Nurdan Demirci Sankir, PhD, is a full professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology (TOBB ETU), Ankara, Turkey. She received her M.Eng and PhD degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, the USA, in 2005. She established the Energy Research and Solar Cell Laboratories at TOBB ETU, and her research interests include photovoltaic devices, solution-based thin-film manufacturing, solar-driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation, and nanostructured semiconductors. This is her sixth co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint. Mehmet Sankir, PhD, is a full professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey, and group leader of the Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory. He received his PhD degree in Macromolecular Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, the USA, in 2005. Dr. Sankir’s research interests include membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation, and desalination. This is his sixth co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.

• Preface xiiiPart I: Solar Thermochemical and Concentrated Solar Approaches 11 Materials Design Directions for Solar Thermochemical Water Splitting 3Robert B. Wexler, Ellen B. Stechel and Emily A. Carter1.1 Introduction 41.2 Theoretical Methods 171.3 The State-of-the-Art Redox-Active Metal Oxide 261.4 Next-Generation Perovskite Redox-Active Materials 301.5 Materials Design Directions 331.6 Conclusions 422 Solar Metal Fuels for Future Transportation 65Youssef Berro and Marianne Balat-Pichelin2.1 Introduction 662.2 Direct Combustion of Solar Metal Fuels 692.3 Regeneration of Metal Fuels Through the Solar Reduction of Oxides 752.4 Conclusions 893 Design Optimization of a Solar Fuel Production Plant by Water Splitting With a Copper-Chlorine Cycle 97Samane Ghandehariun, Shayan Sadeghi and Greg F. Naterer3.1 Introduction 1003.2 System Description 1083.3 Mathematical Modeling and Optimization 1133.4 Results and Discussion 1213.5 Conclusions 1304 Diversifying Solar Fuels: A Comparative Study on Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Versus Solar Thermochemical Energy Storage Using Co3 O4 137Atalay Calisan and Deniz Uner4.1 Introduction 1374.2 Materials and Methods 1414.3 Thermodynamics of Direct Decomposition of Water 1424.4 A Critical Analysis of Two-Step Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycles Through the Red/Ox Properties of Co 3 O4 1434.5 Cyclic Thermal Energy Storage Using Co3 O4 1514.6 Conclusions 157Part II: Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Biofuel Production 1615 Shedding Light on the Production of Biohydrogen from Algae 163Thummala Chandrasekhar and Vankara Anuprasanna5.1 Introduction 1645.2 Hydrogen or Biohydrogen as Source of Energy 1655.3 Hydrogen Production From Various Resources 1675.4 Mechanism of Biological Hydrogen Production from Algae 1685.5 Production of Hydrogen from Different Algal Species 1715.6 Concluding Remarks 1776 Photoelectrocatalysis Enables Greener Routes to Valuable Chemicals and Solar Fuels 185Dipesh Shrestha, Kamal Dhakal, Tamlal Pokhrel, Achyut Adhikari, Tomas Hardwick, Bahareh Shirinfar and Nisar Ahmed6.1 Introduction 1866.2 C−H Functionalization in Complex Organic Synthesis 1896.3 Examples of Photoelectrochemical-Induced C−H Activation 1906.4 C−C Functionalization 1926.5 Electrochemically Mediated Photoredox Catalysis (e-PRC) 1946.6 Interfacial Photoelectrochemistry (iPEC) 1976.7 Reagent-Free Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling 1996.8 Conclusion 199Part III: Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Fuels 2057 Graphene-Based Catalysts for Solar Fuels 207Zhou Zhang, Maocong Hu and Zhenhua Yao7.1 Introduction 2087.2 Preparation of Graphene and Its Composites 2097.3 Graphene-Based Catalyst Characterization Techniques 2147.4 Graphene-Based Catalyst Performance 2207.5 Conclusion and Future Opportunities 2358 Advances in Design and Scale-Up of Solar Fuel Systems 247Ashween Virdee and John Andresen8.1 Introduction 2488.2 Strategies for Solar Photoreactor Design 2488.3 Design Considerations for Scale-Up 