Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy

Durgesh Nandini Chauhan completed her M.Pharma in pharmaceutics from Uttar Pradesh at the Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow in 2006. She is currently working as Assistant Professor in Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. She has written more than 10 articles in national and international journals, 15 book chapters, and edited 4 books. Prabhu Raj Singh obtained his Master of Dental Surgery in Prosthodontics from Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental and Medical Science, Lucknow in 2017. He is working in Sinhgad Education Society as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Prosthodontics. Kamal Shah has more than 14 years of research and teaching experience and currently is an Associate Professor at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India. He has completed B.Pharma from Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) in 2003. He was gold medalist in B.Pharm., M.Pharm. from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar University, Sagar, India and PhD from APJ Kalam University Lucknow, India. He has written more than 30 articles published in national and international journals and 6 book chapters. Nagendra Singh Chauhan obtained his M.Pharm, Ph.D from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar in 2006 and 2011. He is currently working as a Senior Scientific Officer Grade-II and Government Analyst at the Drugs Testing Laboratory Avam Anusandhan Kendra, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. He has professional expertise in natural product isolation and phytopharmacology. He has written more than 50 articles published in national and international journals, 22 book chapters and edited one book. He has citations of more than 1400 with h-index 21 and i10 index of 32 (Google scholar) and Scopus h-index 15; 669 citations.

• Preface xixForeword xxiiiPart I: Natural Oral Care 11 Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy: Current and Future Prospects 3Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Prabhu Raj Singh, Kamal Shah and Nagendra Singh Chauhan1.1 Introduction 31.2 Safety of Natural Oral Care 151.3 Advantage of Natural Oral Care 151.4 Limitations of Natural Oral Care 161.5 Future Prospects of Natural Oral Care 16References 172 Herbal Products for Oral Hygiene: An Overview of Their Biological Activities 31Ummuhan Sebnem Harput2.1 Introduction 312.2 Oral Hygiene and Current Treatments 332.3 Plants Traditionally Used in Oral Hygiene 332.4 Clinically Studied Plant Product for Oral Hygiene 352.5 In Vitro Studied Herbal Product for Oral Hygiene 372.6 Discussion 402.7 Conclusion 41References 413 Go Green—Periodontal Care in the Natural Way 45Siddhartha Varma and Sameer Anil Zope3.1 Introduction 453.2 Plaque Control 463.3 Dant Dhavani (Brushing) 463.4 Jivha Lekhana (Tongue Scrapping) 473.5 Gandusha (Gargling) or Oil Pulling 483.6 Oxidative Stress in Periodontitis 483.7 Green Tea 483.7.1 Components 483.7.2 Beneficial Effects of Various Tea Components 493.7.2.1 Antioxidative Effect 493.7.3 Role in Managing Periodontitis 493.8 Turmeric (Curcumin longa, Haldi) 493.8.1 Applications of Turmeric in Dentistry 493.9 Amala (Emblica officinalis, Amalaki, Phyllanthus