Smart Charging Solutions for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

Sulabh Sachan, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, MJP Rohilkhand University Bareilly, India. He received his PhD from MNNIT Allahabad, India in 2018, his MTech in power systems from the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India, in 2013, and his BTech in electrical engineering from KNIT Sultanpur, in 2011. He is a member of IEEE and IEEE PES. His research interests include electric vehicle charging discharging and its integration issues in distribution networks. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a faculty member with the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark and works with CTIF Global Capsule (CGC), Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna, Italy. He has almost ten years of teaching, research and industrial experience and is an associate editor on a number of international scientific refereed journals. He has published more than 300 research papers and has won numerous awards for his research and teaching. Sanchari Deb, PhD, is a post-doctorate fellow at VTT Technical Research Center, Finland. She received her PhD from the Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India in 2020. She holds a Bachelor of Engineering degree in electrical engineering from Assam Engineering College, Guwahati and Master of Engineering degree in power systems from Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra. She is a member of IEEE and IEEE PES, and her research interests are power systems, energy, electric vehicles, charging infrastructure, optimization, and evolutionary algorithms.

• Preface xv1 Smart Charging: An Outlook Towards its Role and Impacts, Enablers, Markets, and the Global Energy System 1Bikash Sah and Praveen Kumar1.1 Introduction to Smart Charging 21.1.1 Context of SMART 31.1.2 Approaches 51.1.3 Contributions 51.2 Types of Charging 61.2.1 Uncoordinated Charging 61.2.2 Coordinated Charging 71.2.3 Smart Charging 81.3 Impact of Smart Charging on Global Energy Systems 141.3.1 On the Grid Side 151.3.2 On the Demand Side 151.3.3 Overall Infrastructure 161.4 Types of Smart Charging 161.5 Entities of a Smart-Charging System 181.5.1 Operators: Generation, Transmission, and Distribution 191.5.2 Controllers 191.5.3 Aggregators 201.5.4 Communication System 201.5.5 Stakeholders 221.5.5.1 Policymakers 221.5.5.2 Manufacturers 231.5.5.3 Service and Support Providers 231.5.5.4 Consumers 231.5.6 Market 241.6 Enablers of Smart Charging 241.7 Control Architectures 261.7.1 Centralized 261.7.2 Decentralized 271.7.3 Comments on Suitability 281.8 Outlook towards Smart Charging 301.9 Conclusion 31References 322 Influence of Electric Vehicles on Improvements in the Electric Distribution Grid 39Michela Longo, Wahiba Yaïci and Dario Zaninelli2.1 Introduction 392.2 Evolution of the Distribution System 412.2.1 Present and Next Challenges of the Distribution System 412.2.2 Energy Planning 432.2.3 Impacts on the Consumption of Energy Sources 452.2.4 Impacts of the Consumption on Distribution Networks 452.2.5 Evolution towards Smart Grids 462.3 Electric Mobility 502.3.1 Electric Vehicle Classification 512.3.2 Electric Mobility Maturity in Italy 532.3.2.1 Technological Maturity 542.3.2.2 Regulatory Maturity 542.3.2.3 Market Maturity 542.3.3 Electric Vehicle Market 572.3.4 Italian EV Market 582.3.5 The Influence of Batteries 592.3.6 Future Scenarios 612.3.7 Plans for the Diffusion of Charging Systems in Italy – PNIRE 642.3.8 Models and Diffusion Plans 652.3.8.1 The ANCI Guidelines 662.3.9 Charging Infrastructure 662.4 Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles 682.4.1 State-of-the-Art Charging Infrastructure 682.4.2 Charging Modes 692.4.2.1 Mode 1: Charging in Domestic Environment, Slow (6-8 h) up to 16 A 702.4.2.2 Mode 2: Charging in Domestic Environment, Slow (3-4 h) up to 32 A 712.4.2.3 Mode 3: Recharge in Domestic and Public Environment, Slow (6-8 h) or Fast (30 min – 1 h) 712.4.2.4 Mode 4: Charging in Public Environment, Fast (10-30 min) (Charging in Direct Current) 712.4.3 Charging Poles 722.4.4 Charging Connectors 752.4.5 Pilot Circuit 772.4.6 Complete Pilot Circuit 782.4.7 Simplified Pilot Circuit 782.5 Conclusion 79References 793 Smart Charging Strategies for the Changing Grid 83Chandana Sasidharan and Shweta Kalia3.1 Introduction 833.2 Charging Strategy based on Vehicle Type 863.3 Mapping of Charging Strategies 903.4 Evaluation of Charging Strategies 99References 1004 Pricing Schemes for Smart Charging 105Ahad Abessi, Vahid Safari and Mohammad Shadnam ZarbilAbbreviations 105Nomenclature 1064.1 Introduction 1084.2 Concepts and Issues in Charging Pricing 1094.3 Different Models of Charging Stations’ Dynamic Pricing 1114.4 Classification of Charging Pricing Models 1124.4.1 Stochastic Dynamic Pricing 1144.4.1.1 Profit of Charging Stations 1164.4.1.2 Customer Satisfaction 1174.4.1.3 Effect on the Power Grid 1174.4.1.4 Multi-Objective Optimization Framework 1184.4.2 Distributed Dynamic Pricing Policy Method 1194.4.2.1 Distributed Dynamic Pricing Strategy 1194.4.2.2 Usage-Based Dynamic Pricing (UDP) 1214.4.2.3 Distributed Demand Response Pricing (D2R) 1224.4.2.4 Quadratic Cost Function Pricing (QCF) 1234.4.3 Integrated Dynamic Pricing and Scheduling of EV Charging Stations 1234.4.4 Competitive Charging Station Pricing 1244.4.4.1 Charger Station Pricing Game (CSPG) 1254.4.5 Negotiation Pricing in Charging Stations 1264.4.5.1 Initial Price of EV User 1274.4.5.2 Charging Station Operator Initial Price 1274.4.5.3 Strategy of Price Adjustment for Charging Station Operator 1284.4.5.4 Price Adjustment Strategy of EV User 1284.4.6 Charging Pricing of Fast Charging Stations for the Voltage Control of Distribution Network 1294.4.6.1 The Lower-Layer Optimization Model 1294.4.6.2 The Upper-Layer Optimization Model 1314.4.7 Online Reinforcement Learning Approach for Dynamic Pricing 1324.5 Electricity Pricing of Vehicle Discharging to Grid 1344.5.1 Scheme of Discharge Pricing 1354.5.2 Some Common Schemes of Discharge Pricing 1374.6 Electricity Pricing Currently Used at Charging Stations 1374.7 Effect of Charging Pricing on Economic Competitiveness of Electric Vehicles 1394.8 Conclusion 140References 1415 Management of Electric Vehicles Using Automatic Learning Algorithms: Application in Office Buildings 143Andres Alonso Rodriguez, Luis Perdomo, Ameena Al-sumaiti, Francisco Santamaria and Sergio Rivera5.1 Introduction 1435.2 Proposed Charging Strategy 1455.3 Test Bed and Implementation Results 1505.4 Conclusion 155References 1566 High-Power Charging Strategies of EV Batteries and Energy Storage 159Marta Zurek-Mortka and Jerzy R. SzymanskiAbbreviations 1596.1 Introduction 1606.2 EV Battery Set Model 1636.3 Case Study of Charging High Power Li-Ion Battery for Energy Storage and Electric Work Machines 1656.4 Proposed Constant Current and Constant Voltage Method for EV Battery Charging 1696.5 Simulation Tests of EV Battery Charging 1706.6 Conclusions 172References 1737 Integration of Fast Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles with the Industrial Power System 175Marta Zurek-Mortka and Jerzy R. SzymanskiAbbreviations 1767.1 Introduction 1767.2 Structure of Hybrid EV Fast