Alexandra van der Geer is a researcher at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. She publishes on various subjects, including insularity, primatology and the relation between humans and animals. Among her previous books are Animals in Stone and Hoe dieren op eilanden evolueren.George Lyras is a member of the faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment of the University of Athens, Greece. His research focuses primarily on the evolution of carnivores, brain evolution and biogeography of insular mammals.John de Vos is honorary research associate and former curator of the Dubois Collection and the Collection of Pleistocene mammal fossils from the Netherlands and the North Sea at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the Netherlands. His expertise and field of research include the taxonomic, systematic, geographic and stratigraphic research of the Pleistocene mammals of Southeast Asia in relation to fossil humans and fossil island faunas.

• Preface ixPart I Beyond the Mainland 11 Introduction 32 History of Island Studies 93 Island Faunas: Types and Origins 18Types of Islands 19Dispersals to Islands 21The Candidate Species 29Composition of Island Faunas 34Part II The Islands and Their Faunas 414 Cyprus 43Geology and Palaeogeography 44Historical Palaeontology 44Biozones and Faunal Units 47Pleistocene 48Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 505 Crete 56Geology and Palaeogeography 57Historical Palaeontology 57Biozones and Faunal Units 61Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 666 Gargano 82Geology and Palaeogeography 83Historical Palaeontology 85Biozones and Faunal Units 88Evolution and Peculiarities of Endemic Mammals 937 Sicily 110Geology and Geography 111Historical Palaeontology 111Biozones and Faunal Units 114Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 1208 Malta 128Geology and Palaeogeography 129Historical Palaeontology 129Biozones and Faunal Units 133Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 1379 Sardinia and Corsica 142Geology and Palaeogeography 143Historical Palaeontology 144Biozones and Faunal Units 151Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 16010 The Balearic Islands 178Geology and Palaeogeography 179Historical Palaeontology 180Biozones and Faunal Units 182Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Lineages 18711 Madagascar 200Geology and Palaeogeography 201Historical Palaeontology 205Biozones and Faunal Units 21012 Java 236Geology and Palaeogeography 237Historical Palaeontology 238Biozones and Faunal Units 245Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 25813 Flores 269Geology and Palaeogeography 270Historical Palaeontology 271Biozones and Faunal Units 275Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 28214 Sulawesi 297Geology and Palaeogeography 298Historical Palaeontology 300Biozones and Faunal Units 302Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 30615 The Philippines 312Geology and Palaeogeography 313Historical Palaeontology 315Biozones and Faunal Units 318Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 32316 Japan: Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu 331Geology and Palaeogeography 332Historical Palaeontology 334Biozones and Faunal Units 337Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 34517 Japan: The Southern and Central Ryukyu Islands 354Geology and Palaeogeography 355Historical Palaeontology 358Biozones and Faunal Units 360Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 36718 The Californian Channel Islands 377Geology and Palaeogeography 378Historical Palaeontology 379Biozones and Faunal Units 380Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 38119 The Greater Antilles 388Geology and Palaeogeography 389Historical Palaeontology 392Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 39920 The Lesser Antilles 425Geology and Palaeogeography 426Historical Palaeontology 427Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 429Part III Species and Processes 43521 An Overview of Endemic Species 437Proboscidea: Mammoths, Elephants, and Stegodons 438Primates 439Sloths 440Lagomorpha: Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas 441Rodentia: Rats, Dormice, Hamsters, and Caviomorphs 443Insect-eaters: Shrews, Moonrats, Solenodons, Tenrecs, and Allies 445Ruminantia: Deer and Bovids 448Hippopotamidae: Hippos 449Suidae: Pigs 449Carnivora: Dogs, Hyenas, Otters, and Martens 449Carnivora: Felids 45122 Speciation Processes in Island Environments 455What Influences Speciation? 456Types of Speciation on Islands 46523 The Island Rule: Dwarfism and Gigantism 477The Island Rule: A Graded Trend 478The Island Rule in Detail 48824 Parallel Patterns and Trends 503Evolutionary Changes in the Teeth 506Evolutionary Skeletal Changes 512Evolutionary Brain Changes 515Evolutionary Changes in Life History 51925 Extinction of Island Mammals 527The Island Prison 529The Burden of Body Mass 529Extinction Debt 530Natural Disasters 531Tectonics and Sea Level 531Impact of Exotic Competitors 533Impact of Exotic Predators 534Genetic Disorders and Infections 536Habitat Loss 537Hunting to Extinction 539Index 547

