Phytopharmaceuticals

Durgesh Nandini Chauhan completed her M.Pharma in pharmaceutics from Uttar Pradesh at the Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow in 2006. She is currently working as assistant professor in Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. She has written more than 10 articles in national and international journals, 15 book chapters, and edited 4 books including Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy (Wiley-Scrivener 2020).Kamal Shah has more than 14 years of research and teaching experience and currently is an associate professor at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India. He has completed B.Pharma from Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) in 2003. He was gold medalist in B.Pharm., M.Pharm. from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar University, Sagar, India and PhD from APJ Kalam University Lucknow, India. He has written more than 30 articles published in national and international journals and 6 book chapters and co-edited Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy (Wiley-Scrivener 2020).

• Preface xvii1 A Great Challenge on the Reproducibility of Therapeutic Results of Phytopharmaceuticals 1Idha Kusumawati1.1 Introduction 11.2 Common Challenges in Phytopharmaceuticals 21.2.1 Authentication of Raw Material 31.2.2 Variability of Chemical Content in Raw Material 41.2.2.1 Intrinsic Factor 51.2.2.2 Extrinsic Factor 51.2.2.3 Harvesting 61.2.2.4 Post-Harvesting Process 71.2.2.5 Storage 81.2.2.6 Complex Mixture of the Pharmacologically Active Constituent 81.3 Strategy to Guarantee the Quality of Phytopharmaceutical 101.3.1 Marker Compound Concept 111.3.2 Phytoequivalence Concept 131.4 Conclusion 15Acknowledgment 15References 152 Ibero-American Network as a Collaborative Strategy to Provide Tools or the Development of Phytopharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals 19Pilar Buera, Cecilia Abirached, Liliana Alamilla-Beltrán, Verónica María Busch, Cristina Isabel dos Santos, Abel Farroni, Leonardo Cristian Favre, Aldo Fernández-Varela, Fabiano Freire-Costa, Julieta Gabilondo, Micaela Galante, María Eugenia Hidalgo, Romina Ingrassia, Milagros López Hiriart, Alejandra Medrano, Oscar Micheloni, Miguel Navarro Alarcón, Luis Panizzolo, Silvia del Carmen Pereyra-Castro, Viridiana Pérez-Pérez, Carla Patricia Plazola-Jacinto, Patricia Risso, Paz Robert-Canales, Analía Rodriguez, Silvio David Rodríguez, Erick Rojas-Balcazar, José Angel Rufián Henares and Franco Emanuel Vasile2.1 Introduction 202.2 Some Unexplored Botanicals From Ibero-America as Potential Sources of Bioactive Compounds 212.2.1 South America Regions: Tropical Savanna and Atlantic Forest 212.2.2 Central South America Semiarid Regions 222.2.3 Northern South America, Central America and Caribbean 232.2.4 Exploitation of Undervalued Resources From Fabaceae Family to Obtain Hydrocolloids 242.2.4.1 Gums From Native Fabaceae Family Seeds 242.2.4.2 Gums From Fabaceae Family Exudates 262.2.5 Healthy Fatty Acid Sources From Ibero America 272.2.6 Bioactives From Agroindustrial Wastes 272.2.6.1 Commercial Edible Flowers 272.2.6.2 Coffee Grounds as Source of Prebiotics 292.2.6.3 Healthy Compounds From Olive Oil Wastes 302.3 Technologies for Obtaining Stable Natural Bioactive Extracts 312.3.1 Extraction Techniques 312.3.2 In Vitro Tests for Assessing Antioxidant and Antiglycant Activities 322.3.2.1 Antioxidant Activity 332.3.2.2 Antiglycant Agents Detection 362.3.3 Biocompounds Conservation and Controlled Delivery Systems 372.3.3.1 Spray Drying 382.3.3.2 Coacervation 392.3.3.3 Management of Protein-Hydrocolloid Interactions for Designing Bioactive Delivery Systems 412.4 Multivariate Analysis for Phytopharmaceuticals Development 422.5 Conclusions 45Acknowledgements 46Abbreviations 46References 473 Use of Hydrodistillation as a Green Technology to Obtain