ELLEN WOHL is a Professor in the Department of Geosciences at Colorado State University. She has over twenty-five years' experience in teaching fluvial geomorphology at the graduate level in courses with students from the earth sciences, civil engineering, ecology, and other disciplines. She has written several books about rivers for non-technical audiences as well as the more technical books Mountain Rivers, and its second edition, Mountain Rivers Revisited.

• Acknowledgements xi1 Introduction 11.1 Connectivity and Inequality 31.2 Six Degrees of Connection 81.3 Rivers as Integrators 111.4 Organization of this Volume 131.5 Understanding Rivers 151.5.1 The Colorado Front Range 151.6 Only Connect 262 Creating Channels and Channel Networks 272.1 Generating Water, Solutes, and Sediment 272.1.1 Generating Water 272.1.2 Generating Sediment and Solutes 282.2 Getting Water, Solutes, and Sediment Downslope to Channels 302.2.1 Downslope Pathways of Water 302.2.2 Downslope Movement of Sediment 392.2.3 Processes and Patterns of Water Chemistry Entering Channels 422.2.4 Influence of the Riparian Zone on Fluxes into Channels 432.3 Human Influences on Fluxes from Uplands to Channels 462.3.1 Climate Change 462.3.2 Altered Land Cover 482.3.2.1 Deforestation 482.3.2.2 Afforestation 492.3.2.3 Grazing 502.3.2.4 Crop Growth 502.3.2.5 Urbanization 502.3.2.6 Upland Mining 512.3.2.7 Land Drainage 522.3.2.8 Commercial Recreational Property Development 522.4 Channel Initiation 532.5 Extension and Development of the Drainage Network 572.5.1 Morphometric Indices and Scaling Laws 582.5.2 Optimality 612.6 Spatial Differentiation within Drainage Basins 622.7 Summary 64Part I Channel Processes I 673 Water Dynamics 693.1 Hydraulics 693.1.1 Flow Classification 703.1.2 Energy, Flow State, and Hydraulic Jumps 743.1.3 Uniform Flow Equations and Flow Resistance 763.1.4 Velocity and Turbulence 863.1.5 Measures of Energy Exerted Against the Channel Boundaries 933.1.6 Numerical Models of Hydraulics 943.2 Hydrology 953.2.1 Measuring Discharge 953.2.2 Indirectly Estimating Discharge 963.2.3 Modeling Discharge 1033.2.4 Flood Frequency Analysis 1053.2.5 Hydrographs and Flow Regime 1063.2.6 Other Parameters Used to Characterize Discharge 1103.2.7 Hyporheic Exchange and Hydrology 1103.2.8 River Hydrology in Cold Regions 1143.2.9 Human Influences on Hydrology 1153.2.9.1 Flow Regulation 1153.2.9.2 River Corridor Engineering 1223.2.10 The Natural Flow Regime 1233.3 Summary 124Part II Channel Processes II 1254 Fluvial Sediment Dynamics 1274.1 The Channel Bed and Initiation of Motion 1284.1.1 Bed Sediment Characterization 1284.1.2 Entrainment of Noncohesive Sediment 1294.1.2.1 Forces Acting on a Grain 1314.1.2.2 Grain Properties 1334.1.2.3 Turbulence 1344.1.2.4 Biotic Processes 1344.1.3 Erosion of Cohesive Beds 1354.1.3.1 Erosion of Bedrock 1354.1.3.2 Erosion of Cohesive Sediment 1394.2 Sediment Transport 1394.2.1 Dissolved Load 1394.2.1.1 Nitrogen 1414.2.1.2 Carbon 1414.2.1.3 Trace Metals 1434.2.1.4 Other Environments 1444.2.2 Suspended Load 1444.2.3 Bed Load 1514.2.3.1 Bed Load in Channels with Coarse-Grained Substrate: Coarse Surface Layer 1524.2.3.2 Bed Load in Channels with Coarse-Grained Substrate: Characteristics of Grain Movements 1544.2.3.3 Bed Load in Channels with Coarse-Grained Substrate: Controls on Bed-Load Dynamics 1564.2.3.4 Estimating Bed-Load Flux 1584.2.3.5 Field Measurements of Bed Load 1614.3 Bedforms 1634.3.1 Readily Mobile Bedforms 1634.3.2 Infrequently Mobile Bedforms 1674.3.2.1 Particle Clusters 1674.3.2.2 Transverse Ribs 1674.3.2.3 Steep Alluvial Channel Bedforms 1684.3.2.4 Step–Pool Channels 1694.3.2.5 Pool–Riffle Channels 1714.3.2.6 Bars 1754.3.3 Bedforms in Cohesive Sediments 