Charging Station 1787.3 Use of Drive Voltage Frequency Converter for Charging EV Batteries 1807.4 Fast Charging Converter Integrated with 600V DC Microgrid 1837.5 Simulation and Experimental Study of Drive Voltage Frequency Converter Used to Charge EV Batteries 1877.6 Conclusions 192References 1938 Regulatory Framework for Smart Charging in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles: Challenges, Driving Forces, and Lessons for Future Roadmap 195Rajkumar Viral and Divya AsijaList of Abbreviations 1968.1 Introduction 1978.1.1 Status of Adopted EV Technology 1998.1.2 Prospects and Current Market for Smart Charging 2028.1.3 Status of International Intervened Framework 2048.2 EV Charging Technology and Smart Charging 2058.2.1 EV Charging Technology 2058.2.1.1 Existent Charging Technologies for EVs 2078.2.1.2 Emergent Charging Technologies for EVs 2088.2.2 Smart Charging 2098.2.3 Smart Charging: Current Status and Technological Advancement 2118.2.3.1 Smart Charging Powered by Service Provider or Grid Operator Needs 2118.2.3.2 Smart Charging Powered by EV Owners or Building Needs 2118.2.4 Affordability and Current Infrastructure 2148.2.4.1 Charging Stations 2148.2.4.2 The Charger 2158.2.5 Major Threats in Smart Charging 2188.3 Smart Charging Standards 2208.3.1 Standards Developed by IEC 2208.3.1.1 IEC61851 Standard 2208.3.1.2 IEC 61980 Standard 2218.3.1.3 IEC62196 Standard 2218.3.2 SAE Standards 2218.3.2.1 SAEJ2293 Standard 2218.3.2.2 SAEJ1772 Standard 2218.3.2.3 SAEJ1773 Standard 2218.3.2.4 SAEJ2847 and SAEJ2836 Standard 2228.3.2.5 SAEJ2931 Standard 2228.3.2.6 SAEJ2954 and SAEJ2954 Standard 2228.3.3 Safety Standards for EV 2228.3.3.1 NFPA Standards 2228.3.3.2 NEC 625 2238.3.3.3 NEC 626 2238.4 Regulatory Framework 2238.4.1 International Smart Charging Framework 2238.4.2 Role of Agents in Smart Charging 2268.4.3 Regulatory Challenges of Smart Charging and Impact on Global Energy Market 2278.5 Conclusions and Discussion 229References 2309 EV Fast Charging Station Planning with Renewable Energy Sources: A Case Study of Durgapur System 233Dr. Ashish Kumar Bohre, Dr. Partha Sarathee Bhowmik and Dr. Baseem Khan9.1 Introduction 2349.2 Modeling of System 2369.2.1 Solar PV 2369.2.2 Battery Storage System (BSS) 2379.2.3 System Converter 2379.2.4 Diesel Generator 2379.2.5 Load Profile 2389.2.6 Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Station (EV-FCS) Characteristics and Performance 2389.3 Case Study on Solar and Wind Data 2409.4 Problem Description and Methodology 2429.4.1 Cost of Energy (COE) 2459.4.2 Annual Savings 2459.4.3 Internal Rate of Return 2459.4.4 Simple Payback 2459.4.5 Pollutant Emissions 2469.5 Results and Discussion 2469.5.1 System Analysis without EV Fast Charging Stations (EV-FCS) 2479.5.2 System Analysis with EV Fast Charging Stations (EV-FCS) 2619.6 Conclusions 2789.7 Acknowledgment 279References 27910 Game Theory Approach for Electric Vehicle Charge Management Considering User Behavior 283Lokesh Kumar PanwarNomenclature 28410.1 Introduction 28510.2 Problem Formulation 28810.3 Profit Maximization Game 29210.4 Existence and Uniqueness of Nash Equilibrium of Profit Maximization Game 29410.5 Results and Discussion 29610.6 Conclusion 302Appendix A 302References 30411 A Novel SMES Based Charging System for Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids 307Ubaid ur RehmanNomenclature 307List of Abbreviations 307List of Variables 30811.1 Introduction 30811.2 System Modeling 31011.3 Impact Analysis of SME’S on SG Performance while Accommodating EVs 31411.4 Conclusion 318References 31912 A Novel Intelligent Route Planning Framework for Electric