Essential Oils From Several Medicinal Plants Belonging to Lamiaceae (Mint) Family 59Karamatollah Rezaei, Nahal Bashiri Hashemi and Samar Sahraee3.1 Introduction 593.2 Essential Oils and Applied Extraction Techniques 613.3 Use of Hydrodistillation to Bridge the Nature With Novel Green Applications 623.4 Specific Gravities of Essential Oils as Related to Their Chemical Compositions 673.5 Use of Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation in the Extraction of Essential Oils From Ziziphora (A Case Study) 683.5.1 Extraction Yield 683.5.2 Microstructure of Ziziphora Leaves 683.5.3 Physical Properties of Essential Oil 683.5.4 Differences in the Chemical Compositions 683.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 69Acknowledgements 72References 724 The Hidden Danger in Phytopharmaceuticals: Adulteration 77Miray Ege4.1 Introduction 774.2 What is Adulteration in Plants and Phytopharmaceuticals? 784.3 Standardization and Quality in Medicinal Plants and Phytopharmaceuticals 794.3.1 Standardization Problems in Identified Plants 814.3.1.1 Inter-Species or Species Variation 814.3.1.2 Environmental Factors 824.3.1.3 Harvesting Time 824.3.1.4 Plant Part Used 824.3.1.5 Post-Harvest Factors 834.3.2 Quality and Standardization Problems 834.3.3 Standardization Parameters and Content Analysis on Medicinal Plants and Phytopharmaceuticals 844.3.3.1 Phytochemical Analyses for Phytopharmaceuticals and Medicinal Plants 854.3.3.2 Analysis of Extracts and Isolated Compounds 854.3.3.3 Standardization Parameters (Monograph Parameters) 864.4 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals With Synthetic Drugs 874.4.1 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals Used for Slimming 884.4.2 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals With Aphrodisiac Effect 894.4.3 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals Used in Rheumatic Diseases and as Antiinflammatory Drugs 904.4.4 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals Used for Regulate Blood Sugar 904.4.5 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals Used for Blood Pressure Regulating 904.5 How to Analyze Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals? 904.5.1 TLC and HPTLC 924.5.2 HPLC and GC 924.5.3 H NMR 934.6 Future Perspective for Phytopharmaceuticals 944.7 Conclusion 94References 955 Medicinal Plants from the Balkan Peninsula—From Traditional To Modern Pharmacy/Medicine 99Aleksandra Cvetanović, Alena Stupar, Mirjana Petronijević and Zoran Zeković5.1 Introduction 995.2 Calendula officinalis L. 1015.2.1 Chemical Composition of C. officinalis 1055.2.2 Traditional Use vs. Modern Application of C. officinalis 1055.3 Taraxacum officinale 1085.3.1 Chemical Composition of T. officinale 1085.3.2 Traditional Use vs. Modern Application of T. officinale 1105.4 Hypericum perforatum L. 1125.4.1 Chemical Composition of Hypericum perforatum 1135.4.2 Traditional Use vs. Modern Application of H. perforatum 1145.5 Conclusion 116Acknowledgement 116List of Abbreviations 116References 1176 Plant-Based Peptides With Biological Properties 123Jessika Gonçalves dos Santos Aguilar6.1 Introduction 1236.2 Production of Plant-Based Peptides 1246.3 Bioactive Plant-Based Peptides 1266.3.1 Antimicrobial 1266.3.2 Antioxidant 1276.3.3 Antihypertensive 1286.3.4 Antithrombotic 1286.3.5 Other Activities 1296.4 Conclusion 129List of Abbreviations 130References 1307 Potential of Flavonoids as Anticancer Drugs 135Pradeep Kumar, Jyoti Dixit, Rajesh Saini, Pooja Verma, Awadhesh Kumar Mishra and Kavindra NathTiwari7.1 Introduction 1357.2 Causes of Cancer 1447.3 Synthetic and Natural Chemotherapeutic Drugs 1457.4 Biosynthesis of Flavonoids 1487.5 Flavonoid Chemistry 1497.5.1 Flavonols 1507.5.1.1 Quercetin 1507.5.1.2 Kaemferol 1507.5.2 Flavones 1517.5.2.1 Apigenin 1527.5.3 Flavanones 1527.5.4 Isoflavonoids 1537.5.5 Anthocyanins 1547.6 Mode of Action of Plant-Based Anticancer Compounds 1557.7 Conclusions 155References 1568 Phytomedicine Against Infectious Diseases 161Biswajyoti Sarkar, Sondipon Chakraborty and Chiranjib Pal8.1 Introduction 1618.1.1 What are the Phytomedicines? 