Ernest W. Tollner is a native of Maysville, KY and received his BS and MS degrees in agricultural engineering at the University of Kentucky. He did his doctorate at Auburn. He was elected Fellow of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers in 2012 and served on the ASABE Board of Trustees. He was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by Marquis in 2018, and won the Georgia Engineering Educator of the Year Award in 2019.

• Preface ixAcknowledgments xiAbout the Companion Website xii1 Basic Principles and Flow Classifications 1Fluid Mechanics Foundations 2Hydrologic Foundations 7Presentation Organization 8Problems and Questions 10References 112 Channel Fundamentals 12Goals 12Channel Elements and Nomenclature 12General Flow Relationships 17Uniform Flow Relationships 17Theoretical Considerations 23Natural, Compound, or Sustainable Channels 25Lined Channels, Optimum Channels, and Velocity Constraints 28Channel Installation 43Summary 43Problems and Questions 47References 513 Vegetated Waterways and Bioswales 53Goals 53Background 53Channel Planning 54Basic Design Procedures 56Bioswales 60Vegetated Filter Strips 62Temporary Linings 62Summary 66Problems and Questions 68References 694 Tractive Force Methods for Earthen Channels 71Goals 71Riprap-Lined or Earthen Waterways (Earthen II) 71Tractive Force for Vegetated Waterways 77Details and Origins of The Parabolic Cross-section 82Costing Channel Designs 92Steady Uniform Flow Conclusion 94Problems and Questions 95References 975 The Energy Equation and Gradually Varied Flows 98Goals 98Energy Preliminaries – Velocity Profiles and Boundary Effects 98Longer Transitions – Gradually Varied Flow Analyses 115Conclusions 126Problems and Questions 126References 1276 Momentum Equation for Analyzing Varied Steady Flows and Spatially Varied Increasing Flows 128Goals 128Rapidly Varying Steady Flows (dQ/dt = 0, dQ/dx = 0, dy/dx varies) 128Spatially Varying Steady Flow (dQ/dt = 0, dQ/dx varies, dy/dx varies) 137Conclusions 142Problems and Questions 142References 1437 Hydraulics of Water Management Structures 144Goals 144Structure Types 145Hydraulic Concepts 147Stage–Discharge Relationships of Weir Inlets and Flumes 150Discharge Relations of Orifices and Sluice Gates Inlet Devices 156Flow Hydraulics of Closed Conduits 157Stage–Discharge Curves for Culverts and Spillways 167Closed Conduit Systems for Urban Stormwater Collection 169Ecologic Suitability 171Summary and Conclusions 177Problems and Questions 179References 1828 Gradually Varied Unsteady Flow 185Goals 185Hydrologic Routing Approaches 187Kinematic Wave Method 194Diffusion Wave Method 199Dynamic Routing 203Summary and Conclusions 209Problems and Questions 210References 2119 Rapidly Varying Unsteady Flow Applications – Waves 213Goals 213Surface Irrigation 213Sluice Gate and Related Operations 217The Dam-Break Problem 223Oscillatory Waves 230Summary and Conclusions 233Problems and Questions 234References 23510 Channel Design Emphasizing Fine Sediments and Survey of Alluvial Channel Sediment Transport 236Goals 236Alluvial Channel vs. Earthen Channel and Other Preliminaries 237Early Approaches to Sediment Transport 237Incipient Motion 238Riprap or Revetment Specification 243Bedform Descriptions and Analysis 244Sediment Fall Velocity 245A Probabilistic Approach to Sediment Transport 249Einstein (1950)–Laursen (1958)–Graf (1971) Stage–Discharge and Other Hydraulic Calculations 254Van Rijn (1984) Stage–Discharge and Total Load 259Total Load by Regression Approaches 264Sediment Measurement 268Sediment Routing Through Detention Ponds and Streams 268Software Support for Estimating Sediment Transport 270Implications of Sediment Transport on Infrastructure 271Empirical Channel Design Approaches Leading to Sustainable Channels 274Forces Impacting Channel Cross Sections – Stream Restoration 281Summary and Future Directions 286Problems and Questions 289References 290Appendix A  Software and Selected Solutions 294Appendix B  Solution Charts for Vegetated Waterways Using the Permissible Velocity Method 305Appendix C  Selected Cost Data for Channel Excavation and Lining Materials 310Appendix D  Design Strategy Summary for Uniform Flow Channels 315Index 317

Ernest W. Tollner is a native of Maysville, KY and received his BS and MS degrees in agricultural engineering at the University of Kentucky. He did his doctorate at Auburn. He was elected Fellow of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers in 2012 and served on the ASABE Board of Trustees. He was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by Marquis in 2018, and won the Georgia Engineering Educator of the Year Award in 2019.

