Tao Lu, PhD, Vice President, China Oilfield Services Limited, leads the company’s logging and directional well R&D activities, also heading its formation testing research, applications and marketing efforts. Mr. Lu is the recipient of numerous awards, including the National Technology Development Medal, National Engineering Talent and State Council Awards, and several COSL technology innovation prizes.Minggao Zhou, Senior Mechanical Engineer at COSL’s Oil Field Technology Research Institute, holds a Master’s Degree in Engineering and leads the company’s formation testing project team. He has worked extensively in research and development over the past two decades and has participated in several National Five Year Programs. His professional interests span a wide range of well logging instruments, presently focusing on formation testing design and interpretation.Yongren Feng is a Professor Level Senior Engineer and Chief Engineer at the Oilfield Technology Research Institute of China Oilfield Services Limited. He has been engaged in the research and development of offshore oil logging instruments for three decades, mainly responsible for wireline formation testing technology, electric core sampling methods and formation testing while drilling (FTWD) tool development.Yuqing Yang, PhD, Chief Engineer and Professor, Technology and Exploration, with China Oilfield Services Limited, is engaged in the research and management of geological applications of logging data. He has published several books, ten patents and sixty articles, winning a COSL Science and Technology Progress Award.Wilson Chin earned his PhD from M.I.T. and his M.Sc. from Caltech. He has authored over twenty books with Wiley-Scrivener and other major scientific publishers, has more than four dozen domestic and international patents to his credit, and has published over one hundred journal articles, in the areas of reservoir engineering, formation testing, well logging, Measurement While Drilling, and drilling and cementing rheology. Inquiries: wilsonchin@aol.com.

• Preface xiAcknowledgements xv1 Formation Testing – Background, Perspectives and New Industry Requirements 11.1 Formation Testing – A Brief Introduction 11.2 Conventional Formation Testing Concepts 61.3 A New Triple Probe Tool – Design Concepts and Well Logging Advantages 71.3.1 Azimuthal flow signal strength (circumferential probes) 91.3.2 Axial signal strength (centerline oriented dual probes) 141.3.3 Hardware and software considerations simulation considerations 211.3.4 Closing remarks 241.4 References 242 Visual Tour in Formation Testing, Design and Manufacturing 252.1 Detailed Mechanical CAD Animation 262.2 From Drawing Board to Engineering Prototyping 352.3 Manufacturing Highlights and Production 392.4 Laboratory Facilities with Formation Testing Fixtures 402.5 Beijing Test Well and Logging Facilities 422.6 Tool Positioning in Beijing Test Well 442.7 Field Operations – Bohai Bay and Middle East 452.8 Closing Remarks 482.9 References 483 Triple Probe Formation Tester – from Idea to Design to Field Evaluation 493.1 Laboratory Highlights – Triple Probe Formation Tester 503.2 Triple Probe Close-ups in Field Test 533.3 Positioning the Tool in the Well 563.4 Example Pressure Testing Well Logs 593.5 References 614 Project Background – Analysis, Modeling and Interpretation 624.1 Well Logging Advantages 644.2 Math Model Perspectives 654.3 Related Formation Testing Literature 684.4 Background Schlumberger Results 714.5 Analysis of MDT Pressure Data 734.6 References 745 Dual Probe Analysis for Thamama Formation 765.1 Thamama Formation Problem Definition 765.2 FT-Multiprobe Simulation 785.3 FT-00 Forward Simulation 875.4 FT-01 Inverse Analysis 895.5 References 916 Dual Probe Application for Wara Formation 926.1 Wave Formation Data Description 926.2 FT-Multiprobe History Matching 936.3 FT-00 and FT-01 Analysis for Sink and Vertical Probe Data 1006.4 References 1037 Multiprobe Flow Modeling Strategies 1047.1 Triple-probe Formation Testing Instrument 1047.1.1 Background remarks 1047.1.2 Multiprobe tool introduction 1067.2 Dual and Triple-probe Steady Flow Modeling 1127.2.1 Background – Sources, sinks, doublets and more 1127.2.2 Modeling hierarchies 1127.2.3 Exact steady flow pressure analysis 1147.2.4 Exact streamline tracing and geometric analysis 1177.2.5 Unbalanced doublet flows – a new approach 1187.3 Transient Numerical Model 1237.3.1 Simulator overview 1237.3.2 Computational details 1257.3.3 Flowline