Irwin L. Goldman, Professor and Chair, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.

• Contributors ix1. Maria Isabel Andrade: Sweetpotato Breeder, Technology Transfer Specialist, and Advocate 1Jan W. Low and Edward CareyI. Early Years 3II. Research for Devlopment in Southern Africa 7III. The Advocate and Team Player 18IV. The Mentor at Work and in her Community 21V. Awards and Service 24Literature Cited 25Publications 262 Development of Cold Climate Grapes in the Upper Midwestern U.S.: The Pioneering Work of Elmer Swenson 31Matthew D. ClarkI. A Cold Climate Grape Industry 32II. Elmer Swenson 37III. Grape Improvement in the Midwest 53IV. Summary and Future Prospects 57Acknowledgments 57Literature Cited 583 Candidate Genes to Extend Fleshy Fruit Shelf Life 61Haya FriedmanI. Introduction 62II. Available Methods for Breeding and Genetic Manipulations 66III. Cuticle Structure and Effect on Fruit Shelf Life 68IV. Candidate Genes for Cell‐Wall Modification and Fruit Softening 69V. Ethylene‐Biosynthesis Pathway and Effect on Fruit Ripening 77VI. Usefulness of Components of the Ethylene‐Response Pathway for Delay of Fruit Ripening 79VII. Fruit‐Ripening Delay Based on Manipulation of Upstream Transcription Factors 81VIII. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 84Acknowledgments 85Literature Cited 864 Breeding Naked Barley for Food, Feed, and Malt 95Brigid Meints and Patrick M. HayesI. Introduction 96II. The Nud Gene 97III. Traits of Interest Related to Nud 98IV. Selecting for β‐Glucan and Starch Type 102V. Feed Barley Breeding and Quality 104VI. Food Barley Breeding and Quality 106VII. Malting Barley Breeding and Quality 108VIII. Brewing 111IX. Distilling 112X. Conclusions and Future Directions 113Acknowledgments 114Literature Cited 1145 The Foundations, Continuing Evolution, and Outcomes from the Application of Intellectual Property Protection in Plant Breeding and Agriculture 121Stephen SmithI. Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Thesis Underlying this Review 125II. The Philosophical Basis of IP and IPR and the Need to Establish Appropriate Balances 128III. Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Rights, and their Associations with Plant Breeding and Agriculture 133IV. The Global Framework within which IPR Applicable to Plant Breeding Resides 143V. The Development of Formal Mechanisms of Intellectual Property Rights for Plant Varieties and Plant‐Related Subject Matter 148VI. Forms of Intellectual Property Protection Available to Plant Breeders and Trait Developers 156VII. Associations Between IP Systems and the Generation of Benefits 176VIII. Concluding Comments: Looking to the Future 188Literature Cited 1926 The Use of Endosperm Genes for Sweet Corn Improvement: A review of developments in endosperm genes in sweet corn since the seminal publication in Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 1, by Charles Boyer and Jack Shannon (1984) 215William F. Tracy, Stacie L. Shuler, and Hallie Dodson‐SwensonI. Introduction 217II. Economics 218III. Endosperm Development 219IV. Endosperm Mutants, Germination, and Seedling Vigor in Sweet Corn 233V. Future Prospects 234Literature Cited 2357 Gender and Farmer Preferences for Varietal Traits: Evidence and Issues for Crop Improvement 243Eva Weltzien, Fred Rattunde, Anja Christinck, Krista Isaacs, and Jacqueline AshbyI. Introduction 245II. Methods 247III. Cases Documenting Gender Differentiation for Trait Preferences 250IV. Findings on Gender‐Specific Trait Preferences 256V. Issues for Gender‐Responsive Crop Improvement 264Acknowledgments 273Literature Cited 2738 Domestication, Genetics, and Genomics of the American Cranberry 279Nicholi Vorsa and Juan ZalapaI. Domestication and Breeding 281II. Life History Parameters 285III. Taxonomy 287IV. Cytology 288V. Traits of Interest 289VI. Heritability of Traits 297VII. Molecular Markers 297VIII. Nuclear and Organellar Genome Assembly 302IX. Linkage Mapping and SNP Markers 303X. Marker‐Trait Association Studies 305XI. Future Prospects 308Acknowledgments 310Literature Cited 3109 Images and Descriptions of Cucurbita maxima in Western Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 317Alice K. Formiga and James R. MyersI. Introduction 318II. Challenges of Identifying Cucurbits in Historical Sources 319III. Distinguishing Cucurbita maxima 321IV. Where was Cucurbita maxima Present in South America Before the Arrival of Europeans and how Early Could it have Arrived in Europe? 327V. Cucurbita maxima in Herbals and Botanical and Agricultural Books 329VI. Cucurbita maxima in Art 335VII. Cucurbita maxima in Botanical Paintings 344VIII. Cucurbita maxima in Genre Paintings and Still Lifes 346IX. Conclusion and Future Prospects 349Acknowledgments 350Literature Cited 351Author Index 357Subject Index 365

Irwin L. Goldman, Professor and Chair, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.

