Inderbir Singh, PhD, is a professor at Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, and has a total experience of 19 years in both industry and academia. He has published more than 103 research/review articles in national and international journals, 6 books, 15 book chapters, 2 patents granted, and 11 patents (applied).Rakesh K. Sindhu, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India. He has published more than 50 research papers in reputed journals, three books, and 6 patents. Atul A. Shirkhedkar, PhD, is a professor and vice-principal of the Dept. of Pharm. Chem., R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India. He has published more than 160 research papers in National and International journals. Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant is at the Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand. He has published more than 200 publications in ISI journals, 12 patents, and received 7 international invention awards.

• Preface xvii1 Essential Oils as Potent Antimicrobial Agents 1Rakesh K. Sindhu, Prabhjot Kaur, Parneet Kaur, Sumitra Singh and Simona Cavalu1.1 Introduction 21.2 Essential Oils 31.3 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils 51.4 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils as Antimicrobials 111.5 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil 131.6 Essential Oils as Combination Therapy 131.7 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Essential Oils 141.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 162 Herbal Antibiotics for Treating Drug-Resistant Bacteria 23Haixia Chen and Shuqin Li2.1 Introduction 242.2 Resistance Mechanism of Strains 252.3 The Classification of Herbal Secondary Metabolites for Drug Resistance 282.4 Mechanism 412.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 443 Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Fungal Infections 55Kampanart Huanbutta and Tanikan Sangnim3.1 Introduction 553.2 Nature of Fungi and Classification of Fungal Disease 563.3 Epidemiology of Fungal Infection 583.4 Limitations of Modern Medicines 603.5 Medicinal Plants With Antifungal Activities 613.6 Phytopharmaceuticals With Antifungal Activities 633.7 Activity and Mechanism of Action of Antifungal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals 683.8 Conclusion and Future Prospect of Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Fungal Infections 724 Herbal Bioactives for the Management of Influenza Viral Infection 85Shaveta Bhardwaj, Jobanpreet Kaur, Atinderpal Kaur, Satvinder Kaur, Anu Jindal and Inderbir Singh4.1 Introduction 864.2 Various Herbal Bioactives With Anti-Influenza Property 874.3 Mechanism of an Anti-Influenza Effect 914.4 Conclusion 935 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Respiratory Infections 101Chandrakantsing V. Pardeshi, Sagar R. Pardeshi, Jitendra B. Naik, Atul A. Shirkhedkar and Sanjay J. Surana5.1 Introduction 1015.2 Overview of Respiratory Tract Infections 1035.3 Herbal Bioactives for the Management of RTIs 1085.4 Bioactives and Their Derivatives Against Novel Coronavirus Disease 1125.5 Emerging Drug Delivery Strategies for Biomedicines in the Management of RTIs 1135.6 Clinical Status: Opportunities and Challenges 1205.7 Patent Perspectives 1205.8 Future Perspectives 1225.9 Conclusion 1226 Herbal Bioactives for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders 133Manish Kumar, Inderjeet Verma, Rakesh Kumar Sindhu and Rishabh Srivastava6.1 Introduction 1346.2 Classification of GIT Disorders 1346.3 The Science of Herbal Medicine 1356.4 Need of Herbal Medicine 1436.5 Indirect Adverse Effects of Herbal Therapy 1446.6 Herbal Bioactive-Based Formulation 1446.7 Recent Patents for Herbal Drug Delivery Systems 1486.8 Future Perspective 1486.9 Conclusion 1487 Herbal Drugs for the Treatment of Ocular Infections 157A. A. Shirkhedkar, Mukesh S. Patil, A. S. Patil and Inderbir Singh7.1 Introduction 1587.2 Eye Essential Anatomy and Physiology 1597.3 Preparation and Method of Use 1617.4 Modern Investigations and Findings 1637.5 Patents Recently Issued on Herbal Formulations 1707.6 Conclusion 1718 Phytopharmaceuticals for Treating Sexually Transmitted Diseases 179Kenneth Chinedu Ugoeze8.1 Introduction 1808.2 Disease 1808.3 Infectious Diseases 1818.4 Types of Infectious Diseases 1818.5 Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1908.6 