Syntax

Andrew Carnie is Vice Provost for Graduate Education, Dean of the Graduate College, and Professor of Linguistics at the University of Arizona, USA. He specializes in generative syntactic theory with an emphasis on constituency, VSO languages, copular constructions, and the Celtic Languages. He is the author of numerous publications, including Constituent Structure, Modern Syntax, and The Syntax Workbook: A Companion to Carnie's Syntax, and is the co-editor of The Routledge Handbook of Syntax.

“One noticeable quality that sets the work apart from other textbooks is its implicit tracing of the evolution of generative theory.” - LINGUIST List 33.1498

• Preface and Acknowledgments xiiiPart 1 Preliminaries 11 Generative Grammar 30. Preliminaries 31. Syntax as Science – the Scientific Method 42. Syntax as a Cognitive Science 123. Models of Syntax 134. Competence vs. Performance 135. A Clarification on the Word “Language” 156. Where Do the Rules Come From? 167. Choosing among Theories about Syntax 258. The Scientific Method and the Structure of this Textbook 259. Conclusion 26Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 27General Problem Sets 29Challenge Problem Sets 352 Parts of Speech 430. Words and Why They Matter to Syntax 431. Determining Part of Speech 442. The Major Parts of Speech: N, V, Adj, and Adv 473. Open vs. Closed; Lexical vs. Functional 504. Subcategories and Features 525. Conclusion 58Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 58General Problem Sets 59Challenge Problem Sets 633 Constituency, Trees, and Rules 670. Introduction 671. Rules and Trees 702. How to Draw a Tree 843. Modification and Ambiguity 904. Constituency Tests 915. Constituency in Other Languages 936. Conclusion 98Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 98General Problem Sets 99Challenge Problem Sets 1074 Structural Relations 1130. Introduction 1131. The Parts of a Tree 1142. Dominance 1163. Precedence 1194. C-command 1225. Grammatical Relations 1266. Conclusions 129Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 129General Problem Sets 131Challenge Problem Sets 1385 Binding Theory 1410. Introduction 1411. The Notions Coindex and Antecedent 1432. Binding 1443. Locality Conditions on the Binding of Anaphors 1464. The Distribution of Pronouns 1485. The Distribution of R-expressions 1486. Why Does Binding Theory Matter to Syntacticians 1496. Conclusion 151Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 151General Problem Sets 152Challenge Problem Sets 154Part 2 The Base 1596 X-bar Theory 1610. Introduction 1611. Bar-level Projections 1632. Generalizing the Rules: The X-bar Schema 1683. Complements, Adjuncts, and Specifiers 1704. Some Definitional Housekeeping 1795. Parameters of Word Order 1806. Drawing Trees in X-bar Notation 1827. Conclusion 199Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 200General Problem Sets 201Challenge Problem Sets 2097 Extending X-bar Theory to Functional Categories 2130. Introduction 2131. Determiner Phrases (DPs) 2142. A Descriptive Tangent into Clause Types 2173. Complementizer Phrases (CPs) 2214. Tense, Perfect, Progressive and Voice Phrases 223Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 234General Problem Sets 236Challenge Problem Sets 2388 Constraining X-bar: Theta Theory 2430. Introduction 2431. Some Basic Terminology 2442. Thematic Relations and Theta Roles 2453. The Lexicon 2504. Expletives and the Extended Projection Principle 2525. Conclusion 253Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 254General Problem Sets 255Challenge Problem Sets 2599 Theta Grids and Functional Categories 2650. Introduction 2651. Complementizers 2662. Determiners 2693. Using Theta Grids for English Auxiliaries 2734. Main verbs vs. Auxiliaries 2845. Conclusion 287Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 287General Problem Sets 288Challenge Problem Sets 292Part 3 Movement 29510 Head-to-Head Movement 2970. Introduction 2971. Verb Movement (V → T) 3002. T Movement (T → C) 3143. Do-support 317Appendix: Determining if a Language has V → T Movement 318Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 318General Problem Sets 319Challenge Problem Sets 32411 DP Movement 3310. Introduction 3311. A Puzzle for the Theory of Theta Roles 3322. Passives 3373. Case 3414. Raising: Reprise 3455. Passives: Reprise 3476. Inherently Passive Verbs: Unaccusatives 3487. DP Movement in SVO vs. VSO Languages 3518. Conclusion 353Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 353General Problem Sets 354Challenge Problem Sets 36012 Wh-movement and Locality Constraints 3650. Introduction 3651. Movement in Wh-questions 3662. Relative Clauses 3753. Islands 3794. The Minimal Link Condition 3825. Echo Questions (Wh-in-situ) in English 3866. Conclusion 387Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 388General Problem Sets 389Challenge Problem Sets 39213 A Unified Theory of Movement 3950. Introduction 3951. Move 3972. Explaining Cross-linguistic Differences 4003. Scope, Covert Movement, and the MLC 4044. Conclusion 406Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 407General Problem Sets 407Challenge Problem Sets 408Part 4 Advanced Topics 41114 Ditransitives 4130. Introduction 4131. The Problem of Ditransitive Verbs 4142. The Active Voice Head 4153. Object Shift 4174. Ditransitives: Reprise 422Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 426General Problem Sets 426Challenge Problem Sets 42815 Raising, Control, and Empty Categories 4290. Introduction 4291. Raising vs. Control 4302. Two Kinds of Raising, Two Kinds of Control 4383. Control Theory 4434. Another Kind of Null Subject: “Little” pro 4465. Conclusion 447Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 447General Problem Sets 448Challenge Problem Sets 45016 Ellipsis 4530. Ellipsis 4531. LF-copying or PF-deletion 4552. Antecedent-Contained Deletion and Pseudogapping 4613. Conclusion 464Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 464General Problem Sets 466Challenge Problem Sets 46817 Advanced Topics in Binding Theory 4710. Introduction 4711. Levels of Representation 4722. The Definition of Binding Domain 473Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 479General Problem Sets 479Challenge Problem Sets 48118 Polysynthesis, Incorporation, and Non-configurationality 4830. Introduction 4831. Polysynthesis 4842. Incorporation 4863. Scrambling and Non-configurationality 4874. Conclusion 495Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 495General Problem Sets 496Challenge Problem Sets 49719 Merge 4990. Introduction 4991. External Merge 5002. Internal Merge 5053. Conclusion 506Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 507General Problem Sets 507Challenge Problem Sets 508Conclusions and Directions for Further Study 509References 511Index 521