emblica, Indian Gooseberry, Dhatriphala) 503.10 Anar/Dalima (Punica granatum) 503.11 Launga/Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) 503.12 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) 513.13 Amra/Mango (Magnifera indica) 513.14 Neem (Azadirachta indica) 513.15 Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) 513.16 Nilgiri (Eucalyptus globulus) 523.17 Tila/Sesame (Sesamum indicum) 523.18 Triphala 523.19 Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Oil) 523.20 Rumi Mastagi/Mastic Gum (Pistacia lentiscus) 533.21 Wheat Grass 533.22 Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) 533.23 Licorice Root 533.24 Myrrh (Commiphora glileadenis) 543.25 Psidium guajava 543.26 Ginkbo Biloba 543.27 Honey 543.28 Other Herbs Which Can Be Potentially Used for Treating Periodontitis 553.29 Conclusion 55References 564 Role of Herbal and Natural Products in the Management of Potentially Malignant Oral Disorders 61P. Kalyana Chakravarthy, Komal Smriti and Sravan Kumar Yeturu4.1 Introduction 614.2 Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) 624.2.1 Background 624.2.2 Beta-Carotene 634.2.3 Lycopene 644.2.4 Aloe Vera 654.2.5 Colchicine 664.2.6 Tea Pigments 664.2.7 Spirulina 664.2.8 Chinese Herbal Medicines 674.2.9 Turmeric and Derivatives, Nigella sativa, Ocimum 684.2.10 Polyherbal Formulations 684.2.11 Ayurvedic Formulations 694.2.12 Conclusion 694.3 Oral Leukoplakia (OL) 704.3.1 Background 704.3.2 Green Tea and Extracts 704.3.3 Beta-Carotene (βC) 714.3.4 Lycopene 724.3.5 Curcumin 724.3.6 Miscellaneous 734.3.6.1 Alpha-Tocopherol 734.3.6.2 Chinese Herbs 734.3.6.3 Bowman–Birk Inhibitor Concentrate (BBIC) 734.3.7 Conclusion 734.4 Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) 744.4.1 Conclusion 75References 75Part II: Studies of Plants Used in Dental Disease 815 Studies on the Anticariogenic Potential of Medicinal Plant Seed and Fruit Extracts 83Disha M. Patel, Jenabhai B. Chauhan and Kalpesh B. Ishnava5.1 Introduction 835.2 Materials and Methods 855.2.1 Plant Materials 855.2.2 Preparation of Plant Seed and Fruit Extracts 855.2.3 Cariogenic Bacterial Strains 855.2.4 Preparation of Inoculums 865.2.5 Anticariogenic Activity Screening of Plant Extracts 875.2.5.1 Agar Well Diffusion Assay 875.2.5.2 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 875.2.6 Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis 875.2.7 Analytical Thin Layer Chromatography 875.2.8 TLC—Bioautography 885.3 Result and Discussion 885.3.1 MIC Value of Effective Plant Extracts 915.3.2 Phytochemical Screening and Bioautography 925.4 Conclusion 94Acknowledgments 95References 956 Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Turmeric and Aloe Vera in a Gingivitis Model 97Karen Esperanza Almanza-Aranda, Miguel Aranda-Fonseca, Gabriela Velazquez-Plascencia and Rene Garcia-Contreras6.1 Introduction 976.2 Gingivitis and Periodontitis 986.3 Aloe Vera 996.3.1 Aloe Vera for Gingivitis and Periodontitis 1006.3.2 Aloe Vera: Other Oral Applications 1006.4 Turmeric 1006.4.1 Turmeric for Gingivitis and Periodontitis 1016.4.2 Turmeric: Other Oral Applications 1016.5 Methodology 1026.5.1 Materials and Methods 1026.5.1.1 Authorization 1026.5.1.2 Cell Culture 1026.5.1.3 Cell Subculture 1026.5.1.4 Cytotoxicity Test 1036.5.1.5 Anti-Inflammatory Activity in a Gingivitis Model 1036.5.1.6 Statistical Analysis 1046.5.2 Results 1046.5.2.1 Cytotoxicity 1046.5.2.