volume storage modeling 1257.3.4 Active flowline volume coupling at observation probes 1267.3.5 Mud filtrate invasion and supercharging, and underbalanced drilling 1267.3.6 Periodicity conditions in flows from circular wells 1277.4 References 1308 Multiprobe Applications – Detailed Examples and Assessment 1328.1 Drawdown for Round and Slot Nozzles With and Without Mud Filtrate Migration Through the  Sandface 134Example 1. Simple drawdown, round nozzle, no invasion 134Example 2. Simple drawdown, round nozzle, invasion with supercharging, 200 psi overbalance 143Example 3. Simple drawdown, round nozzle, invasion with strong supercharging, 2,000 psi overbalance 147Example 4. Simple drawdown, round nozzle, underbalanced drilling, 100 psi underbalance 149Example 5. Simple drawdown, slot nozzle, no invasion 151Example 6. Simple drawdown, three pumping slot nozzles, no invasion 1568.2 Highly Transient Applications, Drawdown and Buildup, Multiple Round or Slot Nozzles, No Invasion 160Example 7. Simple drawdown and buildup, single round nozzle 160Example 8. Three round nozzles executing drawdown and buildup simultaneously and independently, no invasion 165Example 9. Two round nozzles, one withdrawing fluid, the second simultaneously injecting, no invasion 170Example 10. Invasion or supercharge characterization in transient problems 1748.3 Additional Topics 178Example 11. A complicated simulation, effect of pore pressure in output displays 178Example 12. Batch processing capabilities 183Example 13. Spherical flow evaluation and geometric factors 191viii ContentsExample 14. Pressure behavior at permeability extremes 194Example 15. Comparing problems with and without supercharge 1979 Special Topics – Gas Release, Convergence Acceleration, Big Data and Inverse Methods 2009.1 Suppressing Dissolved Gas Release 201Bubble point considerations 201Example 1. Undesirable dissolved gas release 202Example 2. Dissolved gas remains in solution 2079.2 Steady Flow Convergence Acceleration for Interpretation Applications 212Interpretation applications 213Validating convergence accelerations 214Big data inverse applications 2199.3 Heterogeneity and Dip Detection Using Multiple Firings 2199.4 Triple Probe Tools with Different Nozzle Geometries 2259.5 Inverse Problems for Azimuthal and Axial Probe Applications 2299.5.1 Azimuthal inverse problem 229Steady flow forward calculations 231Limited (kh,kv) range example 231Inverse permeability predictions 241Algorithm analysis 241Wider (kh,kv) permeability example 247Inverse method recapitulation 251Data integrity in “big data” implementation 254Azimuthal inverse strategies 2569.5.2 Axial inverse problem for any dip angle 2579.5.2.1 Dual probe anisotropy inverse analysis 257Existing source model simulators 2589.5.2.2 Supercharging – Effects of nonuniform initial pressure 267Conventional zero supercharge model 268Supercharge “Fast Forward” solver 2699.5.2.3 Multiprobe “DOI,” inverse and barrier analysis 2759.6 Closing Remarks 2829.7 References 283Contents ix10 Integrated Multiprobe Modeling System 284Section 1 – General transient 3D simulator 28610.1 Overall Capabilities and Enhancements 28610.2 The “Steady” Check-box Option for Low and High Permeability Flows 29110.3 Flows with Mixed Nozzle Designs and Different Pumping Schedules 294Run 1. All round nozzles with staggered flow rates 294Run 2. All slotted nozzles with staggered flow rates 296Run 3. All slotted nozzles with identical flow rates 297Run 4. Slot, round, slot combination with identical flow rates 300Run 5. Round, slot, round combination with identical flow rates 30110.4 Geometric Factor Role in Model and Tool Calibration 30310.4.1 Model calibration 30310.4.2 Tool and software calibration 30610.5 Pad Nozzles with Different Orifice Sizes and Shapes 30710.6 Pore Pressure Determination with Triple Probe Tool and Effects of Supercharge 309Section 2 – Steady Simulator and Inverse Applications 31210.7 Software Reference Overview 31210.8 General Transient 3D Simulator in Batch Mode 31510.9 Rapid Steady 3D Simulator in Batch Mode 31910.10 Big Data Inverse Approach and Examples 33310.10.1 Run 1. Center pumping probe, two observation probes with a first viscosity guess 33310.10.2 Run 2. Center pumping probe, two observation probes with a second viscosity guess 34810.10.3 Run 3. Three pumping probes in drawdown mode 35010.10.4 Run 4. Two pumping probes in drawdown mode 35910.11 Closing Remarks 361Cumulative References 362Index 377About the Authors 387