1628.1.2 A Brief Synopsis of the History of Phytomedicine Uses,in Relation With Geographical Regions and Sources 1628.1.3 The Relevance of Application of Phytomedicine in Today’s World 1638.2 Names, Sources, and Types of Phytomedicines in Use in the Modern World 1648.3 Chemical Moieties Responsible for the Inhibitory Activity of Different Phytomedicines on Different Organisms 1668.4 Phytomedicines in Use Against Bacterial, Viral and Protozoan Diseases 1678.4.1 In Clinical Use 1678.4.2 In Experimental Therapeutics 1688.5 Conclusion 169References 1709 Herbal Traditional Remedies for Male Infertility 173Shalaka Sudhir Ramgir, Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan9.1 Introduction 1739.2 Application of Indian Traditional Medicine (Ayurveda) for Male Infertility 1749.3 The Significant Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Male Infertility Management 1789.4 Iranian/Persian Traditional Medicine (ITM) Restores Male Fertility 1819.5 Traditional Korean Medicine and Male Infertility 1829.6 Traditional African Medicine in the Treatment of Male Infertility 1839.7 Conclusion 184References 18410 The Therapeutic Applications of Phytopharmaceuticals in Dentistry 191Bilal Ege and Miray Ege10.1 Introduction 19110.2 Historical Development of Phytopharmaceuticals in Dentistry 19310.3 Phytochemical Contents of Plants 19410.3.1 Alkaloids 19410.3.2 Phenolic Compounds 19510.3.3 Polyphenols 19510.3.4 Terpenoids 19510.4 Dental Materials of Plant Origin 19510.5 Phytotherapeutics in Dentistry 19610.5.1 Usage in Tooth Decays 19610.5.1.1 Effective Factors in Caries Formation 19710.5.1.2 Anticariogenic Plants Effective in Preventing Dental Caries 19810.5.2 Usage in Oral Mucosal Lesions 20210.5.3 Usage in Endodontic Treatment 20410.5.3.1 Phytopharmaceutical Irrigants 20510.5.3.2 Phytopharmaceutical Intracanal Drugs 20610.5.4 Usage in Dental Traumatology 20710.5.5 Usage in Oral Surgery 20810.5.6 Usage in Periodontal Diseases 20910.5.7 Usage in Treatment of Halitosis 21310.6 Conclusion 215References 21511 Prevention of Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction by Polyphenols: Role in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention 223Kazuo Yamagata11.1 Introduction 22311.2 Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease 22511.2.1 Production and Elimination of Reactive Oxygen Species in Endothelial Cells 22511.2.2 Regulation of Nitric Oxide Bioavailability by Oxidative Stress 22711.3 Inflammation and Endothelial Cell Dysfunction Associated With Arteriosclerosis in Endothelial Cells 22811.4 Preventive Effects of Resveratrol on Endothelial Dysfunction 23011.5 Preventive Effects of EGCG on Endothelial Dysfunction 23311.6 Preventive Effects of Quercetin on Endothelial Dysfunction 23511.7 Preventive Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Endothelial Dysfunction 23711.8 Conclusion 238References 23812 Quercetin-Rebuttal Behavior in Male Reproductive Potential 247Kaviyarasi Renu, AbilashValsala Gopalakrishnan and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan12.1 Introduction 24712.2 Quercetin as Antioxidants 24812.3 Quercetin, In Vitro Antioxidant Activity 24812.3.1 Quercetin, Direct Scavenging of ROS and Activates Antioxidant Enzymes 24812.3.2 Metal Chelating Activity of Quercetin 24912.3.3 Inhibition of Oxides by Quercetin 24912.3.4 Reduction of α-Tocopheryl Radicals by Quercetin 25012.3.5 Elevated Pro-Oxidant Properties of Low Molecular Antioxidants 25012.4 Quercetin Metabolism With In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of its Metabolites 25012.5 Quercetin as Pro-Oxidant 25012.5.1 Quercetin Pro-Oxidant Function 25012.6 Quercetin, Phenoxyl