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity in a Gingivitis Model 1056.5.3 Discussion 1056.5.3.1 Cytotoxicity 1056.5.3.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity 1066.6 Perspectives for the Future 1076.7 Conclusions 107References 1077 Effects of Bauhinia forficata Link in Reducing Streptococcus mutans Biofilm on Teeth 111Julio Cesar C. Ferreira-Filho, Mariana Leonel Martins, Andressa Temperini de Oliveira Marre, Juliana Soares de Sá Almeida, Leandro de Araújo Lobo, Adriano Gomes Cruz, Marlon Máximo de Andrade, Thiago Isidro Vieira, Maria Teresa Villela Romanos, Lucianne Cople Maia, Ana Maria Gondim Valença and Andréa Fonseca-Gonçalves7.1 Introduction 1127.2 Materials and Methods 1127.2.1 Recognition, Production, and Chemical Characterization of Ethanolic Tincture From B. forficata L. Leaves 1127.2.2 Microbial Strains and Preparation of Inoculum 1137.2.3 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) 1137.2.4 Kill-Kinetic Assay 1137.2.5 Cytotoxic Potential 1147.2.6 Tooth Selection and Preparation for Microbiologic Assay Using an S. mutans Biofilm 1147.2.7 Statistical Analysis 1157.3 Results and Discussion 1157.4 Final Considerations 118Acknowledgments 118References 1198 Antimicrobial Effect of a Cardamom Ethanolic Extract on Oral Biofilm: An Ex Vivo Study 121Marina Fernandes Binimeliz, Mariana Leonel Martins, Julio Cesar Campos Ferreira Filho, Lucio Mendes Cabral, Adriano Gomes da Cruz, Lucianne Cople Maia and Andréa Fonseca-Gonçalves8.1 Introduction 1218.2 Materials and Methods 1228.2.1 Cardamom Extract Production 1228.2.2 Physical Analyses 1238.2.3 Bacterial Strains and Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration 1238.2.4 Salivary Collection for Biofilm Formation (Ex Vivo Experiment) 1248.2.5 Biofilm Formation and Treatment 1248.2.6 Statistical Analyses 1278.3 Results and Discussion 1278.4 Final Considerations 129Acknowledgment 129References 1299 Effect of Punica granatum Peel Extract on Growth of Candida albicans in Oral Mucosa of Diabetic Male Rats 133Maryam Eidi and Fatemeh Noorbakhsh9.1 Introduction 1339.2 Materials and Methods 1349.2.1 Hydro-Methanolic Extract 1349.2.2 Candida albicans Inoculation 1349.2.3 Animal 1349.2.4 Statistical Analysis 1359.3 Results and Discussion 1359.4 Conclusion 136Acknowledgment 136References 137Part III: Applications of Natural Products in Oral Care 13910 Effect of Oil Pulling on Oral Health 141Sameer Anil Zope and Siddhartha Varma10.1 Introduction 14110.2 What is Oil Pulling (Snaihik Gandoosh)? 14210.3 How Does Oil Pulling Work? 14310.4 Composition and Various Activities of Most Commonly Used Oils for Oil Pulling 14310.4.1 Sesame Oil 14310.4.1.1 Antioxidant Activity 14310.4.1.2 Antimicrobial Activity 14410.4.2 Coconut Oil 14510.4.2.1 Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiviral Activity 14510.4.2.2 Antinociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Anti-Ulcer Activity 14510.5 Procedure of Oil Pulling 14610.6 Effects of Oil Pulling on Oral Health 14610.6.1 Dental Caries 14610.6.2 Plaque-Induced Gingivitis 14710.6.3 Halitosis 14810.6.4 Oral Thrush 14910.6.5 Xerostomia and Burning Mouth Syndrome 14910.7 Drawbacks of Oil Pulling 150References 