• Contributors ix1. Maria Isabel Andrade: Sweetpotato Breeder, Technology Transfer Specialist, and Advocate 1Jan W. Low and Edward CareyI. Early Years 3II. Research for Devlopment in Southern Africa 7III. The Advocate and Team Player 18IV. The Mentor at Work and in her Community 21V. Awards and Service 24Literature Cited 25Publications 262 Development of Cold Climate Grapes in the Upper Midwestern U.S.: The Pioneering Work of Elmer Swenson 31Matthew D. ClarkI. A Cold Climate Grape Industry 32II. Elmer Swenson 37III. Grape Improvement in the Midwest 53IV. Summary and Future Prospects 57Acknowledgments 57Literature Cited 583 Candidate Genes to Extend Fleshy Fruit Shelf Life 61Haya FriedmanI. Introduction 62II. Available Methods for Breeding and Genetic Manipulations 66III. Cuticle Structure and Effect on Fruit Shelf Life 68IV. Candidate Genes for Cell‐Wall Modification and Fruit Softening 69V. Ethylene‐Biosynthesis Pathway and Effect on Fruit Ripening 77VI. Usefulness of Components of the Ethylene‐Response Pathway for Delay of Fruit Ripening 79VII. Fruit‐Ripening Delay Based on Manipulation of Upstream Transcription Factors 81VIII. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 84Acknowledgments 85Literature Cited 864 Breeding Naked Barley for Food, Feed, and Malt 95Brigid Meints and Patrick M. HayesI. Introduction 96II. The Nud Gene 97III. Traits of Interest Related to Nud 98IV. Selecting for β‐Glucan and Starch Type 102V. Feed Barley Breeding and Quality 104VI. Food Barley Breeding and Quality 106VII. Malting Barley Breeding and Quality 108VIII. Brewing 111IX. Distilling 112X. Conclusions and Future Directions 113Acknowledgments 114Literature Cited 1145 The Foundations, Continuing Evolution, and Outcomes from the Application of Intellectual Property Protection in Plant Breeding and Agriculture 121Stephen SmithI. Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Thesis Underlying this Review 125II. The Philosophical Basis of IP and IPR and the Need to Establish Appropriate Balances 128III. Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Rights, and their Associations with Plant Breeding and Agriculture 133IV. The Global Framework within which IPR Applicable to Plant Breeding Resides 143V. The Development of Formal Mechanisms of Intellectual Property Rights for Plant Varieties and Plant‐Related Subject Matter 148VI. Forms of Intellectual Property Protection Available to Plant Breeders and Trait Developers 156VII. Associations Between IP Systems and the Generation of Benefits 176VIII. Concluding Comments: Looking to the Future 188Literature Cited 1926 The Use of Endosperm Genes for Sweet Corn Improvement: A review of developments in endosperm genes in sweet corn since the seminal publication in Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 1, by Charles Boyer and Jack Shannon (1984) 215William F. Tracy, Stacie L. Shuler, and Hallie Dodson‐SwensonI. Introduction 217II. Economics 218III. Endosperm Development 219IV. Endosperm Mutants, Germination, and Seedling Vigor in Sweet Corn 233V. Future Prospects 234Literature Cited 2357 Gender and Farmer Preferences for Varietal Traits: Evidence and Issues for Crop Improvement 243Eva Weltzien, Fred Rattunde, Anja Christinck, Krista Isaacs, and Jacqueline AshbyI. Introduction 245II. Methods 247III. Cases Documenting Gender Differentiation for Trait Preferences 250IV. Findings on Gender‐Specific Trait Preferences 256V. Issues for Gender‐Responsive Crop Improvement 264Acknowledgments 273Literature Cited 2738 Domestication, Genetics, and Genomics of the American Cranberry 279Nicholi Vorsa and Juan ZalapaI. Domestication and Breeding 281II. Life History Parameters 285III. Taxonomy 287IV. Cytology 288V. Traits of Interest 289VI. Heritability of Traits 297VII. Molecular Markers 297VIII. Nuclear and Organellar Genome Assembly 302IX. Linkage Mapping and SNP Markers 303X. Marker‐Trait Association Studies 305XI. Future Prospects 308Acknowledgments 310Literature Cited 3109 Images and Descriptions of Cucurbita maxima in Western Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 317Alice K. Formiga and James R. MyersI. Introduction 318II. Challenges of Identifying Cucurbits in Historical Sources 319III. Distinguishing Cucurbita maxima 321IV. Where was Cucurbita maxima Present in South America Before the Arrival of Europeans and how Early Could it have Arrived in Europe? 327V. Cucurbita maxima in Herbals and Botanical and Agricultural Books 329VI. Cucurbita maxima in Art 335VII. Cucurbita maxima in Botanical Paintings 344VIII. Cucurbita maxima in Genre Paintings and Still Lifes 346IX. Conclusion and Future Prospects 349Acknowledgments 350Literature Cited 351Author Index 357Subject Index 365

Irwin L. Goldman, Professor and Chair, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.