Radicals Oxidation 25112.7 Impairment of Respiration of Mitochondria by Quercetin 25112.8 Quercetin, Low Molecular Weight Antioxidant Oxidation 25112.9 Quercetin Damage Directly DNA 25212.10 Spermatogenesis and Oxidative Stress 25212.11 Quercetin and Male Reproduction 25212.12 Amelioration of Male Reproductive Dysfunction by Quercetin 25312.13 Contradictory Reports of Quercetin With Respect to Male Reproductive Potential 25412.14 Conclusion 254References 25413 Traditional Uses and Bioactivities of Common Rubus Species With Reference to Cancer: A Mini-Review 259Blassan P. George and Heidi Abrahamse13.1 Introduction 25913.2 Traditional Uses of Common Rubus Species 26013.2.1 Rubus fruticosus 26013.2.2 Rubus ellipticus 26013.2.3 Rubus idaeus and Related Rubus Species 26113.3 Biological Activity Studies of Rubus Extracts 26113.4 Bioactive Compounds From Rubus Species 26213.5 Rubus as an Antitumor Agent 26213.6 Conclusion 265Acknowledgements 265References 26514 Therapeutic Compounds From Brown Seaweeds: Antitumor Properties on Various Cancers and Their Mechanisms of Action 271Dilek Unal and Inci Tüney Kizilkaya14.1 Introduction 27114.2 Type of Bioactive Compounds From Brown Algae 27314.2.1 Terpenoids (Terpens) 27314.2.2 Polysaccharides 27414.2.2.1 Alginic Acid 27414.2.2.2 Fucoidans 27414.2.2.3 Laminarin 27514.2.3 Polyphenols 27514.2.4 Pigments 27614.3 Type of Cancer and Molecular Action Mechanisms 27614.3.1 Breast Cancer 27814.3.2 Colon Cancer 27914.3.3 Prostate Cancer 28014.4 Conclusion 280References 28015 Medicinal Plants and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 287Yogamaya D Prabhu, Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan15.1 Introduction 28715.2 Clinical Manifestations of PCOS 28815.3 Importance of Phenotypes in PCOS 28915.4 Conventional Therapies for PCOS Treatment 29015.5 Herbal Medicine and PCOS 29015.6 Conclusion 295List of Abbreviations & Symbols 296References 29616 The Potential Role of Phytochemical in Establishing Prophylactic Measurements Against Neurological Diseases 301Srivastava P. and Tiwari A.16.1 Introduction 30116.2 Focused Neurological Disorder for Herbal Promises 30216.2.1 Cases of Attention 30316.2.2 Target Identification 30316.2.3 Physicochemical Characterization and Secondary Structure Prediction 30316.2.4 Molecular Modeling Studies 30416.2.5 Virtual Screening for Potential Phytochemicals 30516.2.6 Molecular Interaction Studies 30716.3 Conclusion 311References 31117 Immunomodulatory Activity of Cannabinoids: From Abuse to Therapy 315Farid A. Badria and Abdullah A. Elgazar17.1 Introduction 31517.2 Immunity System, Related Diseases and Current Therapeutic Options 31817.3 Historical and Traditional Uses of Cannabis Herb 32017.4 Chemistry of Cannabinoids 32117.5 Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids 32317.5.1 Pharmacological Effect of THC 32317.5.2 Pharmacological Effect of CBD 32417.6 Conclusion 326References 32618 Botany, Geographical Distribution, Phytochemistry and Phytopharmaceutical Potential of Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meisn.: An Overview 331Mohd. Shahnawaz, Refaz Ahmad Dar, Syed Mudassir Jeelani, Tahoora Batool Zargar, Malik Mohd. Azhar, Sajad Ahmed, Sabeena Ali, Rekha Chouhan, Gulfam Sheikh, Puja Gupta, Abhishek Kumar Nautiyal, Manisha K. Sangale and Avinash B. Ade18.1 Introduction 33218.2 Botany and Taxonomic Status of R. emodi 33218.3 Origin and Geographical Distribution of R. emodi 33318.4 Phyto Constituents of R. emodi 33418.5 Traditional Uses of R. emodi 34118.6 Pharmaceutically Active Biomolecules of R. emodi 34118.7 Conclusion 34218.8 Future Prospective 342Acknowledgements 342References 34319 Taxonomic Status, Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmaceutical Active Components of Genus Alseodaphne: A Literature Update 347Puja Gupta, Mohd. Shahnawaz, Sajad Ahmad, Rekha Chouhan, Sundeep Jaglan, Yash pal