15011 Role of Proteolytic Enzymes in Dental Care 153P. Kalyana Chakravarthy and Sravan Kumar Yeturu11.1 Introduction 15311.2 Role of Proteolytic Enzymes in Oral Surgery 15411.2.1 Post-Extraction Management 15411.2.2 Post-Surgical Facial Ecchymosis and or Edema 15511.2.3 Enhanced the Action of Antibiotics 15611.2.4 Effect of Bromelain on Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis 15611.3 Role of Proteolytic Enzymes in Cancer and Oral Mucositis 15611.3.1 Cancer 15611.3.2 Management in Oral Mucositis 15711.4 Osteoarthritis 15711.5 Anti-Microbial Action 15811.6 Treatment of Dental Carious Lesions 15911.6.1 Laboratory Studies 15911.6.2 Clinical Studies 16011.7 Improvement in Bonding of Orthodontics Brackets 16111.8 Role on Biofilm Control (Plaque, Gingivitis, and Oral Malodor) 16311.9 Extrinsic Stain Removal on the Teeth 16411.10 Role in Replantation of the Avulsed Tooth 16511.11 Effect of Bromelain on Immunogenicity 16511.12 Other Possible Applications and Scope for Future Research 165References 16512 The Effect of Probiotic on Oral Health 171Patricia Nadelman, Marcela Baraúna Magno, Mariana Farias da Cruz, Adriano Gomes da Cruz, Matheus Melo Pithon, Andréa Fonseca-Gonçalves and Lucianne Cople Maia12.1 Introduction 17112.2 Overview of Oral Communities and Probiotic-Based Therapy to Oral Dysbiosis 17212.3 Probiotics Mechanisms of Action 17512.4 Dental Caries 17612.4.1 Definition and Etiopathology 17612.4.2 Probiotics and Dental Caries 17912.4.3 Probiotic-Contained Dairy Products and Dental Caries 17912.4.4 Probiotic Powder and Dental Caries 18012.4.5 Probiotic Tablets and Lozenges and Dental Caries 18012.4.6 Probiotic Mouthwashes and Dental Caries 18112.5 Periodontal Disease 18112.5.1 Definition and Etiopathology 18112.5.2 Probiotics and Periodontal Diseases 18212.6 Oral Candidiasis 18312.6.1 Definition and Etiopathology 18312.6.2 Probiotics and Oral Candidiasis 18412.7 Halitosis 18512.7.1 Definition and Etiopathology 18512.7.2 Probiotics and Halitosis 18512.8 Conclusion 186Acknowledgments 186References 18613 Charcoal in Dentistry 197Abhilasha Thakur, Aditya Ganeshpurkar and Anupam Jaiswal13.1 Introduction 19713.2 Charcoal Production Methods 19913.2.1 The Traditional Method 19913.2.2 The Modern Methods 19913.3 Uses of Charcoal 20013.3.1 Medicinal Uses 20013.3.2 Non-Medicinal Uses 20113.4 Charcoal Containing Oral and Dental Care Products 20113.5 Benefits of Using Charcoal Containing Oral and Dental Care Products 20413.5.1 Removes Stains and Whitens Teeth 20413.5.2 Removes Acidic Plaque 20413.5.3 Gives Fresh Breath and Improves Halitosis 20413.5.4 Remineralize Teeth 20513.5.5 Helps Overall Dental Health 20513.5.6 Protects From Infection 20513.5.7 Cost Effective for Regular Basis Use 20513.6 Precautions to be Taken While Using Charcoal Containing Oral and Dental Care Products 20613.7 Conclusion 207References 20714 Propolis Benefits in Oral Health 211Mariana Leonel Martins, Karla Lorene de França Leite, Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti, Lucianne Cople Maia and Andréa Fonseca-Gonçalves14.1 Introduction 21114.2 Types of Propolis 21314.2.1 Brown Propolis 21314.2.2 Green Propolis 21414.2.3 Red Propolis 21414.3 Biological Properties of Propolis 21514.3.1 Oral Antibacterial Activity 21614.3.2 Oral Antifungal Activity 21914.4 