Tao Lu, PhD, Vice President, China Oilfield Services Limited, leads the company’s logging and directional well R&D activities, also heading its formation testing research, applications and marketing efforts. Mr. Lu is the recipient of numerous awards, including the National Technology Development Medal, National Engineering Talent and State Council Awards, and several COSL technology innovation prizes.Minggao Zhou, Senior Mechanical Engineer at COSL’s Oil Field Technology Research Institute, holds a Master’s Degree in Engineering and leads the company’s formation testing project team. He has worked extensively in research and development over the past two decades and has participated in several National Five Year Programs. His professional interests span a wide range of well logging instruments, presently focusing on formation testing design and interpretation.Yongren Feng is a Professor Level Senior Engineer and Chief Engineer at the Oilfield Technology Research Institute of China Oilfield Services Limited. He has been engaged in the research and development of offshore oil logging instruments for three decades, mainly responsible for wireline formation testing technology, electric core sampling methods and formation testing while drilling (FTWD) tool development.Yuqing Yang, PhD, Chief Engineer and Professor, Technology and Exploration, with China Oilfield Services Limited, is engaged in the research and management of geological applications of logging data. He has published several books, ten patents and sixty articles, winning a COSL Science and Technology Progress Award.Wilson Chin earned his PhD from M.I.T. and his M.Sc. from Caltech. He has authored over twenty books with Wiley-Scrivener and other major scientific publishers, has more than four dozen domestic and international patents to his credit, and has published over one hundred journal articles, in the areas of reservoir engineering, formation testing, well logging, Measurement While Drilling, and drilling and cementing rheology. Inquiries: wilsonchin@aol.com.

• Preface xiAcknowledgements xv1 Formation Testing – Background, Perspectives and New Industry Requirements 11.1 Formation Testing – A Brief Introduction 11.2 Conventional Formation Testing Concepts 61.3 A New Triple Probe Tool – Design Concepts and Well Logging Advantages 71.3.1 Azimuthal flow signal strength (circumferential probes) 91.3.2 Axial signal strength (centerline oriented dual probes) 141.3.3 Hardware and software considerations simulation considerations 211.3.4 Closing remarks 241.4 References 242 Visual Tour in Formation Testing, Design and Manufacturing 252.1 Detailed Mechanical CAD Animation 262.2 From Drawing Board to Engineering Prototyping 352.3 Manufacturing Highlights and Production 392.4 Laboratory Facilities with Formation Testing Fixtures 402.5 Beijing Test Well and Logging Facilities 422.6 Tool Positioning in Beijing Test Well 442.7 Field Operations – Bohai Bay and Middle East 452.8 Closing Remarks 482.9 References 483 Triple Probe Formation Tester – from Idea to Design to Field Evaluation 493.1 Laboratory Highlights – Triple Probe Formation Tester 503.2 Triple Probe Close-ups in Field Test 533.3 Positioning the Tool in the Well 563.4 Example Pressure Testing Well Logs 593.5 References 614 Project Background – Analysis, Modeling and Interpretation 624.1 Well Logging Advantages 644.2 Math Model Perspectives 654.3 Related Formation Testing Literature 684.4 Background Schlumberger Results 714.5 Analysis of MDT Pressure Data 734.6 References 745 Dual Probe Analysis for Thamama Formation 765.1 Thamama Formation Problem Definition 765.2 FT-Multiprobe Simulation 785.3 FT-00 Forward Simulation 875.4 FT-01 Inverse Analysis 895.5 References 916 Dual Probe Application for Wara Formation 926.1 Wave Formation Data Description 926.2 FT-Multiprobe History Matching 936.3 FT-00 and FT-01 Analysis for Sink and Vertical Probe Data 1006.4 References 1037 Multiprobe Flow Modeling Strategies 1047.1 Triple-probe Formation Testing Instrument 1047.1.1 Background remarks 1047.1.2 Multiprobe tool introduction 1067.2 Dual and Triple-probe Steady Flow Modeling 1127.2.1 Background – Sources, sinks, doublets and more 1127.2.2 Modeling hierarchies 1127.2.3 Exact steady flow pressure analysis 1147.2.4 Exact streamline tracing and geometric analysis 1177.2.5 Unbalanced doublet flows – a new approach 1187.3 Transient Numerical Model 1237.3.1 Simulator overview 1237.3.2 Computational details 1257.3.3 Flowline