John L. Anderson, Principal Lecturer, Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK.

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• Preface viAbout the Companion Website viii1 Introduction: What is ‘Research’? 12 Experimental Quantitative Approaches: Laboratory Experiments 143 Experimental Quantitative Approaches: Real- Life (Field) Experiments 274 Experimental Quantitative Approaches: Non- randomised Clinical Trials 395 Experimental Quantitative Approaches: Randomised Control Trials 486 Observational Quantitative Approaches: Cohort Studies 667 Observational Quantitative Approaches: Case- Control Studies 808 Observational Quantitative Approaches: Cross- Sectional Studies (Surveys) 879 Observational Quantitative Approaches: Cross- Sectional Studies – Other Types of Study 10010 Qualitative Ethnographic Approaches: Using Participant Observation 10811 Qualitative Ethnographic Approaches: Using Interviews and Focus Groups 12412 Qualitative Ethnographic Approaches: Autoethnography 14413 Qualitative Approaches: Phenomenology 15714 Qualitative Approaches: Grounded Theory 17515 Mixed Methods: Case Study Methods 18616 Mixed Methods: Policy Analysis 20017 Mixed Methods: Multi- Stage Studies 21618 Research Ethics and Governance: The Need for Regulation 22319 Research Ethics and Governance: Regulations, Approvals, and Permissions 237Appendices 258Appendix A: Research Skills Obtaining Informed Consent 258Appendix B: Research Skills Searching the Literature 268Appendix C: Research Skills Laboratory Safety 276Appendix D: Research Skills Interviewing 281Appendix E: Research Skills Focus Groups 294Appendix F: Research Skills Analysing Qualitative Data 303Appendix G: Research Skills Writing Research Reports 314Postscript 320Index 321

John L. Anderson, Principal Lecturer, Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK.

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• Preface viAbout the Companion Website viii1 Introduction: What is ‘Research’? 12 Experimental Quantitative Approaches: Laboratory Experiments 143 Experimental Quantitative Approaches: Real- Life (Field) Experiments 274 Experimental Quantitative Approaches: Non- randomised Clinical Trials 395 Experimental Quantitative Approaches: Randomised Control Trials 486 Observational Quantitative Approaches: Cohort Studies 667 Observational Quantitative Approaches: Case- Control Studies 808 Observational Quantitative Approaches: Cross- Sectional Studies (Surveys) 879 Observational Quantitative Approaches: Cross- Sectional Studies – Other Types of Study 10010 Qualitative Ethnographic Approaches: Using Participant Observation 10811 Qualitative Ethnographic Approaches: Using Interviews and Focus Groups 12412 Qualitative Ethnographic Approaches: Autoethnography 14413 Qualitative Approaches: Phenomenology 15714 Qualitative Approaches: Grounded Theory 17515 Mixed Methods: Case Study Methods 18616 Mixed Methods: Policy Analysis 20017 Mixed Methods: Multi- Stage Studies 21618 Research Ethics and Governance: The Need for Regulation 22319 Research Ethics and Governance: Regulations, Approvals, and Permissions 237Appendices 258Appendix A: Research Skills Obtaining Informed Consent 258Appendix B: Research Skills Searching the Literature 268Appendix C: Research Skills Laboratory Safety 276Appendix D: Research Skills Interviewing 281Appendix E: Research Skills Focus Groups 294Appendix F: Research Skills Analysing Qualitative Data 303Appendix G: Research Skills Writing Research Reports 314Postscript 320Index 321