Other Biological Properties of Propolis 22014.4.1 Anti-Inflammatory Activity 22014.4.2 Antioxidant Activity 22114.4.3 Anticancer Activity 22114.5 Benefits for Oral Health and Applications in Dentistry 22114.6 Final Considerations 222Acknowledgment 223References 22315 Grape Seed Extract in Dental Therapy 229Anusuya V, Ashok Kumar Jena and Jitendra Sharan15.1 Introduction 22915.2 Part I: Basics About Grape Seed Extracts 23015.2.1 Components of Grape Seed Extracts 23015.2.2 Chemical Structure 23115.2.3 Types of GSEs 23215.2.4 Methods of Separation 23215.2.5 Factors Influencing the Quality and Quantity of Polyphenols in the GSEs 23415.2.6 Physical Properties of Polyphenols 23515.2.7 Biochemical Properties (Biological and Pharmacological) 23615.3 Part II: Biological Applications in Dentistry 24015.3.1 GSEs in Dental Caries 24015.3.2 Anti-Erosive Agent (Prevention of Enamel erosion) 24215.3.3 Antiplaque Effect 24315.3.4 Antibacterial Agent 24415.3.5 Biomodifier 24515.3.6 GSEs as a Remineralizing Agent—Existing Dilemma 24715.4 GSEs in Restorative Dentistry 24815.4.1 GSE as Cross-Linking Agent 24815.4.2 GSE in Bonding 24915.5 GSEs in Endodontic Treatment 25015.5.1 Endodontic Irrigants 25015.5.2 Post Endodontic Restorations 25115.6 GSEs in Periodontics 25115.6.1 Anti-Inflammatory Action in Periodontitis 25215.6.2 Anti-Oxidative Action in Periodontitis 25215.6.3 Antibacterial Action Against Periodontal Pathogens 25315.6.4 Antimicrobial Activity in Peri-Implantitis 25315.7 GSEs in Oral Cancer 25415.8 Conclusion 254References 25516 Ocimum Sanctum L: Promising Agent for Oral Health Care Management 259Trinette Fernandes, Anisha D’souza and Sujata P. Sawarkar16.1 Introduction 25916.2 History of Ocimum sanctum 26016.3 Chemical Constituents of Ocimum sanctum 26016.4 Therapeutic Significance of Ocimum in Dental Health and Preventive Care Management 26216.5 Novel Drug Delivery Formulations and Its Application in Dentistry 26416.5.1 Nanofibers 26416.5.2 β-Cyclodextrin Complexes 26416.5.3 Nanoparticles of Biocompatible Ocimum sanctum-Coated Silver Nanoparticles 26416.6 Conclusion 265References 26617 Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.): A Natural Gift to Humans for Dental Ministrations 271Navneet Kishore and Akhilesh Kumar Verma17.1 Introduction 27117.2 Traditional Usage and Ethnopharmacological Relevance 27217.3 Pharmacological Properties of Coconut 27317.4 Role of Coconut Tree in Dental Ministrations 27417.5 Exemplary Potential of Coconut Water in Dentistry 27517.6 Other Significance of Coconut 27617.6.1 Economic Value of Coconut Leaves 27617.6.2 Use of Coconut Heart 27717.6.3 Significance of Spathe and Inflorescence 27717.6.4 Potential of Coconut Fruits 27717.6.5 Usage of Coconut Milk 27717.6.6 Importance of Coconut Shell 27717.6.7 Commercial Usage of Husk Fibers 27817.6.8 Economic Importance of Coconut Stems 27817.6.9 Convention of Coconut Roots 27817.7 Active Constituent Identified from Coconut 27817.8 Future Prospective 27917.9 Conclusions 280Acknowledgments 280References 28118 Salvadora persica L. (Miswak): An Effective Folklore Toothbrush 285Sujata P. Sawarkar, Anisha D’souza and Trinette Fernandes18.1 Introduction 28518.2 History 28618.3 Chemical Constituents 28618.4 Extraction, Isolation, Identification of Chemical Constituents 28718.5 