Telemedicine Technologies

Bernard Fong is currently with Providence University, Taiwan. He received his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of New South Wales in 1993 and 2005, respectively. A. C. M. Fong is currently with Western Michigan University, USA. He graduated from Imperial College London and the University of Oxford, UK. C. K. Li is currently with Alpha Positive Clinic, Hong Kong. He received his MSc degree from the University of London and PhD degree from the University of Westminster, UK.

• Foreword xiPreface xiiiAcknowledgments xvAbout the Book xviiBook Overview xix1 Introduction 11.1 Information Technology and Healthcare Professionals 11.2 Providing Healthcare to Patients 21.2.1 Technical Perspectives 41.2.2 Healthcare Providers 51.2.3 End Users 51.2.4 Authorities 61.3 Healthcare Informatics Developments 61.4 Different Definitions of Telemedicine 81.5 The Growth of E-health to M-health 111.5.1 Evolving from the Internet 111.5.2 Digital Health on the Move 121.5.3 Data is Sent as a Sequence of “Packets” 131.6 The Connected World Between Human and Devices 14References 142 Communication Networks and Services 172.1 The Basics of Wireless Communications 172.1.1 Wired vs. Wireless 192.1.2 Conducting vs. Optical Cables 202.1.3 Data Transmission Speed 222.1.4 Electromagnetic Interference 232.1.5 Modulation 232.2 Types of Wireless Networks 242.2.1 Bluetooth 242.2.2 Infrared (IR) 252.2.3 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Wi-Fi 252.2.4 ZigBee 262.2.5 Li-Fi 262.2.6 Cellular Networks 262.2.7 Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) 282.2.8 Satellite Networks 292.2.9 Licensed and Unlicensed Frequency Bands 292.3 M-health and Telemedicine Applications 292.4 The Outdoor Operating Environment 302.5 RFID in Telemedicine 35References 383 Information and Communications Technology in Health Monitoring 413.1 Body Area Networks 423.2 Emergency Rescue 443.2.1 At the Scene 453.2.2 Smart Ambulance 473.2.3 Network Backbone 493.2.4 At the Hospital 503.2.5 The Authority 503.3 Remote Recovery 513.3.1 At Sea 513.3.2 Forests and Mountains 523.3.3 Buildings on Fire 533.4 Smart Hospital 553.4.1 Radiology Detects Cancer and Abnormality 563.4.2 Robot Assisted Telesurgery 583.4.3 Ward Management Using RFID 593.4.4 Electromagnetic Interference on Medical Instrument 613.4.5 Smart Wearable Integration 613.5 General Health Assessments 613.5.1 Case Study I: Fitness Monitoring for a Morning Jog 623.5.2 Case Study II: Gym Workout 633.5.3 Case Study III: Swimming 643.6 Multisensory Stimulation for Aging Care 66References 684 Data Analytics and Medical Information Processing 714.1 Noninvasive Health Data Collection 724.1.1 Body Temperature 734.1.2 Heart Rate 754.1.3 Blood Pressure 784.1.4 Respiration Rate 804.1.5 Blood Oxygen Saturation 814.1.6 Blood Glucose Concentration 834.2 Biosignal Transmission and Processing 834.2.1 Medical Imaging 844.2.1.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 854.2.1.2 X-ray 854.2.1.3 Ultrasound 894.2.2 Medical Image Transmission and Analysis 904.2.3 Image Compression 934.2.4 Biopotential Electrode Sensing 944.3 Patient Records and Data Mining Applications 984.4 Knowledge Management for Clinical Applications 1014.5 Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Digital Health 1044.5.1 Deep Learning 1064.5.2 AI in Mobile Health 1074.5.3 Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) 1094.5.4 Electronic Drug Store 110References 1115 Wireless Telemedicine System Deployment 1155.1 Planning and Deployment Considerations 1165.1.1 The OSI Model 1175.1.2 Site Survey 1195.1.3 Standalone Ad Hoc Versus Centrally Coordinated Networks 1205.1.4 Link Budget Evaluation 1215.1.5 Antenna Placement 1225.2 Scalability to Support Future Growth 1235.2.1 Modulation 1245.2.2 Cellular Configuration 1255.2.3 Multiple Access 1275.2.4 Orthogonal Polarization 1305.3 Integration with Existing IT Infrastructure 1325.3.1 Middleware 1335.3.2 Database 1335.3.3 Involving Different People 1345.4 Evaluating an IT Service and Solution Provider 1355.4.1 Outsourcing 1355.4.2 Preparing for the Future 1365.4.3 Reliability and Liability 1365.5 Quality Assurance 1385.6 IoT and Cloud Integration 1405.6.1 IoT in Telemedicine 1405.6.2 Patient Location Tracking 1425.6.3 Cloud for Patients and Practitioners 144References 1456 Safeguarding Medical Data and Privacy 1476.1 Information Security Overview 1476.1.1 What are the Risks? 