 Conclusion 211Acknowledgment 211References 211Appendix A 21310 Intelligent Positioning of UAVs for Future Cellular Networks 217João Pedro Battistella Nadas, Paulo Valente Klaine, Rafaela de Paula Parisotto and Richard D. Souza10.1 Introduction 21710.2 Applications of UAVs in Cellular Networks 21810.2.1 Coverage in Rural Areas 21810.2.2 Communication for Internet of Things 21810.2.3 Flying Fronthaul /Backhaul 21910.2.4 Aerial Edge Caching 21910.2.5 Pop-Up Networks 21910.2.6 Emergency Communication Networks 22010.3 Strategies for Positioning UAVs in Cellular Network 22110.4 Reinforcement Learning 22210.4.1 Q-Learning 22210.5 Simulations 22310.5.1 Urban Model 22310.5.2 The UAVs 22410.5.3 Path loss 22510.5.4 Simulation Scenario 22510.5.5 Proposed RL Implementation 22610.5.5.1 Simulation Results 22810.6 Conclusion 229References 23011 Integrating Public Safety Networks to 5G: Applications and Standards 233Usman Raza, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Rizwan Asghar, Imran Shafique Ansari and Fabrizio Granelli11.1 Introduction 23311.2 Public Safety Scenarios 23511.2.1 In-Coverage Scenario 23511.2.2 Out-of-Coverage Scenario 23611.2.3 Partial-Coverage Scenario 23611.3 Standardization Efforts 23611.3.1 3rd Generation Partnership Project 23711.3.1.1 Release 8 23711.3.1.2 Release 9 23711.3.1.3 Release 10 23811.3.1.4 Release 11 23811.3.1.5 Release 12 23811.3.1.6 Release 13 24011.3.1.7 Release 14 24111.3.1.8 Release 15 24111.3.2 Open Mobile Alliance 24211.3.2.1 PTT over Cellular 24211.3.2.2 Push to Communicate for Public Safety (PCPS) 24211.3.3 Alliance for Telecommunication Industry Solutions 24211.3.3.1 Energy and Utility Sector 24311.3.3.2 Building Alarm Systems 24311.3.3.3 PS Communications with Emergency Centers 24311.3.3.4 Smart City Solutions 24311.3.4 APCO Global Alliance 24411.3.5 Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA) 24411.4 Future Challenges and Enabling Technologies 24511.4.1 Future challenges 24611.4.1.1 Connectivity 24611.4.1.2 Interoperability 24611.4.1.3 Resource Scarceness 24711.4.1.4 Security 24711.4.1.5 Big Data 24711.4.2 Enabling Technologies 24811.4.2.1 Software-Defined Networking 24811.4.2.2 Cognitive Radio Networks 24811.4.2.3 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 24811.5 Conclusion 248References 24912 Future Perspectives 253Muhammad Ali Imran, Yusuf Abdulrahman Sambo and Qammer H. Abbasi12.1 Enabling Rural Connectivity 25312.2 Key Technologies for the Design of beyond 5G Networks 25412.2.1 Blockchain 25412.2.2 Terahertz Communication 25512.2.3 LiFi 25512.2.4 Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting 256Index 257