Green Adhesives

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. Rajender Boddula, PdD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals, edited books with numerous publishers and has authored twenty book chapters. Mohd Imran Ahamed received his Ph.D on the topic "Synthesis and characterization of inorganic-organic composite heavy metals selective cation-exchangers and their analytical applications", from Aligarh Muslim University, India in 2019. He has published several research and review articles in SCI journals. His research focusses on ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, actuators and electrospinning. Abdullah M. Asiri is the Head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University and the founder and Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR). He is the Editor-in-Chief of the King Abdulaziz University Journal of Science. He has received numerous awards, including the first prize for distinction in science from the Saudi Chemical Society in 2012. He holds multiple patents, has authored ten books and more than one thousand publications in international journals.

• Preface xv1 Anti-Adhesive Coatings: A Technique for Prevention of Bacterial Surface Fouling 1Xiaohong Sun, Songyuan Zhang, Hui Li and Nandika Bandara1.1 Bacterial Surface Fouling (Biofouling) 21.2 Negative Effects of Biofouling by Bacteria on Practical Applications 21.3 Anti-Adhesive Coatings for Preventing Bacterial Surface Fouling 31.3.1 Hydrophilic Polymers 31.3.2 Zwitterionic Polymers 71.3.3 Super-Hydrophobic Polymers 91.3.4 Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) 101.3.5 Protein and Glycoprotein-Based Coatings 121.4 Bifunctional Coatings With Anti-Adhesive and Antibacterial Properties 131.5 Concluding Remarks 16Acknowledgments 16References 172 Lignin-Based Adhesives 25Xiaolin Luo and Li Shuai2.1 Introduction 252.2 Native Lignin and Source of Technical Lignin 272.2.1 Native Lignin 272.2.2 Technical Lignins 282.3 Limitations of Technical Lignins 292.3.1 Heterogeneity of Technical Lignins 292.3.2 Reactivity of Technical Lignins 302.4 Lignin Pre-Treatment/Modification for Adhesive Application 322.4.1 Physical Pre-Treatment 322.4.2 Chemical Modification 352.5 Challenges and Prospects 452.6 Conclusions 47References 473 Green Adhesive for Industrial Applications 57Priyanka E. Bhaskaran, Thangavel Subramaniam, Gobinath Velu Kaliyannan, Sathish Kumar Palaniappan and Rajasekar Rathanasamy3.1 Introduction 573.2 Advanced Green Adhesives Categories—Industrial Applications 593.2.1 Keta Spire Poly Etherether Ketone Powder Coating 593.2.2 Bio-Inspired Adhesive in Robotics Field Application 603.2.3 Bio-Inspired Synthetic Adhesive in Space Application 623.2.3.1 Micro Structured Dry Adhesive Fabrication for Space Application 623.2.4 Natural Polymer Adhesive for Wood Panel Industry 723.2.5 Tannin Based Bio-Adhesive for Leather Tanning Industry 743.2.6 Conductive Adhesives in Microelectronics Industry 763.2.7 Bio-Resin Adhesive in Dental Industry 783.2.8 Green Adhesive in Fiberboard Industry 793.3 Conclusions and Future Scope 81References 814 Green Adhesives for Biomedical Applications 85Julliana Ribeiro Alves dos Santos, Alessandra Teixeira de Macedo, Audirene Amorim Santana, Maria Eliziane Pires de Souza, Rodrigo Assuncao Holanda and Glauber Cruz4.1 Introduction 864.2 Main Raw Materials of Green Adhesives: Structure, Composition, and Properties 874.2.1 Chitosan 884.2.2 Alginate 904.2.3 Lignin 934.2.4 Lactic Acid PLA 944.3 Properties Characterization of Green Adhesives for Biomedical Applications 964.3.1 Diffraction X-Rays (DRX) 984.