• Preface ixAcknowledgments xiAbout the Companion Website xii1 Basic Principles and Flow Classifications 1Fluid Mechanics Foundations 2Hydrologic Foundations 7Presentation Organization 8Problems and Questions 10References 112 Channel Fundamentals 12Goals 12Channel Elements and Nomenclature 12General Flow Relationships 17Uniform Flow Relationships 17Theoretical Considerations 23Natural, Compound, or Sustainable Channels 25Lined Channels, Optimum Channels, and Velocity Constraints 28Channel Installation 43Summary 43Problems and Questions 47References 513 Vegetated Waterways and Bioswales 53Goals 53Background 53Channel Planning 54Basic Design Procedures 56Bioswales 60Vegetated Filter Strips 62Temporary Linings 62Summary 66Problems and Questions 68References 694 Tractive Force Methods for Earthen Channels 71Goals 71Riprap-Lined or Earthen Waterways (Earthen II) 71Tractive Force for Vegetated Waterways 77Details and Origins of The Parabolic Cross-section 82Costing Channel Designs 92Steady Uniform Flow Conclusion 94Problems and Questions 95References 975 The Energy Equation and Gradually Varied Flows 98Goals 98Energy Preliminaries – Velocity Profiles and Boundary Effects 98Longer Transitions – Gradually Varied Flow Analyses 115Conclusions 126Problems and Questions 126References 1276 Momentum Equation for Analyzing Varied Steady Flows and Spatially Varied Increasing Flows 128Goals 128Rapidly Varying Steady Flows (dQ/dt = 0, dQ/dx = 0, dy/dx varies) 128Spatially Varying Steady Flow (dQ/dt = 0, dQ/dx varies, dy/dx varies) 137Conclusions 142Problems and Questions 142References 1437 Hydraulics of Water Management Structures 144Goals 144Structure Types 145Hydraulic Concepts 147Stage–Discharge Relationships of Weir Inlets and Flumes 150Discharge Relations of Orifices and Sluice Gates Inlet Devices 156Flow Hydraulics of Closed Conduits 157Stage–Discharge Curves for Culverts and Spillways 167Closed Conduit Systems for Urban Stormwater Collection 169Ecologic Suitability 171Summary and Conclusions 177Problems and Questions 179References 1828 Gradually Varied Unsteady Flow 185Goals 185Hydrologic Routing Approaches 187Kinematic Wave Method 194Diffusion Wave Method 199Dynamic Routing 203Summary and Conclusions 209Problems and Questions 210References 2119 Rapidly Varying Unsteady Flow Applications – Waves 213Goals 213Surface Irrigation 213Sluice Gate and Related Operations 217The Dam-Break Problem 223Oscillatory Waves 230Summary and Conclusions 233Problems and Questions 234References 23510 Channel Design Emphasizing Fine Sediments and Survey of Alluvial Channel Sediment Transport 236Goals 236Alluvial Channel vs. Earthen Channel and Other Preliminaries 237Early Approaches to Sediment Transport 237Incipient Motion 238Riprap or Revetment Specification 243Bedform Descriptions and Analysis 244Sediment Fall Velocity 245A Probabilistic Approach to Sediment Transport 249Einstein (1950)–Laursen (1958)–Graf (1971) Stage–Discharge and Other Hydraulic Calculations 254Van Rijn (1984) Stage–Discharge and Total Load 259Total Load by Regression Approaches 264Sediment Measurement 268Sediment Routing Through Detention Ponds and Streams 268Software Support for Estimating Sediment Transport 270Implications of Sediment Transport on Infrastructure 271Empirical Channel Design Approaches Leading to Sustainable Channels 274Forces Impacting Channel Cross Sections – Stream Restoration 281Summary and Future Directions 286Problems and Questions 289References 290Appendix A  Software and Selected Solutions 294Appendix B  Solution Charts for Vegetated Waterways Using the Permissible Velocity Method 305Appendix C  Selected Cost Data for Channel Excavation and Lining Materials 310Appendix D  Design Strategy Summary for Uniform Flow Channels 315Index 317

Ernest W. Tollner is a native of Maysville, KY and received his BS and MS degrees in agricultural engineering at the University of Kentucky. He did his doctorate at Auburn. He was elected Fellow of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers in 2012 and served on the ASABE Board of Trustees. He was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by Marquis in 2018, and won the Georgia Engineering Educator of the Year Award in 2019.