Pharmacology—Therapeutic Activity of Salvadora persica L. 28718.5.1 Theories for Miswak Activities 28718.5.2 Antibacterial and Antifungal 28818.5.3 Anti-Viral Effect 29018.5.4 Anti-Cariogenic Effect 29018.5.5 Antiplaque Effect 29018.5.6 Antiperiodontitis Effect 29018.5.7 Whitening Effect 29118.6 Conclusion 292References 29219 Triphala and Oral Health 297Kamal Shigli, Sushma S Nayak, Mrinal Shete, Vasanti Lagali Jirge and Veerendra Nanjwade19.1 Introduction 29719.2 Taxonomical Classification 29819.3 Chief Phytoconstituents 29819.4 Role of Triphala in Dentistry 30019.4.1 Anti-Caries Activity 30019.4.2 Triphala as a Root Canal Irrigant 30019.4.3 Anti-Microbial and Anti-Oxidant Effect of Triphala 30619.4.4 Role of Triphala in Periodontal Diseases 30619.4.5 Triphala as a Mouth Rinse 30619.4.6 Anti-Candida Activity of Triphala 30619.4.7 Anti-Collagenase Activity of Triphala 30619.5 Pharmacological Activities of Triphala and Future Research 30719.5.1 Anticancer and Antioxidant Activity of Triphala 30719.5.2 Wound Healing Properties 30719.5.3 Antibacterial Activity of Triphala 30719.5.4 Anti-Diabetic Effect 30719.5.5 Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Antipyretic Effect 30719.5.6 Immunomodulatory Effect 30819.6 Public Health Importance 30819.7 Formulation Using Triphala 30819.6 Conclusion 308References 30920 Azadirachta indica (Neem): An Ancient Indian Boon to the Contemporary World of Dentistry 313Sri Chandana Tanguturi, Sumanth Gunupati and Sreenivas Nagarakanti20.1 Introduction 31320.2 Vital Bioactive Compounds of Neem 31420.2.1 Nimbidin 31420.2.2 Azadirachtin 31520.2.3 Nimbolide 31520.2.4 Gedunin 31520.2.5 Mahmoodin 31520.2.6 Tannins 31520.2.7 Diterpenoids 31520.3 How to Distinguish Azadirachta Indica (Neem) from its Common Adulterant Melia Azedarach 31620.4 Therapeutic Applications of Neem 31620.4.1 Neem as an Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic Agent 31720.4.2 Antioxidant Activity 31720.4.3 Anticancerous Activity 31720.4.4 Antimicrobial Activity 31820.4.4.1 Antibacterial Activity 31820.4.4.2 Antiviral Activity 31820.4.4.3 Antifungal Activity 31820.4.4.4 Antimalarial Activity 31820.4.5 Wound Healing Effect 31820.5 Applications of Neem in Dentistry 31820.5.1 Neem in Treatment of Periodontal Diseases 31920.5.2 Role of Neem in Endodontics 31920.5.3 Potent Role of Neem in Preventive Dentistry 32020.5.3.1 Application in Dental Erosion Therapy 32020.5.3.2 Anti-Microbial Activity 32020.5.3.3 Anticaries Activity of Neem 32020.5.3.4 Anti-Candidiasis Property 32120.5.3.5 Anti-Cancer Property 32120.6 Literature Supporting the Use of Neem in Dentistry 32120.7 Toxicity and Safety 32220.8 Contamination and Adulteration 32220.9 Drug Interactions 32220.10 Neem’s Prospects in Dentistry 32320.11 Action Points and Recommendations for Health Care Professionals 32320.12 Conclusion 323References 32421 Ginger in Oral Care 329Aditya Ganeshpurkar, Abhilasha Thakur and Anupam Jaiswal21.1 Introduction 32921.2 Description 33021.3 Macroscopic Characteristics 33021.4 Pharmacognostic Standards 33021.5 Nutrient Composition 33121.6 Pharmacological and Medicinal Effects 33121.6.1 Oral Analgesic Effect 33121.6.2 Antimicrobial Effect 33221.6.3 Anti-Carries Activity 33321.6.4 Anti-Decay Effect 33321.6.5 Healing Effect in Root Canal Therapy 33421.6.6 