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 994.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM Images) 1004.3.4 Wettability or Contact Angle (CA) 1014.3.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 1024.3.6 Inductively Coupled Plasma—Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) 1034.3.7 Thermal Analysis (TG/DTG/DTA and DSC Curves) 1044.3.8 Surface Area and Porosimetry Analyzer (ASAP) 1054.3.9 Mechanical Properties of Green Adhesives 1054.4 Biomedical Applications of Natural Polymers 1064.4.1 Alginate 1074.4.1.1 Biomedical Applications of Alginate 1074.4.2 Chitosan 1084.4.2.1 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan 1084.4.3 Lignin 1094.4.3.1 Biomedical Applications of Lignin 1094.4.4 Polylactide (PLA) 1104.4.4.1 Biomedical Applications of PLA 1104.5 Final Considerations 111Acknowledgements 111References 1125 Waterborne Adhesives 121Sukanya Pradhan5.1 Introduction 1215.1.1 Motivation for the Use of Waterborne Adhesives 1225.1.1.1 Sustainability and Environment Regulations 1225.1.1.2 Circular Economy 1225.1.1.3 Avoid Harmful Emissions 1225.1.1.4 Development of Novel and Sustainable End Products 1225.1.2 Environmental Effects and Mankind Toxicity Analysis 1235.2 Performance of Waterborne Adhesives: An Overview 1245.2.1 Waterborne Polyurethane (WBPU) Adhesives 1245.2.1.1 Chemical Structure of Waterborne PU 1245.2.1.2 Performances of WBPU Adhesives 1245.2.2 Waterborne Epoxy Adhesive 1255.3 Conclusions 126References 1266 Using Polyfurfuryl Alcohol as Thermoset Adhesive/Sealant 129Rakesh Kumar and Rajnish Kumar6.1 Introduction 1306.2 Furfuryl Alcohol as Adhesives 1326.3 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol as Sealants 1336.3.1 Effect of Different Parameters on the Curing of PFA-Based Sealants 1346.4 Applications 1406.5 Conclusions 141Acknowledgement 142References 1427 Bioadhesives 145M. Ramesh and L. Rajesh Kumar7.1 Introduction 1467.2 History of Bioadhesives 1487.3 Classification of Bioadhesives 1497.4 Mechanism of Bioadhesion 1507.4.1 Mechanical Interlocking 1517.4.2 Chain Entanglement 1527.4.3 Intermolecular Bonding 1527.4.4 Electrostatic Bonding 1537.5 Testing of Bioadhesives 1537.5.1 In Vitro Methods 1537.5.1.1 Shear Stress Measurements 1537.5.1.2 Peel Strength Evaluation 1547.5.1.3 Flow Through Experiment and Plate Method 1547.5.2 Ex Vitro Methods 1557.5.2.1 Adhesion Weight Method 1557.5.2.2 Fluorescent Probe Methods 1567.5.2.3 Falling Liquid Film Method 1567.6 Application of Bioadhesives 1577.6.1 Bioadhesives as Drug Delivery Systems 1577.6.2 Bioadhesives as Fibrin Sealants 1587.6.3 Bioadhesives as Protein-Based Adhesives 1587.6.4 Bioadhesives in Tissue Engineering 1597.7 Conclusion 160References 1618 Polysaccharide-Based Adhesives 165Asad Ali, Kanwal Rehman, Humaira Majeed, Muhammad