Phytochemicals 1948.7 Phytopharmaceuticals 1958.8 Future View of Phytopharmaceuticals: The Need for Patenting 2258.9 Summary 2268.10 Conclusion 2299 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Infectious Skin Diseases 263Darshan R. Telange, Saurabh B. Ganorkar and Atul A. Shirkhedkar9.1 History of Treating Skin Diseases With Herbs 2649.2 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Infectious Skin Diseases9.3 Herbs of Choice for Skin Infections 2719.4 Herbal Bioactive--Based Formulations for Skin Infections 2809.5 Patent Perspective 2829.6 Futuristic View 2839.7 Conclusion 28410 Plant-Based Vaccines: Challenges and Opportunities 291Navgeet Kaur, Anju Goyal and Rakesh K. Sindhu10.1 Introduction 29210.2 Production Process of Plant-Based Vaccines 29310.3 Current Scenario of the Vaccines 29710.4 Challenges 29910.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 30011 Herbal Medicines for HIV Infection and AIDS 307Thongtham Suksawat and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant11.1 Introduction 30811.2 Pathophysiology of HIV Infections 30911.3 Current Treatments for HIV/AIDS 31011.4 Targeting for Novel Drug Therapy Against HIV/AIDS 31111.5 Herbal Extract and Phytochemicals with Anti-HIV Effects 31211.6 Patents of Herbal and Phytochemical Products for Anti--HIV-1 Infections 33011.7 Conclusions 33212 Anthelmintic Potential of Herbal Drugs 341Kalpana Nagpal, Pravin Pawar, Ritu Rathi, Nishant Gaur and Inderbir Singh12.1 Introduction 34212.2 Drugs Used as Anthelmintics 34212.3 Active Principles Derived From Medicinal Plants as Anthelmintic Compounds 34912.4 Conclusion 35213 Herbal Drugs for the Management and Treatment of Herpes Simplex Infections 359Wiwit Suttithumsatid and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant13.1 Introduction 36013.2 Pathophysiology of HSV Infections 36013.3 Current Treatments for HSV Infection 36113.4 Targeting for Novel Drug Therapy Against Herpes Simplex Infection 36313.5 Herbal Extracts and Phytochemicals With Anti-HSV Activity 36313.6 Recommended Herbal Extracts Used for Herpes Simplex Infection and Futuristic View 38113.7 Patents on Herbal Medicine for Anti-Herpes Simplex Infections 38113.8 Conclusions 38314 Herbs and Plants Used for the Management and Treatment of Hepatitis Infections 389Omonike O. Ogbole, Temitayo A. Ajayi and Oluwatoyin A. Odeku14.1 Introduction 39014.2 Hepatitis 39114.3 Herbal Medicine and Control of Viral Infection 39714.4 Major Classes of Medicinal Plants Having Activity Against Hepatitis Virus 39814.5 The Common Classes of Bioactive Compounds with Anti-Hepatitis Virus Activities 40615 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Urinary Tract Infections 427Kashish Wilson, Manish Kumar, Prerna Sharma, Harkiran Nehra and Inderjeet Verma15.1 Introduction 42815.2 Discussion on Medicinal Plants 43115.3 Causes of UTI 43115.4 Symptoms of a UTI 43215.5 Management 43215.6 Herbs Employed for Therapy of Urinary Tract Infection 43315.7 Causative Agents in Infection of Urinary Tract 43615.8 Mechanism of Herbs 43815.9 Future Prospective 43815.10 Conclusion 43916 Herbs Used in Parasitic Infection--Malaria 443M.G. Kalaskar, B. Duraiswami, S.J. Surana and A.A. Shirkhedkar16.1 Introduction 44416.2 Parasitic Infections 44516.3 Antiparasitic Medicinal Plants and Their Mode of Action 45016.4 Antimalarial Herb 452References 509Index 519

Inderbir Singh, PhD, is a professor at Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, and has a total experience of 19 years in both industry and academia. He has published more than 103 research/review articles in national and international journals, 6 books, 15 book chapters, 2 patents granted, and 11 patents (applied).Rakesh K. Sindhu, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India. He has published more than 50 research papers in reputed journals, three books, and 6 patents. Atul A. Shirkhedkar, PhD, is a professor and vice-principal of the Dept. of Pharm. Chem., R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India. He has published more than 160 research papers in National and International journals. Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant is at the Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand. He has published more than 200 publications in ISI journals, 12 patents, and received 7 international invention awards.