1486.1.2 Computer Viruses 1516.1.3 Security Devices 1526.1.4 Security Management 1526.2 Cryptography 1546.2.1 Certificate 1556.2.2 Symmetric Cryptography 1566.2.3 Asymmetric Cryptography 1566.2.4 Digital Signature 1586.3 Safeguarding Patient Medical History 1596.3.1 National Electronic Patient Record 1596.3.2 Personal Controlled Health Record (PCHR) 1606.3.3 Patients’ Concerns 1616.4 Anonymous Data Collection and Processing 1616.4.1 Information Sharing Between Different Authorities and Agencies 1626.4.2 Disease Control 1646.4.3 Policy Planning 1666.5 Biometric Security and Identification 1696.5.1 Fingerprint Recognition 1706.5.2 Palmprint Recognition 1726.5.3 Iris and Retina Recognition 1746.5.4 Facial Recognition 1766.5.5 Voice Recognition 1776.6 Conclusion 178References 1797 Information Technology in Alternative Medicine 1837.1 Technology for Natural Healing and Preventive Care 1847.1.1 Acupuncture and Acupressure 1847.1.2 Body Contour and Acupoints 1867.1.3 Temporary On-scene Relief Treatment Support 1887.1.4 Herbal Medicine 1907.2 Interactive Gaming for Healthcare 1917.2.1 Games and Physical Exercise: eSport 1917.2.2 Monitoring and Optimizing Children’s Health 1917.2.3 Wireless Control Technology 1937.3 Consumer Electronics in Healthcare 1947.3.1 Assortment of Consumer Appliances 1957.3.2 Safety and Design Considerations 1967.3.3 Marketing Myths, What Something Claims to Achieve 1977.4 Telehealth in General Healthcare and Fitness 1977.4.1 Technology Assisted Exercise 1987.4.2 In the Gym 1997.4.3 Continual Health Assessment 200References 2018 Digital Health for Community Care 2058.1 Telecare 2058.1.1 Telehealth 2068.1.2 Equipment 2078.1.3 Sensory Therapy 2098.1.4 Are we Ready? 2098.1.5 Liability 2108.2 Safeguarding Senior Citizens and the Aging Population 2108.2.1 Telecare for Senior Citizens 2128.2.2 The User Interface 2178.2.3 Active Versus Responsive 2198.2.4 Supporting Independent Living 2208.3 Telemedicine in Physiotherapy 2218.3.1 Movement Detection 2218.3.2 Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2248.3.3 Active Prevention 2248.4 Healthcare Access for Rural Areas 2268.5 Healthcare Technology and the Environment 2288.5.1 A Long History 2298.5.2 Energy Conservation and Safety 2318.5.3 Medical Radiation: Risks, Myths, and Misperceptions 232References 2359 Wearable Healthcare 2399.1 From Mobile to Wearable 2399.1.1 Size Matters 2399.1.2 Continuous Versus Continual Monitoring 2429.1.3 Wearable Monitoring for Everyone 2439.2 Medical Devices Versus Consumer Electronics Gadgets 2459.2.1 Definition of Medical Devices 2459.2.2 Device Classification 2469.3 Connectivity 2489.3.1 Deployment Options 2489.3.2 Connectivity for Quality Monitoring 2499.4 Enhancing Caring Efficiency 2499.4.1 Mobility Assistance 2509.4.2 Preparation for an Emergency Situation: A Case Study of a Nursing Home 2519.5 Wearable Physiotherapy 252References 25310 Smart and Assistive Technologies 25710.1 Affordability in Assistive Technologies 25710.1.1 Assistive Technology Becomes Affordable 25710.1.2 Connecting People and Machines 25810.1.3 Emotional Intelligence: Remaining Happy and Healthy 25810.2 Smart Home Integration 25910.2.1 Consumer Electronics in the Home Setting 25910.2.2 Integrating Healthcare and Lifestyle into the Home 26010.3 Digital Health in Improving Treatment 26110.3.1 Treatment Innovations 26110.3.2 Smart Pills 26310.4 Prognostics in Telemedicine 26510.4.1 Smart Network Management in Telemedicine 26510.4.2 Self-calibration 26910.5 Clothing Technology in Telehealth 27010.5.1 Self-powered Devices 27110.5.2 Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring Wristband: A Case Study 272References 27311 Future Trends in Healthcare Technology 27711.1 Haptic Sensing for Practitioners 27711.2 Business Intelligence in Healthcare Prevention 27811.2.1 Medical Tourism 27911.2.2 Cyber Physical Systems 27911.3 Cross-border Care: A Case Study of Syndromic Surveillance 28211.4 5G-basedWireless Telemedicine 28311.4.1 5G and IoT to Tackle DCD: A Case Study 28511.4.2 Faster Wireless Communications for Supporting Virtual Reality (VR) in Telemedicine 28511.5 The Future of Telemedicine and Information Technology for Everyone: From Newborn to Becoming a Medical Professional all the Way Through to Retirement 286References 290Index 293