Vehicles with Consideration of Waiting Time in Delhi 321Lokesh Kumar Panwar12.1 Introduction 32212.2 Problem Description 32412.2.1 Travelling Cost between Two Edges 32512.2.2 Charging Cost at CS 32512.2.3 Travelling Time Between Two Edges 32512.2.4 Waiting Time at CS 32612.3 Reinforcement Learning (RL) Based EV Navigation System 32612.3.1 Objective Functions 32712.3.2 Online Learning and Estimation Waiting Time 32812.3.3 RL Based Navigation Method 32912.4 Results and Discussion 33112.4.1 Simulation Environment 33112.4.2 Benchmark Cases 33312.4.3 Distributed Learning Simulation 33612.5 Conclusion 338References 33813 Smart Charging Management for Autonomous Vehicles: A Smart Solution for Smart Cities & Societies: COVID 19 341Nadia Adnan, Sharina Md Nordin, Malik Fawaz Saleh and Shouvik Sanyal13.1 Introduction 34213.2 Autonomous Vehicles: A Promise for Next-Generation Transportation Systems 34513.3 How Autonomous Vehicle Standards Ensure Safety 34613.4 Autonomous Cars and Smart Cities 34713.5 Benefits of Autonomous Vehicles 34813.6 Adoption Perspectives for Autonomous Vehicles: COVID 19 Situation 34913.7 During the Fight of Pandemic Situation: How Autonomous Vehicles are Used 34913.8 Smart Charging Management for Autonomous Vehicles 34913.9 Challenges Involved in Self Driving Vehicles (V2X) Driving the Development of Autonomous Vehicles 35213.10 Discussion 35413.11 Conclusion 35413.12 Acknowledgment 355References 35614 Electric Vehicle Integrated Virtual Power Plants: A Systematic Review 361Sanchari Deb, Sulabh Sachan, Mohammad Saad Alam and Samir M ShariffAbbreviations 36114.1 Introduction 36214.2 Overview of VPP 36414.2.1 Definitions of VPP 36414.2.2 Components of VPP 36514.2.3 Classification of VPP 36614.2.4 Benefits of VPP 36614.3 Global Scenario 36614.4 Framework for VPP 36814.5 Research Initiatives 37014.6 EV Integrated VPP 37014.7 Conclusions 375References 37515 Optimal Location of EV Charging Stations by Modified Direct Search Algorithm 381Sanchari Deb, Sulabh Sachan and Toni ZhimomiAbbreviations 38115.1 Introduction 38215.1.1 Background 38215.1.2 Existing Works 38315.1.3 Contribution 38315.2 Problem Formulation 38315.3 Methodology 38915.3.1 Division of Search Space 39015.3.2 Arrangement of Elements of Search Space 39115.3.3 Size Reduction of Search Space 39215.3.4 Evaluation of Objective Function 39315.4 Numerical Analysis 39315.5 Conclusion 395References 39516 Recent Trends and Technologies of Electric Vehicles and Their Wireless Charging Methods: A Review 399D. R. Karthik, Mallikarjunareddy Bandi, Naveenkumar Marati, Balraj Vaithilingam and Kathirvel Karuppazhagi16.1 Introduction 40016.2 FAME Status 40116.3 Basic Operation of WPT of EVs 40316.4 Components of WPT System 40516.5 Advancements in WPT and Electric Vehicle Technology 40716.6 Electric Vehicle Status in India 40816.7 Standards of Electrical Vehicles, Infrastructure, and WPT 41116.8 Conclusion 416References 41617 Techno-Economic Issues of Grid Connected Large Photovoltaic Plants of Smart City Prayagraj to the EV Charging Station: A Case Study (A Case Study of 5 MW Photovoltaic Power Plant at Prayagraj) 419Satendra Kumar Singh Kushwaha, Satyprakash, Akhilesh Kumar Gupta, Akbar Ahmad, Bandi Mallikarjuna Reddy and Narendra Kumar Ch17.1 Introduction 42017.2 PV Generation Feasibility Study for Prayagraj for EV Charging Stations 42217.3 Modeling and Challenges of Grid Integrated Photovoltaic System 42517.4 Real-Time Challenges of 5MW Solar Plant at Naini, Prayagraj, India 42917.5 Whole System Layout and Description 43017.6 Cost Analysis of Complete PV System 43117.7 Conclusion 433References 433Index 437