1754.4 In-Channel Depositional Processes 1764.5 Downstream Trends in Grain Size 1784.6 Bank Stability and Erosion 1794.7 Sediment Budgets 1844.8 Human Influences on Sediment Dynamics 1894.9 The Natural Sediment Regime 1934.10 Summary 194Part III Channel Processes III 1975 Large Wood Dynamics 1995.1 The Continuum of Vegetation in River Corridors 1995.2 Recruitment of Wood to River Corridors 2015.3 Wood Entrainment and Transport 2035.4 Wood Deposition 2075.5 Wood Storage 2085.6 Wood Interactions with Water and Sediment 2125.7 Human Influences on Wood Dynamics 2155.8 The Natural Wood Regime 2165.9 Summary 2186 Channel Forms 2196.1 Cross-Sectional Geometry 2206.1.1 Bankfull, Dominant, and Effective Discharge 2206.1.2 Width-to-Depth Ratio 2226.1.3 Hydraulic Geometry 2236.1.3.1 At-A-Station Hydraulic Geometry 2236.1.3.2 Downstream Hydraulic Geometry 2256.1.4 Lane’s Balance 2266.1.5 Complex Response 2286.1.6 Channel Evolution Models 2286.2 Channel Planform 2316.2.1 Straight Channels 2326.2.2 Meandering Channels 2336.2.3 Wandering Channels 2386.2.4 Braided Channels 2396.2.5 Anabranching Channels 2446.2.6 Compound Channels 2466.2.7 Karst Channels 2466.2.8 Continuum Concept 2466.2.9 River Metamorphosis 2476.3 Confluences 2506.4 Bedrock Channels 2546.5 River Gradient 2556.5.1 Longitudinal Profile 2576.5.2 Stream Gradient Index 2616.5.3 Knickpoints 2626.6 Adjustment of Channel Form 2656.6.1 Extremal Hypotheses of Channel Adjustment 2666.6.2 Nonlinear Behavior and Alternative States 2676.6.3 Geomorphic Effects of Floods 2686.7 Human Influences on Channel Form 2706.8 Summary 2767 Extra-Channel Environments 2777.1 Floodplains 2777.1.1 Floodplain Functions 2787.1.2 Floodplain Hydrology 2817.1.3 Depositional Processes and Floodplain Stratigraphy 2817.1.4 Erosional Processes and Floodplain Turnover Times 2877.1.5 Downstream Trends in Floodplain Form and Process 2897.1.6 Classification of Floodplains 2907.1.7 Human Influences on Floodplains 2907.2 Terraces 2917.2.1 Terrace Classifications 2927.2.2 Mechanisms of Terrace Formation and Preservation 2957.2.3 Terraces as Paleoprofiles and Paleoenvironmental Indicators 2977.3 Alluvial Fans 3007.3.1 Erosional and Depositional Processes 3027.3.2 Fan Geometry and Stratigraphy 3037.3.3 Mapping, Studying, and Living on Fans 3057.4 Deltas 3067.4.1 Processes of Erosion and Deposition 3087.4.2 Delta Morphology and Stratigraphy 3097.4.3 Paleoenvironmental Records 3127.4.4 Deltas in the Anthropocene 3137.5 Estuaries 3147.6 Summary 3168 Rivers in the Landscape 3198.1 Rivers and Topography 3198.1.1 Tectonics, Topography, and Large Rivers 3218.1.2 Indicators of Relations Between Rivers and Landscape Evolution 3238.1.3 Tectonic Influences on River Geometry 3238.1.4 Effects of River Incision on Tectonics 3248.1.5 Bedrock-Channel Incision and Landscape Evolution 3258.2 Climatic Signatures 3288.2.1 High Latitudes 3288.2.2 Low Latitudes 3318.2.3 Warm Drylands 3338.3 Spatial Differentiation Along a River 3368.4 Connectivity 3388.5 River Management in an Environmental Context 3428.5.1 Reference Conditions 3428.5.2 Restoration 3448.5.3 Instream, Channel Maintenance, and Environmental Flows 3508.5.4 River Health 3538.6 Rivers with a History 3558.7 The Greater Context 357References 361Index 491

ELLEN WOHL is a Professor in the Department of Geosciences at Colorado State University. She has over twenty-five years' experience in teaching fluvial geomorphology at the graduate level in courses with students from the earth sciences, civil engineering, ecology, and other disciplines. She has written several books about rivers for non-technical audiences as well as the more technical books Mountain Rivers, and its second edition, Mountain Rivers Revisited.