2728.4 Future Systems and Large Reactors 2748.5 Conclusions 276Part IV: Solar-Driven Water Splitting 2859 Photocatalyst Perovskite Ferroelectric Nanostructures 287Debashish Pal, Dipanjan Maity, Ayan Sarkar and Gobinda Gopal Khan9.1 Introduction 2889.2 Ferroelectric Properties and Materials 2899.3 Fundamental of Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis 2909.4 Principle of Piezo/Ferroelectric Photo(electro)catalysis 2929.5 Ferroelectric Nanostructures for Photo(electro)catalysis 2949.6 Synthesis and Design of Nanostructured Ferroelectric Photo(electro)catalysts 2959.7 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of Ferroelectric Nanostructures 3079.8 Conclusion and Perspective 32710 Solar-Driven H2 Production in PVE Systems 341Zaki N. Zahran, Yuta Tsubonouchi and Masayuki Yagi10.1 Introduction 34210.2 Approaches for H2 Production via Solar-Driven Water Splitting 34310.3 Principle of Designing of PVE Systems for Solar-Driven Water Splitting 34810.4 Development of PVE Systems for Solar-Driven Water Splitting 35210.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective 36111 Impactful Role of Earth-Abundant Cocatalysts in Photocatalytic Water Splitting 375Yubin Chen, Xu Guo, Zhichao Ge, Ya Liu and Maochang Liu11.1 Introduction 37611.2 Categories of Cocatalysts Utilized in Photocatalytic Water Splitting 37811.3 Factors Determining the Cocatalyst Activity 38411.4 Advanced Characterization Techniques for Cocatalytic Process 39311.5 Conclusion 395Acknowledgments 396References 396Index 411

Nurdan Demirci Sankir, PhD, is a full professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology (TOBB ETU), Ankara, Turkey. She received her M.Eng and PhD degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, the USA, in 2005. She established the Energy Research and Solar Cell Laboratories at TOBB ETU, and her research interests include photovoltaic devices, solution-based thin-film manufacturing, solar-driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation, and nanostructured semiconductors. This is her sixth co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint. Mehmet Sankir, PhD, is a full professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey, and group leader of the Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory. He received his PhD degree in Macromolecular Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, the USA, in 2005. Dr. Sankir’s research interests include membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation, and desalination. This is his sixth co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.

• Preface xiiiPart I: Solar Thermochemical and Concentrated Solar Approaches 11 Materials Design Directions for Solar Thermochemical Water Splitting 3Robert B. Wexler, Ellen B. Stechel and Emily A. Carter1.1 Introduction 41.2 Theoretical Methods 171.3 The State-of-the-Art Redox-Active Metal Oxide 261.4 Next-Generation Perovskite Redox-Active Materials 301.5 Materials Design Directions 331.6 Conclusions 422 Solar Metal Fuels for Future Transportation 65Youssef Berro and Marianne Balat-Pichelin2.1 Introduction 662.2 Direct Combustion of Solar Metal Fuels 692.3 Regeneration of Metal Fuels Through the Solar Reduction of Oxides 752.4 Conclusions 893 Design Optimization of a Solar Fuel Production Plant by Water Splitting With a Copper-Chlorine Cycle 97Samane Ghandehariun, Shayan Sadeghi and Greg F. Naterer3.1 Introduction 1003.2 System Description 1083.3 Mathematical Modeling and Optimization 1133.4 Results and Discussion 1213.5 Conclusions 1304 Diversifying Solar Fuels: A Comparative Study on Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Versus Solar Thermochemical Energy Storage Using Co3 O4 137Atalay Calisan and Deniz Uner4.1 Introduction 1374.2 Materials and Methods 1414.3 Thermodynamics of Direct Decomposition of Water 1424.4 A Critical Analysis of Two-Step Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycles Through the Red/Ox Properties of Co 3 O4 1434.5 Cyclic Thermal Energy Storage Using Co3 O4 1514.6 Conclusions 157Part II: Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Biofuel Production 