volume storage modeling 1257.3.4 Active flowline volume coupling at observation probes 1267.3.5 Mud filtrate invasion and supercharging, and underbalanced drilling 1267.3.6 Periodicity conditions in flows from circular wells 1277.4 References 1308 Multiprobe Applications – Detailed Examples and Assessment 1328.1 Drawdown for Round and Slot Nozzles With and Without Mud Filtrate Migration Through the  Sandface 134Example 1. Simple drawdown, round nozzle, no invasion 134Example 2. Simple drawdown, round nozzle, invasion with supercharging, 200 psi overbalance 143Example 3. Simple drawdown, round nozzle, invasion with strong supercharging, 2,000 psi overbalance 147Example 4. Simple drawdown, round nozzle, underbalanced drilling, 100 psi underbalance 149Example 5. Simple drawdown, slot nozzle, no invasion 151Example 6. Simple drawdown, three pumping slot nozzles, no invasion 1568.2 Highly Transient Applications, Drawdown and Buildup, Multiple Round or Slot Nozzles, No Invasion 160Example 7. Simple drawdown and buildup, single round nozzle 160Example 8. Three round nozzles executing drawdown and buildup simultaneously and independently, no invasion 165Example 9. Two round nozzles, one withdrawing fluid, the second simultaneously injecting, no invasion 170Example 10. Invasion or supercharge characterization in transient problems 1748.3 Additional Topics 178Example 11. A complicated simulation, effect of pore pressure in output displays 178Example 12. Batch processing capabilities 183Example 13. Spherical flow evaluation and geometric factors 191viii ContentsExample 14. Pressure behavior at permeability extremes 194Example 15. Comparing problems with and without supercharge 1979 Special Topics – Gas Release, Convergence Acceleration, Big Data and Inverse Methods 2009.1 Suppressing Dissolved Gas Release 201Bubble point considerations 201Example 1. Undesirable dissolved gas release 202Example 2. Dissolved gas remains in solution 2079.2 Steady Flow Convergence Acceleration for Interpretation Applications 212Interpretation applications 213Validating convergence accelerations 214Big data inverse applications 2199.3 Heterogeneity and Dip Detection Using Multiple Firings 2199.4 Triple Probe Tools with Different Nozzle Geometries 2259.5 Inverse Problems for Azimuthal and Axial Probe Applications 2299.5.1 Azimuthal inverse problem 229Steady flow forward calculations 231Limited (kh,kv) range example 231Inverse permeability predictions 241Algorithm analysis 241Wider (kh,kv) permeability example 247Inverse method recapitulation 251Data integrity in “big data” implementation 254Azimuthal inverse strategies 2569.5.2 Axial inverse problem for any dip angle 2579.5.2.1 Dual probe anisotropy inverse analysis 257Existing source model simulators 2589.5.2.2 Supercharging – Effects of nonuniform initial pressure 267Conventional zero supercharge model 268Supercharge “Fast Forward” solver 2699.5.2.3 Multiprobe “DOI,” inverse and barrier analysis 2759.6 Closing Remarks 2829.7 References 283Contents ix10 Integrated Multiprobe Modeling System 284Section 1 – General transient 3D simulator 28610.1 Overall Capabilities and Enhancements 28610.2 The “Steady” Check-box Option for Low and High Permeability Flows 29110.3 Flows with Mixed Nozzle Designs and Different Pumping Schedules 294Run 1. All round nozzles with staggered flow rates 294Run 2. All slotted nozzles with staggered flow rates 296Run 3. All slotted nozzles with identical flow rates 297Run 4. Slot, round, slot combination with identical flow rates 300Run 5. Round, slot, round combination with identical flow rates 30110.4 Geometric Factor Role in Model and Tool Calibration 30310.4.1 Model calibration 30310.4.2 Tool and software calibration 30610.5 Pad Nozzles with Different Orifice Sizes and Shapes 30710.6 Pore Pressure Determination with Triple Probe Tool and Effects of Supercharge 309Section 2 – Steady Simulator and Inverse Applications 31210.7 Software Reference Overview 31210.8 General Transient 3D Simulator in Batch Mode 31510.9 Rapid Steady 3D Simulator in Batch Mode 31910.10 Big Data Inverse Approach and Examples 33310.10.1 Run 1. Center pumping probe, two observation probes with a first viscosity guess 33310.10.2 Run 2. Center pumping probe, two observation probes with a second viscosity guess 34810.10.3 Run 3. Three pumping probes in drawdown mode 35010.10.4 Run 4. Two pumping probes in drawdown mode 35910.11 Closing Remarks 361Cumulative References 362Index 377About the Authors 387