• Acknowledgements xi1 Introduction 11.1 Connectivity and Inequality 31.2 Six Degrees of Connection 81.3 Rivers as Integrators 111.4 Organization of this Volume 131.5 Understanding Rivers 151.5.1 The Colorado Front Range 151.6 Only Connect 262 Creating Channels and Channel Networks 272.1 Generating Water, Solutes, and Sediment 272.1.1 Generating Water 272.1.2 Generating Sediment and Solutes 282.2 Getting Water, Solutes, and Sediment Downslope to Channels 302.2.1 Downslope Pathways of Water 302.2.2 Downslope Movement of Sediment 392.2.3 Processes and Patterns of Water Chemistry Entering Channels 422.2.4 Influence of the Riparian Zone on Fluxes into Channels 432.3 Human Influences on Fluxes from Uplands to Channels 462.3.1 Climate Change 462.3.2 Altered Land Cover 482.3.2.1 Deforestation 482.3.2.2 Afforestation 492.3.2.3 Grazing 502.3.2.4 Crop Growth 502.3.2.5 Urbanization 502.3.2.6 Upland Mining 512.3.2.7 Land Drainage 522.3.2.8 Commercial Recreational Property Development 522.4 Channel Initiation 532.5 Extension and Development of the Drainage Network 572.5.1 Morphometric Indices and Scaling Laws 582.5.2 Optimality 612.6 Spatial Differentiation within Drainage Basins 622.7 Summary 64Part I Channel Processes I 673 Water Dynamics 693.1 Hydraulics 693.1.1 Flow Classification 703.1.2 Energy, Flow State, and Hydraulic Jumps 743.1.3 Uniform Flow Equations and Flow Resistance 763.1.4 Velocity and Turbulence 863.1.5 Measures of Energy Exerted Against the Channel Boundaries 933.1.6 Numerical Models of Hydraulics 943.2 Hydrology 953.2.1 Measuring Discharge 953.2.2 Indirectly Estimating Discharge 963.2.3 Modeling Discharge 1033.2.4 Flood Frequency Analysis 1053.2.5 Hydrographs and Flow Regime 1063.2.6 Other Parameters Used to Characterize Discharge 1103.2.7 Hyporheic Exchange and Hydrology 1103.2.8 River Hydrology in Cold Regions 1143.2.9 Human Influences on Hydrology 1153.2.9.1 Flow Regulation 1153.2.9.2 River Corridor Engineering 1223.2.10 The Natural Flow Regime 1233.3 Summary 124Part II Channel Processes II 1254 Fluvial Sediment Dynamics 1274.1 The Channel Bed and Initiation of Motion 1284.1.1 Bed Sediment Characterization 1284.1.2 Entrainment of Noncohesive Sediment 1294.1.2.1 Forces Acting on a Grain 1314.1.2.2 Grain Properties 1334.1.2.3 Turbulence 1344.1.2.4 Biotic Processes 1344.1.3 Erosion of Cohesive Beds 1354.1.3.1 Erosion of Bedrock 1354.1.3.2 Erosion of Cohesive Sediment 1394.2 Sediment Transport 1394.2.1 Dissolved Load 1394.2.1.1 Nitrogen 1414.2.1.2 Carbon 1414.2.1.3 Trace Metals 1434.2.1.4 Other Environments 1444.2.2 Suspended Load 1444.2.3 Bed Load 1514.2.3.1 Bed Load in Channels with Coarse-Grained Substrate: Coarse Surface Layer 1524.2.3.2 Bed Load in Channels with Coarse-Grained Substrate: Characteristics of Grain Movements 1544.2.3.3 Bed Load in Channels with Coarse-Grained Substrate: Controls on Bed-Load Dynamics 1564.2.3.4 Estimating Bed-Load Flux 1584.2.3.5 Field Measurements of Bed Load 1614.3 Bedforms 1634.3.1 Readily Mobile Bedforms 1634.3.2 Infrequently Mobile Bedforms 1674.3.2.1 Particle Clusters 1674.3.2.2 Transverse Ribs 1674.3.2.3 Steep Alluvial Channel Bedforms 1684.3.2.4 Step–Pool Channels 1694.3.2.5 Pool–Riffle Channels 1714.3.2.6 Bars 1754.3.3 Bedforms in Cohesive Sediments 1754.4 In-Channel Depositional Processes 1764.5 Downstream Trends in Grain Size 1784.6 Bank Stability and Erosion 1794.7 Sediment Budgets 1844.8 Human Influences on Sediment Dynamics 1894.9 The Natural Sediment Regime 1934.10 Summary 