Fundamentals of Radiographic Positioning and Anatomy

Jane M. Harvey-Lloyd, PhD, MSC, DCR(R), SFHEA, PGCE, DLC, CTC, RPS, is Associate Professor in Diagnostic Radiography and Deputy Head of Specialist Science Education Department (SSED) in the Faculty of Medicine and Health at the University of Leeds. Ruth M. Strudwick, DProf, MSc, BSc (Hons), CTCert, PGCE, SFHEA, FCR, is Professor in Diagnostic Radiography, Head of Allied Health Professions, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk. Scott J. Preston, PgCert, BSc (Hons), is a Staff Tutor in Health and Social Care in the Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies at The Open University and Diagnostic Radiographer.

• Preface xiAcknowledgements xiii1 An Introduction to Radiographic Positioning and Terminology 1Anatomical Terminology 2Positioning Terminology 4Projection Terminology 8Glossary of Terms 92 Thoracic Cavity and Abdomen 13Chest Postero-anterior (PA) Projection of the Chest 14Lateral Projection of the Chest (Left) 16Sternum Lateral Projection of the Sternum (Left) 18Abdomen Antero-posterior (AP) Supine Projection of the Abdomen 203 Upper Limb 23Fingers Dorsi-palmar (DP) Projection of the Index and Middle Fingers (Left) 24Lateral Projection of the Index Finger (Left) 26Lateral Projection of the Middle Finger (Left) 28Dorsi-palmar (DP) Projection of the Ring and Little Fingers (Left) 30Lateral Projection of the Ring Finger (Left) 32Lateral Projection of the Little Finger (Left) 34Thumb Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Thumb (Right) 36Postero-anterior (PA) Projection of the Thumb (Right) 38Lateral Projection of the Thumb (Right) 40Hand Dorsi-palmar (DP) Projection of the Hand (Left) 42Dorsi-palmar (DP) Oblique Projection of the Hand (Left) 44Lateral Projection of the Hand (Left) 46Wrist Postero-anterior (PA) Projection of the Wrist (Right) 48Lateral Projection of the Wrist (Right) 50Scaphoid Postero-anterior (PA) Oblique Projection with Ulnar Deviation of the Wrist for Scaphoid (Left) 52Zitter’s Projection of the Wrist for Scaphoid (Left) 54Forearm Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Forearm (Right) 56Lateral Projection of the Forearm (Right) 58Elbow Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Elbow (Right) 60Lateral Projection of the Elbow (Right) 62HumerusAntero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Humerus (Left) 64Lateral Projection of the Humerus (Left) 664 Shoulder Girdle 69Shoulder Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Shoulder (Right) 70Supero-inferior (Axial) Projection of the Shoulder (Right) 72Scapula Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Scapula (Right) 74Lateral (Y) Projection of the Scapula (Right) 76Clavicle Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Clavicle (Right) 78Infero-superior Projection of the Clavicle (Right) 805 Lower Limb 83Hallux Dorsi-plantar (DP) Projection of the Hallux (Left) 84Lateral Projection of Hallux (Left) 86Foot Dorsi-plantar (DP) Projection of the Foot (Left) 88Dorsi-plantar (DP) Oblique Projection of the Foot (Left) 90Turned Lateral Projection of the Foot (Left) 92Calcaneum Axial Projection of the Calcaneum (Left) 94Lateral Projection of the Calcaneum (Left) 96Ankle Antero-posterior (AP) Mortise Projection of the Ankle (Right) 98Lateral Projection of the Ankle (Right) 100Tibia and Fibula Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Tibia and Fibula (Tib/ Fib) (Left) 102Lateral Projection of the Tibia and Fibula (Tib/Fib) (Left) 104Knee Antero-posterior Projection of the Knee (Left) 106Turned Lateral Projection of the Knee (Left) 108Horizontal Beam Lateral (HBL) Projection of the Knee (Right) 110Femur Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Femur (Right) – Hip Down 112Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Femur (Right) – Knee Up 114Lateral Projection of the Femur (Right) – Hip Down 116Lateral Projection of the Femur (Right) – Knee Up 1186 Pelvic Girdle 121Pelvis Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Pelvis 122‘Low Centred’ Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Pelvis 124Hip Joint Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Hip Joint (Left) 126Turned Lateral Projection of the Hip Joint (Left) 128Horizontal Beam Lateral Projection of the Hip Joint (Right) 130Sacro Illiac Joints Postero-anterior (PA) Projection of the Sacroiliac Joints 1327 Spine 135Cervical Spine Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Cervical Spine 136Lateral Projection of the Cervical Spine (Right) 138Antero-posterior (AP) Open Mouth Odontoid Process (Peg) Projection 140Thoracic Spine Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Thoracic Spine 142Lateral Projection of the Thoracic Spine (Right) 144Lumbar Spine Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Lumbar Spine 146Lateral Projection of the Lumbar Spine (Right) 1488 Skull and Facial BonesSkull Occipito-frontal (OF) 20° Projection of the Skull 152Fronto-occiptal (FO) 30° (Towne’s) Projection of the Skull 154Lateral Projection of the Skull (Right) 156Facial Bones Occipito-mental (OM) Projection of the Facial Bones 158Occipito-mental (OM) 30° Projection of the Facial Bones 160Lateral Projection of the Facial Bones (Right) 162Mandible Postero-anterior (PA) Projection of the Mandible 164Lateral Oblique Projections of the Mandible (Right) 166Orbits Occipito-frontal (OF) 20° Projection of the Orbits 168Dental Dental Panoramic Tomography (DPT) 170Index 173