Alexandra van der Geer is a researcher at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. She publishes on various subjects, including insularity, primatology and the relation between humans and animals. Among her previous books are Animals in Stone and Hoe dieren op eilanden evolueren.George Lyras is a member of the faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment of the University of Athens, Greece. His research focuses primarily on the evolution of carnivores, brain evolution and biogeography of insular mammals.John de Vos is honorary research associate and former curator of the Dubois Collection and the Collection of Pleistocene mammal fossils from the Netherlands and the North Sea at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the Netherlands. His expertise and field of research include the taxonomic, systematic, geographic and stratigraphic research of the Pleistocene mammals of Southeast Asia in relation to fossil humans and fossil island faunas.

• Preface ixPart I Beyond the Mainland 11 Introduction 32 History of Island Studies 93 Island Faunas: Types and Origins 18Types of Islands 19Dispersals to Islands 21The Candidate Species 29Composition of Island Faunas 34Part II The Islands and Their Faunas 414 Cyprus 43Geology and Palaeogeography 44Historical Palaeontology 44Biozones and Faunal Units 47Pleistocene 48Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 505 Crete 56Geology and Palaeogeography 57Historical Palaeontology 57Biozones and Faunal Units 61Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 666 Gargano 82Geology and Palaeogeography 83Historical Palaeontology 85Biozones and Faunal Units 88Evolution and Peculiarities of Endemic Mammals 937 Sicily 110Geology and Geography 111Historical Palaeontology 111Biozones and Faunal Units 114Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 1208 Malta 128Geology and Palaeogeography 129Historical Palaeontology 129Biozones and Faunal Units 133Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 1379 Sardinia and Corsica 142Geology and Palaeogeography 143Historical Palaeontology 144Biozones and Faunal Units 151Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 16010 The Balearic Islands 178Geology and Palaeogeography 179Historical Palaeontology 180Biozones and Faunal Units 182Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Lineages 18711 Madagascar 200Geology and Palaeogeography 201Historical Palaeontology 205Biozones and Faunal Units 21012 Java 236Geology and Palaeogeography 237Historical Palaeontology 238Biozones and Faunal Units 245Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 25813 Flores 269Geology and Palaeogeography 270Historical Palaeontology 271Biozones and Faunal Units 275Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 28214 Sulawesi 297Geology and Palaeogeography 298Historical Palaeontology 300Biozones and Faunal Units 302Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 30615 The Philippines 312Geology and Palaeogeography 313Historical Palaeontology 315Biozones and Faunal Units 318Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 32316 Japan: Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu 331Geology and Palaeogeography 332Historical Palaeontology 334Biozones and Faunal Units 337Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 34517 Japan: The Southern and Central Ryukyu Islands 354Geology and Palaeogeography 355Historical Palaeontology 358Biozones and Faunal Units 360Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 36718 The Californian Channel Islands 377Geology and Palaeogeography 378Historical Palaeontology 379Biozones and Faunal Units 380Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 38119 The Greater Antilles 388Geology and Palaeogeography 389Historical Palaeontology 392Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 39920 The Lesser Antilles 425Geology and Palaeogeography 426Historical Palaeontology 427Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 429Part III Species and Processes 43521 An Overview of Endemic Species 437Proboscidea: Mammoths, Elephants, and Stegodons 438Primates 439Sloths 440Lagomorpha: Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas 441Rodentia: Rats, Dormice, Hamsters, and Caviomorphs 443Insect-eaters: Shrews, Moonrats, Solenodons, Tenrecs, and Allies 445Ruminantia: Deer and Bovids 448Hippopotamidae: Hippos 449Suidae: Pigs 449Carnivora: Dogs, Hyenas, Otters, and Martens 449Carnivora: Felids 45122 Speciation Processes in Island Environments 455What Influences Speciation? 456Types of Speciation on Islands 46523 The Island Rule: Dwarfism and Gigantism 477The Island Rule: A Graded Trend 478The Island Rule in Detail 48824 Parallel Patterns and Trends 503Evolutionary Changes in the Teeth 506Evolutionary Skeletal Changes 512Evolutionary Brain Changes 515Evolutionary Changes in Life History 51925 Extinction of Island Mammals 527The Island Prison 529The Burden of Body Mass 529Extinction Debt 530Natural Disasters 531Tectonics and Sea Level 531Impact of Exotic Competitors 533Impact of Exotic Predators 534Genetic Disorders and Infections 536Habitat Loss 537Hunting to Extinction 539Index 547

Alexandra van der Geer is a researcher at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. She publishes on various subjects, including insularity, primatology and the relation between humans and animals. Among her previous books are Animals in Stone and Hoe dieren op eilanden evolueren.George Lyras is a member of the faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment of the University of Athens, Greece. His research focuses primarily on the evolution of carnivores, brain evolution and biogeography of insular mammals.John de Vos is honorary research associate and former curator of the Dubois Collection and the Collection of Pleistocene mammal fossils from the Netherlands and the North Sea at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the Netherlands. His expertise and field of research include the taxonomic, systematic, geographic and stratigraphic research of the Pleistocene mammals of Southeast Asia in relation to fossil humans and fossil island faunas.