• Preface xvii1 Essential Oils as Potent Antimicrobial Agents 1Rakesh K. Sindhu, Prabhjot Kaur, Parneet Kaur, Sumitra Singh and Simona Cavalu1.1 Introduction 21.2 Essential Oils 31.3 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils 51.4 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils as Antimicrobials 111.5 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil 131.6 Essential Oils as Combination Therapy 131.7 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Essential Oils 141.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 162 Herbal Antibiotics for Treating Drug-Resistant Bacteria 23Haixia Chen and Shuqin Li2.1 Introduction 242.2 Resistance Mechanism of Strains 252.3 The Classification of Herbal Secondary Metabolites for Drug Resistance 282.4 Mechanism 412.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 443 Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Fungal Infections 55Kampanart Huanbutta and Tanikan Sangnim3.1 Introduction 553.2 Nature of Fungi and Classification of Fungal Disease 563.3 Epidemiology of Fungal Infection 583.4 Limitations of Modern Medicines 603.5 Medicinal Plants With Antifungal Activities 613.6 Phytopharmaceuticals With Antifungal Activities 633.7 Activity and Mechanism of Action of Antifungal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals 683.8 Conclusion and Future Prospect of Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Fungal Infections 724 Herbal Bioactives for the Management of Influenza Viral Infection 85Shaveta Bhardwaj, Jobanpreet Kaur, Atinderpal Kaur, Satvinder Kaur, Anu Jindal and Inderbir Singh4.1 Introduction 864.2 Various Herbal Bioactives With Anti-Influenza Property 874.3 Mechanism of an Anti-Influenza Effect 914.4 Conclusion 935 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Respiratory Infections 101Chandrakantsing V. Pardeshi, Sagar R. Pardeshi, Jitendra B. Naik, Atul A. Shirkhedkar and Sanjay J. Surana5.1 Introduction 1015.2 Overview of Respiratory Tract Infections 1035.3 Herbal Bioactives for the Management of RTIs 1085.4 Bioactives and Their Derivatives Against Novel Coronavirus Disease 1125.5 Emerging Drug Delivery Strategies for Biomedicines in the Management of RTIs 1135.6 Clinical Status: Opportunities and Challenges 1205.7 Patent Perspectives 1205.8 Future Perspectives 1225.9 Conclusion 1226 Herbal Bioactives for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders 133Manish Kumar, Inderjeet Verma, Rakesh Kumar Sindhu and Rishabh Srivastava6.1 Introduction 1346.2 Classification of GIT Disorders 1346.3 The Science of Herbal Medicine 1356.4 Need of Herbal Medicine 1436.5 Indirect Adverse Effects of Herbal Therapy 1446.6 Herbal Bioactive-Based Formulation 1446.7 Recent Patents for Herbal Drug Delivery Systems 1486.8 Future Perspective 1486.9 Conclusion 1487 Herbal Drugs for the Treatment of Ocular Infections 157A. A. Shirkhedkar, Mukesh S. Patil, A. S. Patil and Inderbir Singh7.1 Introduction 1587.2 Eye Essential Anatomy and Physiology 1597.3 Preparation and Method of Use 1617.4 Modern Investigations and Findings 1637.5 Patents Recently Issued on Herbal Formulations 1707.6 Conclusion 1718 Phytopharmaceuticals for Treating Sexually Transmitted Diseases 179Kenneth Chinedu Ugoeze8.1 Introduction 1808.2 Disease 1808.3 Infectious Diseases 1818.4 Types of Infectious Diseases 1818.5 Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1908.6 Phytochemicals 1948.7 Phytopharmaceuticals 1958.8 Future View of Phytopharmaceuticals: The Need for Patenting 2258.9 Summary 2268.10 Conclusion 2299 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Infectious Skin Diseases 263Darshan R. Telange, Saurabh B. Ganorkar and Atul A. Shirkhedkar9.1 History of Treating Skin Diseases With Herbs 2649.2 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Infectious Skin Diseases9.3 Herbs of Choice for Skin Infections 2719.4 Herbal Bioactive--Based Formulations for Skin Infections 2809.5 Patent Perspective 2829.6 Futuristic View 2839.7 Conclusion 28410 Plant-Based Vaccines: Challenges and Opportunities 291Navgeet Kaur, Anju Goyal and Rakesh K. Sindhu10.1 Introduction 29210.2 Production Process of Plant-Based Vaccines 29310.3 Current Scenario of the Vaccines 29710.4 Challenges 29910.