Anti-Xerostomia Effect 33421.6.7 Anti-Pyorrhea Effect 33521.6.8 Anti-Thrush Effect 33521.6.9 Anti-Herpes Effect 33621.6.10 Tooth Polishing 33621.6.11 Mouth Deodorizing Effect 33621.6.12 Anticancer Effect 33821.6.13 Protection Against Aphthous Stomatitis 33821.6.14 Effect on Dentin Hardness 33821.7 Pharmacokinetics 33921.8 Toxicological Studies 33921.9 Conclusion 339References 34022 Effectiveness of Allium sativum on Bacterial Oral Infection 345Vesna Karic, Anupam Jaiswal, Heidi Abrahamse, Abhilasha Thakur and Aditya Ganeshpurkar22.1 Introduction 34522.1.1 History and Origin of Garlic 34722.1.2 Medicinal Values of Garlic 34822.2 Types of Allium sativum 34922.2.1 Allium sativum Ophisocorodon/Hard-Necked Garlic 34922.2.2 Allium sativum Sativum/Soft-Necked Garlic 34922.3 Chemical Constituents 35122.3.1 Allicin 35122.3.2 Ajoenes 35122.3.3 Alliin 35122.4 Dental Infections and Epidemiology 35222.5 Dental Infection and Antibiotic Resistance 35222.6 The Antibacterial Application of Garlic in Dentistry 35422.6.1 The Use of Garlic to Treat Oral Infections 35422.6.1.1 Periodontitis 35422.6.1.2 Pediatric Endodontitis 35622.6.1.3 Dental Caries 35722.6.1.4 Denture Stomatitis 35822.6.1.5 Protection Against Fibrosis 35922.6.1.6 Garlic Chewing Gum 35922.6.1.7 Garlic Used as a Breath-Freshening Agent 35922.7 Additional Use of Garlic in Dentistry—Oral Cancer 36022.7.1 High Blood Pressure 36122.7.2 Skin Disorders 36222.7.3 Anti-Allergic 36222.7.4 Anti-Obesity 36222.8 Garlic Mechanism of Action 36222.9 Conclusions and Recommendations 362Acknowledgments 364References 364Part IV: Ethnobotany and Ethanopharmacology 37123 Curative Plants Worn in the Healing of Mouth Evils 373P. Shivakumar Singh, Pindi Pavan Kumar and D. Srinivasulu23.1 Introduction 37323.2 Materials and Methods 37423.3 Results and Discussion 37523.4 Conclusion 381Acknowledgment 381References 38124 Ethnopharmacological Applications of Chewing Sticks on Oral Health Care 383E. A. Akaji and U. Otakhoigbogie24.1 Introduction 38324.1.1 Background 38324.1.2 Historical Perspectives 38424.1.3 Sources and Types of Chewing Sticks 38424.2 Applications of Chewing Sticks in Oral Health Care 38424.2.1 Chewing Sticks for Oral Hygiene 38424.2.2 Ethnopharmacological Applications of Chewing Sticks in Oral Health 38724.2.2.1 Dental Caries (Tooth Decay) 38724.2.2.2 Periodontal Disease 38924.2.2.3 Oral Candidiasis 38924.2.2.4 Oral Ulcers and Halitosis 39024.2.2.5 Other Oral Conditions 39024.3 Conclusions 390References 39125 Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology for Dental Diseases in Indochina 393Viroj Wiwanitkit25.1 Introduction 39325.2 Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology in Indochina 39425.3 Locally Available Naturally Derived Dental Products in Indochina 39625.4 Ethnopharmacology for Dental Diseases in Indochina 39725.5 Ethnomedicine for Dental Diseases in Indochina 40225.6 Future Trend of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology for Dental Diseases in Indochina 40325.7 Conclusion 404References 40426 Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in Anti-Halitosis 407P. Shivakumar Singh, Pindi Pavan Kumar and D. Srinivasulu26.1 Introduction 40726.2 Materials and Methods 40826.3 Results and Discussion 40926.4 Conclusion 412Acknowledgment 413References 413Index 415