Sharma, Madangchanok Imchen and Ranjith Kumavath19.1 Introduction 34719.2 Botany and Taxonomic Status of Some Important Members of Alseodaphne 34819.2.1 Alseodaphne archboldiana Kosterm 34819.2.2 Alseodaphne andersonii Kosterm 34819.2.3 Alseodaphne corneri Kosterm 34919.2.4 Alseodaphne hainanensis Merr 34919.2.5 Alseodaphne pendulifolia Gamble 34919.2.6 Alseodpahne peduncularis (Wall. ex Nees) 34919.2.7 Alseodaphne perakensis (Gamble) Kosterm 34919.2.8 Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Nees 35019.3 Origin and Geographical Distribution of Some Important Members of Genus Alseodaphne 35019.3.1 A. archboldiana 35019.3.2 A. andersonii 35019.3.3 A. corneri 35019.3.4 A. hainensis 35019.3.5 A. pendulifolia 35019.3.6 A. peduncularis 35019.3.7 A. perakensis 35119.3.8 A. semecarpifolia 35119.4 Phytochemical Studies of a Few Important Members of Alseodaphne 35119.4.1 A. archboldiana 35119.4.2 A. andersonii 35119.4.3 A. corneri 35119.4.4 A. hainensis 35219.4.5 A. pendulifolia 35219.4.6 A. peduncularis 35219.4.7 A. perakensis 35219.4.8 A. semicarpifolia 35219.5 Traditional and Pharmaceutical Importance of Some Important Members of Alseodaphne 35319.5.1 A. archboldiana 35319.5.2 A. andersonii 35319.5.2.1 Effect on Inflammation and Central Nervous System 35319.5.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity 35319.5.2.3 Immunomodulatory Activity of A. andersonii 35419.5.2.4 Major Fatty Acids and Oil Content of A. andersonii 35419.5.3 A. corneri 35419.5.4 A. hainensis 35419.5.5 A. pendulifolia 35519.5.6 A. peduncularis 35519.5.7 A. perakensis 35519.5.8 A. semicarpifolia 35619.6 Future Prospective 35619.7 Conclusions 356Acknowledgments 356References 35720 Bioactive Compounds From Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and Their Potential Health Benefits 363Nayara Bispo Macedo, Daylín Díaz Gutierrez, Andreza Santana Santos, Raquel Oliveira Pereira, Gopalsamy Rajiv Gandhi, Maria das Graças de Oliveira e Silva, Alexis Vidal, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Jullyana de Souza Siqueira Quintans and Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva20.1 Introduction 36320.2 Search Strategies 36420.3 Bioactive Compounds 36520.3.1 Phenolic Compounds 37220.3.2 Terpenes 37320.4 Biological Activities 37320.4.1 Antimicrobial Activity 37320.4.2 Healing Activity 38320.4.3 Anti-Inflammatory Activity 38520.4.4 Antioxidant Activity 38920.5 Toxicity 39520.6 Conclusion and Future Considerations 395Acknowledgements 396References 39621 Composition and Biological Properties of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) 403Andreza de Santana Santos, Anne Karoline de Souza Oliveira, Raquel Oliveira Pereira, Erivan Vieira Barbosa Junior, Adalgisa de Lima Sayao and Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva21.1 Introduction 40321.2 Chemical Characterization 40421.2.1 Centesimal Composition 40421.2.1.1 Peel 40421.2.1.2 Pericarp or Pulp 40421.2.1.3 Seed 41121.2.2 Bioactive Compounds 41121.2.2.1 Peel 41121.2.2.2 Pericarp or Pulp 41121.2.2.3 Seed 41221.3 Biological Properties 41221.3.1 Antioxidant Activity 41221.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity 41821.3.3 Antidiabetic Activity 42121.3.4 Antiobesogenic Activity 42121.3.5 Other Health Benefits 42521.4 Toxicity Aspects 43021.5 Conclusion 430References 43322 Phytochemicals and Health: An Update 437Semih Otles and Gozde Turkoz Bakirci22.1 Introduction 43722.1.1 Types of Phytochemicals 43822.1.2 Reported Phytochemicals 43822.1.2.1 Steroids 43922.1.2.2 Flavonoid C-Glycoside 43922.1.2.3 Flavones 43922.1.2.4 Essential Oil Component 43922.1.2.5 Tannins 43922.1.2.6 Miscellaneous 44222.2 Health Effect of Phytochemicals 44222.2.1 Wheat 44822.2.2 Barley 44922.2.3 Fruit and Vegetables 44922.2.4 Legumes 45122.2.5 Tea 45122.2.6 Spices and Herbs 45122.3 Advanced Analysis of Phytochemicals 45122.4 Conclusion 452References 452Index 455