194Part III Channel Processes III 1975 Large Wood Dynamics 1995.1 The Continuum of Vegetation in River Corridors 1995.2 Recruitment of Wood to River Corridors 2015.3 Wood Entrainment and Transport 2035.4 Wood Deposition 2075.5 Wood Storage 2085.6 Wood Interactions with Water and Sediment 2125.7 Human Influences on Wood Dynamics 2155.8 The Natural Wood Regime 2165.9 Summary 2186 Channel Forms 2196.1 Cross-Sectional Geometry 2206.1.1 Bankfull, Dominant, and Effective Discharge 2206.1.2 Width-to-Depth Ratio 2226.1.3 Hydraulic Geometry 2236.1.3.1 At-A-Station Hydraulic Geometry 2236.1.3.2 Downstream Hydraulic Geometry 2256.1.4 Lane’s Balance 2266.1.5 Complex Response 2286.1.6 Channel Evolution Models 2286.2 Channel Planform 2316.2.1 Straight Channels 2326.2.2 Meandering Channels 2336.2.3 Wandering Channels 2386.2.4 Braided Channels 2396.2.5 Anabranching Channels 2446.2.6 Compound Channels 2466.2.7 Karst Channels 2466.2.8 Continuum Concept 2466.2.9 River Metamorphosis 2476.3 Confluences 2506.4 Bedrock Channels 2546.5 River Gradient 2556.5.1 Longitudinal Profile 2576.5.2 Stream Gradient Index 2616.5.3 Knickpoints 2626.6 Adjustment of Channel Form 2656.6.1 Extremal Hypotheses of Channel Adjustment 2666.6.2 Nonlinear Behavior and Alternative States 2676.6.3 Geomorphic Effects of Floods 2686.7 Human Influences on Channel Form 2706.8 Summary 2767 Extra-Channel Environments 2777.1 Floodplains 2777.1.1 Floodplain Functions 2787.1.2 Floodplain Hydrology 2817.1.3 Depositional Processes and Floodplain Stratigraphy 2817.1.4 Erosional Processes and Floodplain Turnover Times 2877.1.5 Downstream Trends in Floodplain Form and Process 2897.1.6 Classification of Floodplains 2907.1.7 Human Influences on Floodplains 2907.2 Terraces 2917.2.1 Terrace Classifications 2927.2.2 Mechanisms of Terrace Formation and Preservation 2957.2.3 Terraces as Paleoprofiles and Paleoenvironmental Indicators 2977.3 Alluvial Fans 3007.3.1 Erosional and Depositional Processes 3027.3.2 Fan Geometry and Stratigraphy 3037.3.3 Mapping, Studying, and Living on Fans 3057.4 Deltas 3067.4.1 Processes of Erosion and Deposition 3087.4.2 Delta Morphology and Stratigraphy 3097.4.3 Paleoenvironmental Records 3127.4.4 Deltas in the Anthropocene 3137.5 Estuaries 3147.6 Summary 3168 Rivers in the Landscape 3198.1 Rivers and Topography 3198.1.1 Tectonics, Topography, and Large Rivers 3218.1.2 Indicators of Relations Between Rivers and Landscape Evolution 3238.1.3 Tectonic Influences on River Geometry 3238.1.4 Effects of River Incision on Tectonics 3248.1.5 Bedrock-Channel Incision and Landscape Evolution 3258.2 Climatic Signatures 3288.2.1 High Latitudes 3288.2.2 Low Latitudes 3318.2.3 Warm Drylands 3338.3 Spatial Differentiation Along a River 3368.4 Connectivity 3388.5 River Management in an Environmental Context 3428.5.1 Reference Conditions 3428.5.2 Restoration 3448.5.3 Instream, Channel Maintenance, and Environmental Flows 3508.5.4 River Health 3538.6 Rivers with a History 3558.7 The Greater Context 357References 361Index 491

ELLEN WOHL is a Professor in the Department of Geosciences at Colorado State University. She has over twenty-five years' experience in teaching fluvial geomorphology at the graduate level in courses with students from the earth sciences, civil engineering, ecology, and other disciplines. She has written several books about rivers for non-technical audiences as well as the more technical books Mountain Rivers, and its second edition, Mountain Rivers Revisited.