• Contributors ix1. Maria Isabel Andrade: Sweetpotato Breeder, Technology Transfer Specialist, and Advocate 1Jan W. Low and Edward CareyI. Early Years 3II. Research for Devlopment in Southern Africa 7III. The Advocate and Team Player 18IV. The Mentor at Work and in her Community 21V. Awards and Service 24Literature Cited 25Publications 262 Development of Cold Climate Grapes in the Upper Midwestern U.S.: The Pioneering Work of Elmer Swenson 31Matthew D. ClarkI. A Cold Climate Grape Industry 32II. Elmer Swenson 37III. Grape Improvement in the Midwest 53IV. Summary and Future Prospects 57Acknowledgments 57Literature Cited 583 Candidate Genes to Extend Fleshy Fruit Shelf Life 61Haya FriedmanI. Introduction 62II. Available Methods for Breeding and Genetic Manipulations 66III. Cuticle Structure and Effect on Fruit Shelf Life 68IV. Candidate Genes for Cell‐Wall Modification and Fruit Softening 69V. Ethylene‐Biosynthesis Pathway and Effect on Fruit Ripening 77VI. Usefulness of Components of the Ethylene‐Response Pathway for Delay of Fruit Ripening 79VII. Fruit‐Ripening Delay Based on Manipulation of Upstream Transcription Factors 81VIII. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 84Acknowledgments 85Literature Cited 864 Breeding Naked Barley for Food, Feed, and Malt 95Brigid Meints and Patrick M. HayesI. Introduction 96II. The Nud Gene 97III. Traits of Interest Related to Nud 98IV. Selecting for β‐Glucan and Starch Type 102V. Feed Barley Breeding and Quality 104VI. Food Barley Breeding and Quality 106VII. Malting Barley Breeding and Quality 108VIII. Brewing 111IX. Distilling 112X. Conclusions and Future Directions 113Acknowledgments 114Literature Cited 1145 The Foundations, Continuing Evolution, and Outcomes from the Application of Intellectual Property Protection in Plant Breeding and Agriculture 121Stephen SmithI. Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Thesis Underlying this Review 125II. The Philosophical Basis of IP and IPR and the Need to Establish Appropriate Balances 128III. Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Rights, and their Associations with Plant Breeding and Agriculture 133IV. The Global Framework within which IPR Applicable to Plant Breeding Resides 143V. The Development of Formal Mechanisms of Intellectual Property Rights for Plant Varieties and Plant‐Related Subject Matter 148VI. Forms of Intellectual Property Protection Available to Plant Breeders and Trait Developers 156VII. Associations Between IP Systems and the Generation of Benefits 176VIII. Concluding Comments: Looking to the Future 188Literature Cited 1926 The Use of Endosperm Genes for Sweet Corn Improvement: A review of developments in endosperm genes in sweet corn since the seminal publication in Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 1, by Charles Boyer and Jack Shannon (1984) 215William F. Tracy, Stacie L. Shuler, and Hallie Dodson‐SwensonI. Introduction 217II. Economics 218III. Endosperm Development 219IV. Endosperm Mutants, Germination, and Seedling Vigor in Sweet Corn 233V. Future Prospects 234Literature Cited 2357 Gender and Farmer Preferences for Varietal Traits: Evidence and Issues for Crop Improvement 243Eva Weltzien, Fred Rattunde, Anja Christinck, Krista Isaacs, and Jacqueline AshbyI. Introduction 245II. Methods 247III. Cases Documenting Gender Differentiation for Trait Preferences 250IV. Findings on Gender‐Specific Trait Preferences 256V. Issues for Gender‐Responsive Crop Improvement 264Acknowledgments 273Literature Cited 2738 Domestication, Genetics, and Genomics of the American Cranberry 279Nicholi Vorsa and Juan ZalapaI. Domestication and Breeding 281II. Life History Parameters 285III. Taxonomy 287IV. Cytology 288V. Traits of Interest 289VI. Heritability of Traits 297VII. Molecular Markers 297VIII. Nuclear and Organellar Genome Assembly 302IX. Linkage Mapping and SNP Markers 303X. Marker‐Trait Association Studies 305XI. Future Prospects 308Acknowledgments 310Literature Cited 3109 Images and Descriptions of Cucurbita maxima in Western Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 317Alice K. Formiga and James R. MyersI. Introduction 318II. Challenges of Identifying Cucurbits in Historical Sources 319III. Distinguishing Cucurbita maxima 321IV. Where was Cucurbita maxima Present in South America Before the Arrival of Europeans and how Early Could it have Arrived in Europe? 327V. Cucurbita maxima in Herbals and Botanical and Agricultural Books 329VI. Cucurbita maxima in Art 335VII. Cucurbita maxima in Botanical Paintings 344VIII. Cucurbita maxima in Genre Paintings and Still Lifes 346IX. Conclusion and Future Prospects 349Acknowledgments 350Literature Cited 351Author Index 357Subject Index 365