• Preface ixAcknowledgments xiAbout the Companion Website xii1 Basic Principles and Flow Classifications 1Fluid Mechanics Foundations 2Hydrologic Foundations 7Presentation Organization 8Problems and Questions 10References 112 Channel Fundamentals 12Goals 12Channel Elements and Nomenclature 12General Flow Relationships 17Uniform Flow Relationships 17Theoretical Considerations 23Natural, Compound, or Sustainable Channels 25Lined Channels, Optimum Channels, and Velocity Constraints 28Channel Installation 43Summary 43Problems and Questions 47References 513 Vegetated Waterways and Bioswales 53Goals 53Background 53Channel Planning 54Basic Design Procedures 56Bioswales 60Vegetated Filter Strips 62Temporary Linings 62Summary 66Problems and Questions 68References 694 Tractive Force Methods for Earthen Channels 71Goals 71Riprap-Lined or Earthen Waterways (Earthen II) 71Tractive Force for Vegetated Waterways 77Details and Origins of The Parabolic Cross-section 82Costing Channel Designs 92Steady Uniform Flow Conclusion 94Problems and Questions 95References 975 The Energy Equation and Gradually Varied Flows 98Goals 98Energy Preliminaries – Velocity Profiles and Boundary Effects 98Longer Transitions – Gradually Varied Flow Analyses 115Conclusions 126Problems and Questions 126References 1276 Momentum Equation for Analyzing Varied Steady Flows and Spatially Varied Increasing Flows 128Goals 128Rapidly Varying Steady Flows (dQ/dt = 0, dQ/dx = 0, dy/dx varies) 128Spatially Varying Steady Flow (dQ/dt = 0, dQ/dx varies, dy/dx varies) 137Conclusions 142Problems and Questions 142References 1437 Hydraulics of Water Management Structures 144Goals 144Structure Types 145Hydraulic Concepts 147Stage–Discharge Relationships of Weir Inlets and Flumes 150Discharge Relations of Orifices and Sluice Gates Inlet Devices 156Flow Hydraulics of Closed Conduits 157Stage–Discharge Curves for Culverts and Spillways 167Closed Conduit Systems for Urban Stormwater Collection 169Ecologic Suitability 171Summary and Conclusions 177Problems and Questions 179References 1828 Gradually Varied Unsteady Flow 185Goals 185Hydrologic Routing Approaches 187Kinematic Wave Method 194Diffusion Wave Method 199Dynamic Routing 203Summary and Conclusions 209Problems and Questions 210References 2119 Rapidly Varying Unsteady Flow Applications – Waves 213Goals 213Surface Irrigation 213Sluice Gate and Related Operations 217The Dam-Break Problem 223Oscillatory Waves 230Summary and Conclusions 233Problems and Questions 234References 23510 Channel Design Emphasizing Fine Sediments and Survey of Alluvial Channel Sediment Transport 236Goals 236Alluvial Channel vs. Earthen Channel and Other Preliminaries 237Early Approaches to Sediment Transport 237Incipient Motion 238Riprap or Revetment Specification 243Bedform Descriptions and Analysis 244Sediment Fall Velocity 245A Probabilistic Approach to Sediment Transport 249Einstein (1950)–Laursen (1958)–Graf (1971) Stage–Discharge and Other Hydraulic Calculations 254Van Rijn (1984) Stage–Discharge and Total Load 259Total Load by Regression Approaches 264Sediment Measurement 268Sediment Routing Through Detention Ponds and Streams 268Software Support for Estimating Sediment Transport 270Implications of Sediment Transport on Infrastructure 271Empirical Channel Design Approaches Leading to Sustainable Channels 274Forces Impacting Channel Cross Sections – Stream Restoration 281Summary and Future Directions 286Problems and Questions 289References 290Appendix A  Software and Selected Solutions 294Appendix B  Solution Charts for Vegetated Waterways Using the Permissible Velocity Method 305Appendix C  Selected Cost Data for Channel Excavation and Lining Materials 310Appendix D  Design Strategy Summary for Uniform Flow Channels 315Index 317