• Acknowledgements xi1 Introduction 11.1 Connectivity and Inequality 31.2 Six Degrees of Connection 81.3 Rivers as Integrators 111.4 Organization of this Volume 131.5 Understanding Rivers 151.5.1 The Colorado Front Range 151.6 Only Connect 262 Creating Channels and Channel Networks 272.1 Generating Water, Solutes, and Sediment 272.1.1 Generating Water 272.1.2 Generating Sediment and Solutes 282.2 Getting Water, Solutes, and Sediment Downslope to Channels 302.2.1 Downslope Pathways of Water 302.2.2 Downslope Movement of Sediment 392.2.3 Processes and Patterns of Water Chemistry Entering Channels 422.2.4 Influence of the Riparian Zone on Fluxes into Channels 432.3 Human Influences on Fluxes from Uplands to Channels 462.3.1 Climate Change 462.3.2 Altered Land Cover 482.3.2.1 Deforestation 482.3.2.2 Afforestation 492.3.2.3 Grazing 502.3.2.4 Crop Growth 502.3.2.5 Urbanization 502.3.2.6 Upland Mining 512.3.2.7 Land Drainage 522.3.2.8 Commercial Recreational Property Development 522.4 Channel Initiation 532.5 Extension and Development of the Drainage Network 572.5.1 Morphometric Indices and Scaling Laws 582.5.2 Optimality 612.6 Spatial Differentiation within Drainage Basins 622.7 Summary 64Part I Channel Processes I 673 Water Dynamics 693.1 Hydraulics 693.1.1 Flow Classification 703.1.2 Energy, Flow State, and Hydraulic Jumps 743.1.3 Uniform Flow Equations and Flow Resistance 763.1.4 Velocity and Turbulence 863.1.5 Measures of Energy Exerted Against the Channel Boundaries 933.1.6 Numerical Models of Hydraulics 943.2 Hydrology 953.2.1 Measuring Discharge 953.2.2 Indirectly Estimating Discharge 963.2.3 Modeling Discharge 1033.2.4 Flood Frequency Analysis 1053.2.5 Hydrographs and Flow Regime 1063.2.6 Other Parameters Used to Characterize Discharge 1103.2.7 Hyporheic Exchange and Hydrology 1103.2.8 River Hydrology in Cold Regions 1143.2.9 Human Influences on Hydrology 1153.2.9.1 Flow Regulation 1153.2.9.2 River Corridor Engineering 1223.2.10 The Natural Flow Regime 1233.3 Summary 124Part II Channel Processes II 1254 Fluvial Sediment Dynamics 1274.1 The Channel Bed and Initiation of Motion 1284.1.1 Bed Sediment Characterization 1284.1.2 Entrainment of Noncohesive Sediment 1294.1.2.1 Forces Acting on a Grain 1314.1.2.2 Grain Properties 1334.1.2.3 Turbulence 1344.1.2.4 Biotic Processes 1344.1.3 Erosion of Cohesive Beds 1354.1.3.1 Erosion of Bedrock 1354.1.3.2 Erosion of Cohesive Sediment 1394.2 Sediment Transport 1394.2.1 Dissolved Load 1394.2.1.1 Nitrogen 1414.2.1.2 Carbon 1414.2.1.3 Trace Metals 1434.2.1.4 Other Environments 1444.2.2 Suspended Load 1444.2.3 Bed Load 1514.2.3.1 Bed Load in Channels with Coarse-Grained Substrate: Coarse Surface Layer 1524.2.3.2 Bed Load in Channels with Coarse-Grained Substrate: Characteristics of Grain Movements 1544.2.3.3 Bed Load in Channels with Coarse-Grained Substrate: Controls on Bed-Load Dynamics 1564.2.3.4 Estimating Bed-Load Flux 1584.2.3.5 Field Measurements of Bed Load 1614.3 Bedforms 1634.3.1 Readily Mobile Bedforms 1634.3.2 Infrequently Mobile Bedforms 1674.3.2.1 Particle Clusters 1674.3.2.2 Transverse Ribs 1674.3.2.3 Steep Alluvial Channel Bedforms 1684.3.2.4 Step–Pool Channels 1694.3.2.5 Pool–Riffle Channels 1714.3.2.6 Bars 1754.3.3 Bedforms in Cohesive Sediments 