English Phonetics and Phonology

PHILIP CARR is Emeritus Professor at Montpellier University, France. He is the author of Phonology (1993), A Glossary of Phonology (2008), and Linguistic Realities (1990), editor of Phonological Knowledge: Conceptual and Empirical Issues (2001) and Headhood, Elements, Specification and Contrastivity (2005). With Jacques Durand, he co-founded the project The Phonology of Contemporary English.

“The book is well-structured starting with a brief and simple description of the English vowel and consonant systems and the acoustic features of the English sounds, and continuing with more complicated aspects such as rhythm, stress, and intonation. Another advantage of this textbook is that it allows readers to listen to speech material and respond to exercises in order to better familiarize themselves with the phenomena of each chapter; this material is found as an online database.” - Dr Georgios P. Georgiou, RUDN University, Moscow for Linguist List, March 2020

• Prefaces to the First Edition ixPreface to the Second Edition xiiiPreface to the Third Edition xvAcknowledgements xviiList of Sound Recordings xixAbout the Companion Website xxiiiFigure 1 The organs of speech xxivFigure 2 The International Phonetic Alphabet xxv1 English Phonetics: Consonants (i) 11.1 Airstream and Articulation 11.2 Place of Articulation 21.3 Manner of Articulation: Stops, Fricatives and Approximants 52 English Phonetics: Consonants (ii) 112.1 Central vs Lateral 112.2 Taps and Trills 112.3 Secondary Articulation 122.4 Affricates 122.5 Aspiration 132.6 Nasal Stops 133 English Phonetics: Vowels (i) 173.1 The Primary Cardinal Vowels 173.2 RP and GA Short Vowels 194 English Phonetics: Vowels (ii) 234.1 RP and GA Long Vowels 234.2 RP and GA Diphthongs 245 The Phonemic Principle 295.1 Introduction: Linguistic Knowledge 295.2 Contrast vs Predictability: The Phoneme 305.3 Phonemes, Allophones and Contexts 375.4 Summing Up 386 English Phonemes 436.1 English Consonant Phonemes 436.2 The Phonological Form of Morphemes 456.3 English Vowel Phonemes 497 English Syllable Structure 557.1 Introduction 557.2 Constituency in Syllable Structure 557.3 The Sonority Hierarchy, Maximal Onset and Syllable Weight 597.4 Language‐Specific Phonotactics 637.5 Syllabic Consonants and Phonotactics 647.6 Syllable‐Based Generalizations 657.7 Morphological Structure, Syllable Structure and Resyllabification 667.8 Summing Up 698 Rhythm and Word Stress in English 718.1 The Rhythm of English 718.2 English Word Stress: Is it Entirely Random? 728.3 English Word Stress: Some General Principles 758.4 Word Stress Assignment in Morphologically Simple Words 768.5 Word Stress Assignment and Morphological Structure 808.6 Compound Words 858.7 Summing Up 879 Rhythm, Reversal and Reduction 919.1 More on the Trochaic Metrical Foot 919.2 Representing Metrical Structure 949.3 Phonological Generalizations and Foot Structure 989.4 The Rhythm of English Again: Stress Timing and Eurhythmy 10010 English Intonation 10910.1 Tonic Syllables, Tones and Intonation Phrases 10910.2 Departures from the LLI Rule 11110.3 IPs and Syntactic Units 11610.4 Tonic Placement, IP Boundaries and Syntax 12110.5 Tones and Syntax 12310.6 Tonic Placement and Discourse Context 12410.7 Summing Up 12511 Graphophonemics: Spelling–Pronunciation Relations 12911.1 Introduction 12911.2 Vowel Graphemes and Their Phonemic Values 13011.3 Consonant Graphemes and Their Phonemic Values 13512 Variation in English Accents 14312.1 Introduction 14312.2 Systemic vs Realizational Differences between Accents 14412.3 Perceptual and Articulatory Space 14812.4 Differences in the Lexical Distribution of Phonemes 15213 An Outline of Some Accents of English 15513.1 Some British Accents 15513.2 Two American Accents 16413.3 Two Southern Hemisphere Accents 16713.4 An Overview of Some Common Phenomena Found in Accent Variation 17014 First‐Language (L1) Acquisition of English Phonetics and Phonology 18114.1 The First Six Months 18114.2 The Second Six Months 18314.3 The Second Year of Life 18414.4 The Mental Lexicon and the Emergence of Phonological Rules and Representations 18714.5 The Bilingual Child 18815 Second‐Language (L2) Acquisition of English Phonetics and Phonology 19315.1 Introduction: General Issues 19315.2 Types of Problem in L2 Acquisition of English Phonetics and Phonology 19515.3 Phonetic Inventories and Phonemic Systems 19515.4 Graphophonemic Problems 20015.5 Phonotactics 20115.6 Rhythm and Word Stress 20215.7 Intonation 20415.8 Concluding Remarks on L2 Acquisition of English Phonetics and Phonology 205Suggested Further Reading 209Index 213