1615 Shedding Light on the Production of Biohydrogen from Algae 163Thummala Chandrasekhar and Vankara Anuprasanna5.1 Introduction 1645.2 Hydrogen or Biohydrogen as Source of Energy 1655.3 Hydrogen Production From Various Resources 1675.4 Mechanism of Biological Hydrogen Production from Algae 1685.5 Production of Hydrogen from Different Algal Species 1715.6 Concluding Remarks 1776 Photoelectrocatalysis Enables Greener Routes to Valuable Chemicals and Solar Fuels 185Dipesh Shrestha, Kamal Dhakal, Tamlal Pokhrel, Achyut Adhikari, Tomas Hardwick, Bahareh Shirinfar and Nisar Ahmed6.1 Introduction 1866.2 C−H Functionalization in Complex Organic Synthesis 1896.3 Examples of Photoelectrochemical-Induced C−H Activation 1906.4 C−C Functionalization 1926.5 Electrochemically Mediated Photoredox Catalysis (e-PRC) 1946.6 Interfacial Photoelectrochemistry (iPEC) 1976.7 Reagent-Free Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling 1996.8 Conclusion 199Part III: Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Fuels 2057 Graphene-Based Catalysts for Solar Fuels 207Zhou Zhang, Maocong Hu and Zhenhua Yao7.1 Introduction 2087.2 Preparation of Graphene and Its Composites 2097.3 Graphene-Based Catalyst Characterization Techniques 2147.4 Graphene-Based Catalyst Performance 2207.5 Conclusion and Future Opportunities 2358 Advances in Design and Scale-Up of Solar Fuel Systems 247Ashween Virdee and John Andresen8.1 Introduction 2488.2 Strategies for Solar Photoreactor Design 2488.3 Design Considerations for Scale-Up 2728.4 Future Systems and Large Reactors 2748.5 Conclusions 276Part IV: Solar-Driven Water Splitting 2859 Photocatalyst Perovskite Ferroelectric Nanostructures 287Debashish Pal, Dipanjan Maity, Ayan Sarkar and Gobinda Gopal Khan9.1 Introduction 2889.2 Ferroelectric Properties and Materials 2899.3 Fundamental of Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis 2909.4 Principle of Piezo/Ferroelectric Photo(electro)catalysis 2929.5 Ferroelectric Nanostructures for Photo(electro)catalysis 2949.6 Synthesis and Design of Nanostructured Ferroelectric Photo(electro)catalysts 2959.7 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of Ferroelectric Nanostructures 3079.8 Conclusion and Perspective 32710 Solar-Driven H2 Production in PVE Systems 341Zaki N. Zahran, Yuta Tsubonouchi and Masayuki Yagi10.1 Introduction 34210.2 Approaches for H2 Production via Solar-Driven Water Splitting 34310.3 Principle of Designing of PVE Systems for Solar-Driven Water Splitting 34810.4 Development of PVE Systems for Solar-Driven Water Splitting 35210.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective 36111 Impactful Role of Earth-Abundant Cocatalysts in Photocatalytic Water Splitting 375Yubin Chen, Xu Guo, Zhichao Ge, Ya Liu and Maochang Liu11.1 Introduction 37611.2 Categories of Cocatalysts Utilized in Photocatalytic Water Splitting 37811.3 Factors Determining the Cocatalyst Activity 38411.4 Advanced Characterization Techniques for Cocatalytic Process 39311.5 Conclusion 395Acknowledgments 396References 396Index 411

Nurdan Demirci Sankir, PhD, is a full professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology (TOBB ETU), Ankara, Turkey. She received her M.Eng and PhD degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, the USA, in 2005. She established the Energy Research and Solar Cell Laboratories at TOBB ETU, and her research interests include photovoltaic devices, solution-based thin-film manufacturing, solar-driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation, and nanostructured semiconductors. This is her sixth co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint. Mehmet Sankir, PhD, is a full professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey, and group leader of the Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory. He received his PhD degree in Macromolecular Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, the USA, in 2005. Dr. Sankir’s research interests include membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation, and desalination. This is his sixth co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.