1754.4 In-Channel Depositional Processes 1764.5 Downstream Trends in Grain Size 1784.6 Bank Stability and Erosion 1794.7 Sediment Budgets 1844.8 Human Influences on Sediment Dynamics 1894.9 The Natural Sediment Regime 1934.10 Summary 194Part III Channel Processes III 1975 Large Wood Dynamics 1995.1 The Continuum of Vegetation in River Corridors 1995.2 Recruitment of Wood to River Corridors 2015.3 Wood Entrainment and Transport 2035.4 Wood Deposition 2075.5 Wood Storage 2085.6 Wood Interactions with Water and Sediment 2125.7 Human Influences on Wood Dynamics 2155.8 The Natural Wood Regime 2165.9 Summary 2186 Channel Forms 2196.1 Cross-Sectional Geometry 2206.1.1 Bankfull, Dominant, and Effective Discharge 2206.1.2 Width-to-Depth Ratio 2226.1.3 Hydraulic Geometry 2236.1.3.1 At-A-Station Hydraulic Geometry 2236.1.3.2 Downstream Hydraulic Geometry 2256.1.4 Lane’s Balance 2266.1.5 Complex Response 2286.1.6 Channel Evolution Models 2286.2 Channel Planform 2316.2.1 Straight Channels 2326.2.2 Meandering Channels 2336.2.3 Wandering Channels 2386.2.4 Braided Channels 2396.2.5 Anabranching Channels 2446.2.6 Compound Channels 2466.2.7 Karst Channels 2466.2.8 Continuum Concept 2466.2.9 River Metamorphosis 2476.3 Confluences 2506.4 Bedrock Channels 2546.5 River Gradient 2556.5.1 Longitudinal Profile 2576.5.2 Stream Gradient Index 2616.5.3 Knickpoints 2626.6 Adjustment of Channel Form 2656.6.1 Extremal Hypotheses of Channel Adjustment 2666.6.2 Nonlinear Behavior and Alternative States 2676.6.3 Geomorphic Effects of Floods 2686.7 Human Influences on Channel Form 2706.8 Summary 2767 Extra-Channel Environments 2777.1 Floodplains 2777.1.1 Floodplain Functions 2787.1.2 Floodplain Hydrology 2817.1.3 Depositional Processes and Floodplain Stratigraphy 2817.1.4 Erosional Processes and Floodplain Turnover Times 2877.1.5 Downstream Trends in Floodplain Form and Process 2897.1.6 Classification of Floodplains 2907.1.7 Human Influences on Floodplains 2907.2 Terraces 2917.2.1 Terrace Classifications 2927.2.2 Mechanisms of Terrace Formation and Preservation 2957.2.3 Terraces as Paleoprofiles and Paleoenvironmental Indicators 2977.3 Alluvial Fans 3007.3.1 Erosional and Depositional Processes 3027.3.2 Fan Geometry and Stratigraphy 3037.3.3 Mapping, Studying, and Living on Fans 3057.4 Deltas 3067.4.1 Processes of Erosion and Deposition 3087.4.2 Delta Morphology and Stratigraphy 3097.4.3 Paleoenvironmental Records 3127.4.4 Deltas in the Anthropocene 3137.5 Estuaries 3147.6 Summary 3168 Rivers in the Landscape 3198.1 Rivers and Topography 3198.1.1 Tectonics, Topography, and Large Rivers 3218.1.2 Indicators of Relations Between Rivers and Landscape Evolution 3238.1.3 Tectonic Influences on River Geometry 3238.1.4 Effects of River Incision on Tectonics 3248.1.5 Bedrock-Channel Incision and Landscape Evolution 3258.2 Climatic Signatures 3288.2.1 High Latitudes 3288.2.2 Low Latitudes 3318.2.3 Warm Drylands 3338.3 Spatial Differentiation Along a River 3368.4 Connectivity 3388.5 River Management in an Environmental Context 3428.5.1 Reference Conditions 3428.5.2 Restoration 3448.5.3 Instream, Channel Maintenance, and Environmental Flows 3508.5.4 River Health 3538.6 Rivers with a History 3558.7 The Greater Context 357References 361Index 491