Fiaz Khalid and Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash8.1 Introduction 1668.2 Cellulose-Derived Adhesive 1678.2.1 Esterification 1678.2.1.1 Cellulose Nitrate 1678.2.1.2 Cellulose Acetate 1698.2.1.3 Cellulose Acetate Butyrate 1698.2.2 Etherification 1698.2.2.1 Methyl Cellulose 1698.2.2.2 Ethyl Cellulose 1708.2.2.3 Carboxymethyl Cellulose 1708.3 Starch-Derived Adhesives 1708.3.1 Alkali Treatment 1718.3.2 Acid Treatment 1718.3.3 Heating 1718.3.4 Oxidation 1728.4 Natural Gums Derived-Adhesives 1728.5 Fermentation-Based Adhesives 1728.6 Enzyme Cross-Linked-Based Adhesives 1738.7 Micro-Biopolysaccharide-Based Adhesives 1738.8 Mechanism of Adhesion 1738.9 Tests for Adhesion Strength 1748.10 Applications 1768.10.1 Biomedical Applications 1768.10.2 Food Stuffs Applications 1768.10.3 Pharmaceutical Applications 1778.10.4 Agricultural Applications 1778.10.5 Cigarette Manufacturing 1778.10.6 Skin Cleansing Applications 1778.11 Conclusion 178References 1789 Wound Healing Adhesives 181Humaira Majeed, Kanwal Rehman, Asad Ali, Muhammad Fiaz Khalid and Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash9.1 Introduction 1819.2 Wound 1829.2.1 Types of Wounds 1859.2.1.1 Acute Wounds 1859.2.1.2 Chronic Wounds 1859.3 Structure and Function of the Skin 1859.4 Mechanism of Wound Healing 1869.5 Wound Closing Techniques 1879.6 Wound Healing Adhesives 1879.7 Types of Wound Healing Adhesives Based Upon Site of Application 1899.7.1 External Use Wound Adhesives 1909.7.1.1 Steps for Applying External Wound Healing Adhesives on Skin 1909.7.2 Internal Use Wound Adhesives 1909.8 Types of Wound Healing Adhesives Based Upon Chemistry 1919.8.1 Natural Wound Healing Adhesives 1919.8.1.1 Fibrin Sealants/Fibrin-Based Tissue Adhesives 1919.8.1.2 Albumin-Based Adhesives 1949.8.1.3 Collagen and Gelatin-Based Wound Healing Adhesives 1959.8.1.4 Starch 1959.8.1.5 Chitosan 1969.8.1.6 Dextran 1969.8.2 Synthetic Wound Healing Adhesives 1979.8.2.1 Cyanoacrylate 1979.8.2.2 Poly Ethylene Glycol-Based Wound Adhesives (PEG) 1989.8.2.3 Hydrogels 1989.8.2.4 Polyurethane 2009.9 Summary 200References 20010 Green-Wood Flooring Adhesives 205Mustafa Kucuktuvek10.1 Introduction 20510.2 Wood Flooring 21210.2.1 Softwood Flooring 21210.2.2 Hardwood Flooring 21310.2.3 Engineered Wood Flooring 21310.2.4 Laminate Flooring 21310.2.5 Vinyl Flooring 21410.2.6 Agricultural Residue Wood Flooring Panels 21410.3 Recent Advances About Green Wood-Flooring Adhesives 21510.3.1 Xylan 21610.3.2 Modified Cassava Starch Bioadhesives 21610.3.3 High-Efficiency Bioadhesive 21710.3.4 Bioadhesive Made From Soy Protein and Polysaccharide 21710.3.5 Green Cross-Linked Soy Protein Wood Flooring Adhesive 21710.3.6 “Green” Bio-Thermoset Resins Derived From Soy Protein Isolate and Condensed Tannins 21810.3.7 Development of Green Adhesives Using Tannins and Lignin for Fiberboard Manufacturing 21810.3.8 Cottonseed Protein as Wood Adhesives 21910.3.9 Chitosan as an Adhesive 21910.3.10 PE-cg-MAH Green Wood Flooring Adhesive 219References 22011 Synthetic Binders for Polymer Division 227Sathish Kumar Palaniappan, Moganapriya Chinnasamy, Rajasekar Rathanasamy and Samir Kumar PalList of Abbreviations 22811.1 Introduction 22911.2 