• Preface xiiiPart I: Solar Thermochemical and Concentrated Solar Approaches 11 Materials Design Directions for Solar Thermochemical Water Splitting 3Robert B. Wexler, Ellen B. Stechel and Emily A. Carter1.1 Introduction 41.2 Theoretical Methods 171.3 The State-of-the-Art Redox-Active Metal Oxide 261.4 Next-Generation Perovskite Redox-Active Materials 301.5 Materials Design Directions 331.6 Conclusions 422 Solar Metal Fuels for Future Transportation 65Youssef Berro and Marianne Balat-Pichelin2.1 Introduction 662.2 Direct Combustion of Solar Metal Fuels 692.3 Regeneration of Metal Fuels Through the Solar Reduction of Oxides 752.4 Conclusions 893 Design Optimization of a Solar Fuel Production Plant by Water Splitting With a Copper-Chlorine Cycle 97Samane Ghandehariun, Shayan Sadeghi and Greg F. Naterer3.1 Introduction 1003.2 System Description 1083.3 Mathematical Modeling and Optimization 1133.4 Results and Discussion 1213.5 Conclusions 1304 Diversifying Solar Fuels: A Comparative Study on Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Versus Solar Thermochemical Energy Storage Using Co3 O4 137Atalay Calisan and Deniz Uner4.1 Introduction 1374.2 Materials and Methods 1414.3 Thermodynamics of Direct Decomposition of Water 1424.4 A Critical Analysis of Two-Step Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycles Through the Red/Ox Properties of Co 3 O4 1434.5 Cyclic Thermal Energy Storage Using Co3 O4 1514.6 Conclusions 157Part II: Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Biofuel Production 1615 Shedding Light on the Production of Biohydrogen from Algae 163Thummala Chandrasekhar and Vankara Anuprasanna5.1 Introduction 1645.2 Hydrogen or Biohydrogen as Source of Energy 1655.3 Hydrogen Production From Various Resources 1675.4 Mechanism of Biological Hydrogen Production from Algae 1685.5 Production of Hydrogen from Different Algal Species 1715.6 Concluding Remarks 1776 Photoelectrocatalysis Enables Greener Routes to Valuable Chemicals and Solar Fuels 185Dipesh Shrestha, Kamal Dhakal, Tamlal Pokhrel, Achyut Adhikari, Tomas Hardwick, Bahareh Shirinfar and Nisar Ahmed6.1 Introduction 1866.2 C−H Functionalization in Complex Organic Synthesis 1896.3 Examples of Photoelectrochemical-Induced C−H Activation 1906.4 C−C Functionalization 1926.5 Electrochemically Mediated Photoredox Catalysis (e-PRC) 1946.6 Interfacial Photoelectrochemistry (iPEC) 1976.7 Reagent-Free Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling 1996.8 Conclusion 199Part III: Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Fuels 2057 Graphene-Based Catalysts for Solar Fuels 207Zhou Zhang, Maocong Hu and Zhenhua Yao7.1 Introduction 2087.2 Preparation of Graphene and Its Composites 2097.3 Graphene-Based Catalyst Characterization Techniques 2147.4 Graphene-Based Catalyst Performance 2207.5 Conclusion and Future Opportunities 2358 Advances in Design and Scale-Up of Solar Fuel Systems 247Ashween Virdee and John Andresen8.1 Introduction 2488.2 Strategies for Solar Photoreactor Design 2488.3 Design Considerations for Scale-Up 2728.4 Future Systems and Large Reactors 2748.5 Conclusions 276Part IV: Solar-Driven Water Splitting 2859 Photocatalyst Perovskite Ferroelectric Nanostructures 287Debashish Pal, Dipanjan Maity, Ayan Sarkar and Gobinda Gopal Khan9.1 Introduction 2889.2 Ferroelectric Properties and Materials 2899.3 Fundamental of Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis 2909.4 Principle of Piezo/Ferroelectric Photo(electro)catalysis 2929.5 Ferroelectric Nanostructures for Photo(electro)catalysis 2949.6 Synthesis and Design of Nanostructured Ferroelectric Photo(electro)catalysts 2959.7 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of Ferroelectric Nanostructures 3079.8 Conclusion and Perspective 32710 Solar-Driven H2 Production in PVE Systems 341Zaki N. Zahran, Yuta Tsubonouchi and Masayuki Yagi10.1 Introduction 34210.2 Approaches for H2 Production via Solar-Driven Water Splitting 34310.3 Principle of Designing of PVE Systems for Solar-Driven Water Splitting 34810.4 Development of PVE Systems for Solar-Driven Water Splitting 35210.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective 36111 Impactful Role of Earth-Abundant Cocatalysts in Photocatalytic Water Splitting 375Yubin Chen, Xu Guo, Zhichao Ge, Ya Liu and Maochang Liu11.1 Introduction 37611.2 Categories of Cocatalysts Utilized in Photocatalytic Water Splitting 37811.3 Factors Determining the Cocatalyst Activity 38411.4 Advanced Characterization Techniques for Cocatalytic Process 39311.5 Conclusion 395Acknowledgments 396References 396Index 411