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 30011 Herbal Medicines for HIV Infection and AIDS 307Thongtham Suksawat and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant11.1 Introduction 30811.2 Pathophysiology of HIV Infections 30911.3 Current Treatments for HIV/AIDS 31011.4 Targeting for Novel Drug Therapy Against HIV/AIDS 31111.5 Herbal Extract and Phytochemicals with Anti-HIV Effects 31211.6 Patents of Herbal and Phytochemical Products for Anti--HIV-1 Infections 33011.7 Conclusions 33212 Anthelmintic Potential of Herbal Drugs 341Kalpana Nagpal, Pravin Pawar, Ritu Rathi, Nishant Gaur and Inderbir Singh12.1 Introduction 34212.2 Drugs Used as Anthelmintics 34212.3 Active Principles Derived From Medicinal Plants as Anthelmintic Compounds 34912.4 Conclusion 35213 Herbal Drugs for the Management and Treatment of Herpes Simplex Infections 359Wiwit Suttithumsatid and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant13.1 Introduction 36013.2 Pathophysiology of HSV Infections 36013.3 Current Treatments for HSV Infection 36113.4 Targeting for Novel Drug Therapy Against Herpes Simplex Infection 36313.5 Herbal Extracts and Phytochemicals With Anti-HSV Activity 36313.6 Recommended Herbal Extracts Used for Herpes Simplex Infection and Futuristic View 38113.7 Patents on Herbal Medicine for Anti-Herpes Simplex Infections 38113.8 Conclusions 38314 Herbs and Plants Used for the Management and Treatment of Hepatitis Infections 389Omonike O. Ogbole, Temitayo A. Ajayi and Oluwatoyin A. Odeku14.1 Introduction 39014.2 Hepatitis 39114.3 Herbal Medicine and Control of Viral Infection 39714.4 Major Classes of Medicinal Plants Having Activity Against Hepatitis Virus 39814.5 The Common Classes of Bioactive Compounds with Anti-Hepatitis Virus Activities 40615 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Urinary Tract Infections 427Kashish Wilson, Manish Kumar, Prerna Sharma, Harkiran Nehra and Inderjeet Verma15.1 Introduction 42815.2 Discussion on Medicinal Plants 43115.3 Causes of UTI 43115.4 Symptoms of a UTI 43215.5 Management 43215.6 Herbs Employed for Therapy of Urinary Tract Infection 43315.7 Causative Agents in Infection of Urinary Tract 43615.8 Mechanism of Herbs 43815.9 Future Prospective 43815.10 Conclusion 43916 Herbs Used in Parasitic Infection--Malaria 443M.G. Kalaskar, B. Duraiswami, S.J. Surana and A.A. Shirkhedkar16.1 Introduction 44416.2 Parasitic Infections 44516.3 Antiparasitic Medicinal Plants and Their Mode of Action 45016.4 Antimalarial Herb 452References 509Index 519

Inderbir Singh, PhD, is a professor at Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, and has a total experience of 19 years in both industry and academia. He has published more than 103 research/review articles in national and international journals, 6 books, 15 book chapters, 2 patents granted, and 11 patents (applied).Rakesh K. Sindhu, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India. He has published more than 50 research papers in reputed journals, three books, and 6 patents. Atul A. Shirkhedkar, PhD, is a professor and vice-principal of the Dept. of Pharm. Chem., R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India. He has published more than 160 research papers in National and International journals. Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant is at the Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand. He has published more than 200 publications in ISI journals, 12 patents, and received 7 international invention awards.