Classification of Adhesives Based on Its Chemical Properties 23011.2.1 Thermoset Adhesives 23011.2.2 Thermoplastic Adhesives 23111.2.3 Adhesive Blends 23211.3 Adhesives Characteristics 23211.4 Adhesives Classification Based on Its Function 23311.4.1 Permanent Adhesives 23311.4.2 Removable Adhesives 23411.4.3 Repositionable Adhesives 23511.4.4 Blended Adhesives 23511.4.5 Anaerobic Adhesives 23611.4.6 Aromatic Polymer Adhesives 23711.4.7 Asphalt 23711.4.8 Adhesives Based on Butyl Rubber 23811.4.9 Cellulose Ester Adhesives 23811.4.10 Adhesives Based on Cellulose Ether 23811.4.11 Conductive Adhesives 23911.4.12 Electrically Conductive Adhesive Materials 23911.4.13 Thermally Conductive Adhesives 24011.5 Resin 24011.5.1 Unsaturated Polyester Resin 24011.5.2 Monomers 24111.5.2.1 Unsaturated Polyester 24111.5.2.2 Alcohol Constituents 24111.5.2.3 Constituents Like Anhydride and Acid 24111.5.3 Vinyl Monomers of Unsaturated Polyester Resins 24511.5.4 Styrenes 24511.5.5 Acrylates and Methacrylates 24511.5.6 Vinyl Ethers 24511.5.7 Fillers 24711.6 Polyurethanes 24711.6.1 Monomers 24711.6.1.1 Diisocyanates 24811.6.1.2 Phosgene Route 24811.6.1.3 Phosgene-Free Route 24811.6.1.4 Polyols 24811.6.1.5 Vinyl Functionalized Polyols 24911.6.1.6 Polyols Based on Modified Polyurea 24911.6.1.7 Polyols Based on Polyester 24911.6.1.8 Acid and Alcohols-Based Polyesters 25011.6.2 Rectorite Nanocomposites 25011.6.3 Zeolite 25011.7 Epoxy Resins 25111.7.1 Monomers 25111.7.1.1 Epoxides 25111.7.1.2 Hyper Branched Polymers 25111.7.2 Epoxide Resins Based on Liquid Crystalline Structure 25211.7.3 Liquid Crystal 25211.7.4 Liquid-Based Rubbers 25311.7.5 Silicone-Based Elastomers 25311.7.6 Rubbery Epoxy Compounds 25411.7.7 Adhesion Improvers 25411.7.8 Unsaturated Polyesters 25411.7.9 Functional Peroxides 25411.7.10 Acrylics 25511.7.11 Bismaleimide Based on Modified Urethane 25511.7.12 Hybrid Materials Comprising Organic and Inorganic Compounds 25511.7.13 Poly (Ether Ether Ketone) 25611.7.14 Epoxy Systems Comprising of Vinyl-Based Polymers 25611.7.15 Characteristics 25611.7.16 Hybrid- and Mixed-Bases Polymers 25711.7.17 Copolymers-Based on Epoxy-Siloxane 25711.8 Phenol Formaldehyde Resin 25711.8.1 Monomers 25911.8.2 Phenol 25911.8.3 O-Cresol 25911.8.4 Formaldehyde 25911.8.5 Multihydroxymethylketone 26011.8.6 Basic Resin Types 26011.8.6.1 Novolak Resins 26011.8.6.2 Resol Resins 26011.8.7 Fillers 26111.8.8 Reinforcement Based on Jute Fibers 26111.8.9 Applications and Uses 26111.8.10 Binders for Glass Fibers 26111.8.11 Phenolic Binders 26211.9 Melamine Resins 26211.9.1 Monomers 26311.9.2 Other Modifiers 26311.9.3 Synthesis 26311.9.4 Etherified Resins 26311.9.5 Properties 26411.9.6 Applications and Uses 26411.10 Furan Resins 26411.10.1 Monomers 26511.10.2 Furfural 26511.10.3 Furfuryl Alcohol 26511.10.4 Specialties, i.e., Polyimides Based on Furan 26511.10.5 Special Additives as Reinforcing Materials 26611.10.6 Curing 26611.10.7 Recycling Properties 26611.10.8 Applications and Uses 26711.10.8.1 Carbons 26711.10.8.2 Composite Carbon Fiber Materials 26711.10.8.3 Foundry Binders 26811.10.8.4 Binders Based on Glass Fiber 26811.10.8.5 Oil Fields 26911.10.8.6 Substrates for Plant Growth 269References 269Index 273