• Preface ixPart I Beyond the Mainland 11 Introduction 32 History of Island Studies 93 Island Faunas: Types and Origins 18Types of Islands 19Dispersals to Islands 21The Candidate Species 29Composition of Island Faunas 34Part II The Islands and Their Faunas 414 Cyprus 43Geology and Palaeogeography 44Historical Palaeontology 44Biozones and Faunal Units 47Pleistocene 48Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 505 Crete 56Geology and Palaeogeography 57Historical Palaeontology 57Biozones and Faunal Units 61Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 666 Gargano 82Geology and Palaeogeography 83Historical Palaeontology 85Biozones and Faunal Units 88Evolution and Peculiarities of Endemic Mammals 937 Sicily 110Geology and Geography 111Historical Palaeontology 111Biozones and Faunal Units 114Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 1208 Malta 128Geology and Palaeogeography 129Historical Palaeontology 129Biozones and Faunal Units 133Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 1379 Sardinia and Corsica 142Geology and Palaeogeography 143Historical Palaeontology 144Biozones and Faunal Units 151Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 16010 The Balearic Islands 178Geology and Palaeogeography 179Historical Palaeontology 180Biozones and Faunal Units 182Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Lineages 18711 Madagascar 200Geology and Palaeogeography 201Historical Palaeontology 205Biozones and Faunal Units 21012 Java 236Geology and Palaeogeography 237Historical Palaeontology 238Biozones and Faunal Units 245Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 25813 Flores 269Geology and Palaeogeography 270Historical Palaeontology 271Biozones and Faunal Units 275Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 28214 Sulawesi 297Geology and Palaeogeography 298Historical Palaeontology 300Biozones and Faunal Units 302Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 30615 The Philippines 312Geology and Palaeogeography 313Historical Palaeontology 315Biozones and Faunal Units 318Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 32316 Japan: Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu 331Geology and Palaeogeography 332Historical Palaeontology 334Biozones and Faunal Units 337Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 34517 Japan: The Southern and Central Ryukyu Islands 354Geology and Palaeogeography 355Historical Palaeontology 358Biozones and Faunal Units 360Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 36718 The Californian Channel Islands 377Geology and Palaeogeography 378Historical Palaeontology 379Biozones and Faunal Units 380Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 38119 The Greater Antilles 388Geology and Palaeogeography 389Historical Palaeontology 392Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 39920 The Lesser Antilles 425Geology and Palaeogeography 426Historical Palaeontology 427Peculiarities and Evolution of Endemic Mammals 429Part III Species and Processes 43521 An Overview of Endemic Species 437Proboscidea: Mammoths, Elephants, and Stegodons 438Primates 439Sloths 440Lagomorpha: Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas 441Rodentia: Rats, Dormice, Hamsters, and Caviomorphs 443Insect-eaters: Shrews, Moonrats, Solenodons, Tenrecs, and Allies 445Ruminantia: Deer and Bovids 448Hippopotamidae: Hippos 449Suidae: Pigs 449Carnivora: Dogs, Hyenas, Otters, and Martens 449Carnivora: Felids 45122 Speciation Processes in Island Environments 455What Influences Speciation? 456Types of Speciation on Islands 46523 The Island Rule: Dwarfism and Gigantism 477The Island Rule: A Graded Trend 478The Island Rule in Detail 48824 Parallel Patterns and Trends 503Evolutionary Changes in the Teeth 506Evolutionary Skeletal Changes 512Evolutionary Brain Changes 515Evolutionary Changes in Life History 51925 Extinction of Island Mammals 527The Island Prison 529The Burden of Body Mass 529Extinction Debt 530Natural Disasters 531Tectonics and Sea Level 531Impact of Exotic Competitors 533Impact of Exotic Predators 534Genetic Disorders and Infections 536Habitat Loss 537Hunting to Extinction 539Index 547