• Preface xvii1 Essential Oils as Potent Antimicrobial Agents 1Rakesh K. Sindhu, Prabhjot Kaur, Parneet Kaur, Sumitra Singh and Simona Cavalu1.1 Introduction 21.2 Essential Oils 31.3 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils 51.4 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils as Antimicrobials 111.5 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil 131.6 Essential Oils as Combination Therapy 131.7 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Essential Oils 141.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 162 Herbal Antibiotics for Treating Drug-Resistant Bacteria 23Haixia Chen and Shuqin Li2.1 Introduction 242.2 Resistance Mechanism of Strains 252.3 The Classification of Herbal Secondary Metabolites for Drug Resistance 282.4 Mechanism 412.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 443 Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Fungal Infections 55Kampanart Huanbutta and Tanikan Sangnim3.1 Introduction 553.2 Nature of Fungi and Classification of Fungal Disease 563.3 Epidemiology of Fungal Infection 583.4 Limitations of Modern Medicines 603.5 Medicinal Plants With Antifungal Activities 613.6 Phytopharmaceuticals With Antifungal Activities 633.7 Activity and Mechanism of Action of Antifungal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals 683.8 Conclusion and Future Prospect of Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Fungal Infections 724 Herbal Bioactives for the Management of Influenza Viral Infection 85Shaveta Bhardwaj, Jobanpreet Kaur, Atinderpal Kaur, Satvinder Kaur, Anu Jindal and Inderbir Singh4.1 Introduction 864.2 Various Herbal Bioactives With Anti-Influenza Property 874.3 Mechanism of an Anti-Influenza Effect 914.4 Conclusion 935 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Respiratory Infections 101Chandrakantsing V. Pardeshi, Sagar R. Pardeshi, Jitendra B. Naik, Atul A. Shirkhedkar and Sanjay J. Surana5.1 Introduction 1015.2 Overview of Respiratory Tract Infections 1035.3 Herbal Bioactives for the Management of RTIs 1085.4 Bioactives and Their Derivatives Against Novel Coronavirus Disease 1125.5 Emerging Drug Delivery Strategies for Biomedicines in the Management of RTIs 1135.6 Clinical Status: Opportunities and Challenges 1205.7 Patent Perspectives 1205.8 Future Perspectives 1225.9 Conclusion 1226 Herbal Bioactives for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders 133Manish Kumar, Inderjeet Verma, Rakesh Kumar Sindhu and Rishabh Srivastava6.1 Introduction 1346.2 Classification of GIT Disorders 1346.3 The Science of Herbal Medicine 1356.4 Need of Herbal Medicine 1436.5 Indirect Adverse Effects of Herbal Therapy 1446.6 Herbal Bioactive-Based Formulation 1446.7 Recent Patents for Herbal Drug Delivery Systems 1486.8 Future Perspective 1486.9 Conclusion 1487 Herbal Drugs for the Treatment of Ocular Infections 157A. A. Shirkhedkar, Mukesh S. Patil, A. S. Patil and Inderbir Singh7.1 Introduction 1587.2 Eye Essential Anatomy and Physiology 1597.3 Preparation and Method of Use 1617.4 Modern Investigations and Findings 1637.5 Patents Recently Issued on Herbal Formulations 1707.6 Conclusion 1718 Phytopharmaceuticals for Treating Sexually Transmitted Diseases 179Kenneth Chinedu Ugoeze8.1 Introduction 1808.2 Disease 1808.3 Infectious Diseases 1818.4 Types of Infectious Diseases 1818.5 Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1908.6 Phytochemicals 1948.7 Phytopharmaceuticals 1958.8 Future View of Phytopharmaceuticals: The Need for Patenting 2258.9 Summary 2268.10 Conclusion 2299 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Infectious Skin Diseases 263Darshan R. Telange, Saurabh B. Ganorkar and Atul A. Shirkhedkar9.1 History of Treating Skin Diseases With Herbs 2649.2 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Infectious Skin Diseases9.3 Herbs of Choice for Skin Infections 2719.4 Herbal Bioactive--Based Formulations for Skin Infections 2809.5 Patent Perspective 2829.6 Futuristic View 2839.7 Conclusion 28410 Plant-Based Vaccines: Challenges and Opportunities 291Navgeet Kaur, Anju Goyal and Rakesh K. Sindhu10.1 Introduction 29210.2 Production Process of Plant-Based Vaccines 29310.3 Current Scenario of the Vaccines 29710.4 Challenges 29910.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 30011 Herbal Medicines for HIV Infection and AIDS 307Thongtham Suksawat and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant11.1 Introduction 30811.2 Pathophysiology of HIV Infections 30911.3 Current Treatments for HIV/AIDS 31011.4 Targeting for Novel Drug Therapy Against HIV/AIDS 31111.5 Herbal Extract and Phytochemicals with Anti-HIV Effects 31211.6 Patents of Herbal and Phytochemical Products for Anti--HIV-1 Infections 33011.7 Conclusions 33212 Anthelmintic Potential of Herbal Drugs 341Kalpana Nagpal, Pravin Pawar, Ritu Rathi, Nishant Gaur and Inderbir Singh12.1 Introduction 34212.2 Drugs Used as Anthelmintics 34212.3 Active Principles Derived From Medicinal Plants as Anthelmintic Compounds 34912.4 Conclusion 35213 Herbal Drugs for the Management and Treatment of Herpes Simplex Infections 359Wiwit Suttithumsatid and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant13.1 Introduction 36013.2 Pathophysiology of HSV Infections 36013.3 Current Treatments for HSV Infection 36113.4 Targeting for Novel Drug Therapy Against Herpes Simplex Infection 36313.5 Herbal Extracts and Phytochemicals With Anti-HSV Activity 36313.6 Recommended Herbal Extracts Used for Herpes Simplex Infection and Futuristic View 38113.7 Patents on Herbal Medicine for Anti-Herpes Simplex Infections 38113.8 Conclusions 38314 Herbs and Plants Used for the Management and Treatment of Hepatitis Infections 389Omonike O. Ogbole, Temitayo A. Ajayi and Oluwatoyin A. Odeku14.1 Introduction 39014.2 Hepatitis 39114.3 Herbal Medicine and Control of Viral Infection 39714.4 Major Classes of Medicinal Plants Having Activity Against Hepatitis Virus 39814.5 The Common Classes of Bioactive Compounds with Anti-Hepatitis Virus Activities 40615 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Urinary Tract Infections 427Kashish Wilson, Manish Kumar, Prerna Sharma, Harkiran Nehra and Inderjeet Verma15.1 Introduction 42815.2 Discussion on Medicinal Plants 43115.3 Causes of UTI 43115.4 Symptoms of a UTI 43215.5 Management 43215.6 Herbs Employed for Therapy of Urinary Tract Infection 43315.7 Causative Agents in Infection of Urinary Tract 43615.8 Mechanism of Herbs 43815.9 Future Prospective 43815.10 Conclusion 43916 Herbs Used in Parasitic Infection--Malaria 443M.G. Kalaskar, B. Duraiswami, S.J. Surana and A.A. Shirkhedkar16.1 Introduction 44416.2 Parasitic Infections 44516.3 Antiparasitic Medicinal Plants and Their Mode of Action 45016.4 Antimalarial Herb 452References 509Index 519