Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment

Inbunden, Engelska, 2023

Del i serien IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems

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Beskrivning

Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment Accessible reference dealing with (partial discharge) PD measurement in all types of high voltage equipment using modern digital PD detectors Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment is a timely update in the field of partial discharges (PD), covering both holistic concepts and specific modern applications in one volume. The first half of the book educates the reader on what PD is and the general principles of how it is measured and interpreted. The second half of the book is similar to a handbook, with a chapter devoted to PD measurements in each type of high voltage (HV) equipment. These chapters contain specific information of the insulation system design, causes of PD in that equipment, off-line and on-line measurement methods, interpretation methods, and relevant standards. The work is authored by four well-known experts in the field of PD measurement who have published hundreds of technical papers on the subject and performed thousands of PD measurements on all the different types of HV equipment covered in the book. The authors have also had relationships with PD detector manufacturers, giving them key insights into test instruments and practical measurements. Sample topics covered in the work include: Physics of PD, discharge phenomena (contact sparking and vibration sparking), and an introduction to PD measurement (electrical, optical, acoustic, and chemical)Electrical PD detection (types of sensors), RF PD detection (antenna, TEV), and PD instrumentation and displayOff-line and on-line PD measurements, general principles of PD interpretation, and laboratory PD testing of lumped test objectsPD in different types of HV equipment (power cables, power transformers, air insulated metal-clad switchgear, rotating machines, gas-insulated switchgear, and more)For HV equipment OEMs, users of HV equipment, or employees of companies that provide PD testing services to clients, Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment is an essential reference to help understand general concepts about the topic and receive expert guidance during specific practical applications.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2023-08-31
Mått:191 x 264 x 38 mm
Vikt:1 293 g
Format:Inbunden
Språk:Engelska
Serie:IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems
Antal sidor:576
Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN:9781119833314

Utforska kategorier

Energiteknik inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Mer om författaren

Greg C. Stone has a PhD in electrical engineering with over 45-years’ experience in performing PD testing on rotating machines and other equipment for a large electric power utility; as well as with PD equipment manufacturer Iris Power L.P., which he co-founded. He has many technical awards for his work from the IEEE, CIGRE, IEC and EPRI, and is an IEEE Fellow.Andrea Cavallini, PhD, is with the University of Bologna, Italy where he has researched PD theory and PD test methods for 24 years, particularly for power cables, stator windings and other HV equipment. He was also a co-founder of TechImp S.r.L, a manufacturer of PD test equipment. He has over 200 papers in the PD field, including the development of the TF map method for noise and PD source identification. He is an IEEE Fellow.Glenn Behrmann worked for over 20 years on PD measurements for GIS and rotating machines at ABB in Switzerland and its successor companies. He has been active in creating CIGRE Technical Brochures in this area, written many papers in the field, as well as helping to lead the efforts to draft IEC 62478, and revise IEC 60270 and IEEE 454. He has a BSEE from Union College in the USA.Claudio Angelo Serafino is head of the Test and Measurement Department for Terna S.p.A, the Italian transmission grid utility. He is an expert with 40-years' experience on power transformer condition assessment using PD and other technologies.

Innehållsförteckning

About the Authors xviiPreface xixAcknowledgments xxAcronyms xxi1 Introduction 11.1 Why Perform Partial Discharge Measurements? 11.2 Partial Discharge and Corona 21.3 Categories of PD Tests 31.3.1 Factory PD Testing 31.3.2 Onsite/Off line PD Tests 51.3.3 Online PD Testing and Continuous Monitoring 51.4 PD Test Standards 61.5 History of PD Measurement 71.5.1 RIV Test – The First Era 71.5.2 Analog PD Detection Using Oscilloscopes – The Second Era 91.5.3 Digitizing, Ultrahigh Frequency, and Post- Processing – The Third Era 111.5.3.1 Transition to Digital Instruments 111.5.3.2 VHF and UHF PD Detection 121.5.3.3 Post- Processing of Signals 141.6 The Future 151.7 Roadmap for the Book 16References 172 Electric Fields and Electrical Breakdown 212.1 Electric Fields in High- Voltage Equipment 212.1.1 Impact of Electric Field on Partial Discharges 212.1.2 Basic Quantities and Equations 212.1.3 Simple Electrode Configurations 222.1.3.1 Parallel Plates Capacitor 242.1.3.2 Coaxial Cylindrical Electrodes 242.1.3.3 Concentric Spheres 252.1.3.4 Point/Plane Electrodes 252.1.4 Multi- Dielectric Systems 252.1.4.1 Cavities (Voids) 262.1.4.2 Interfaces 282.1.4.3 Triple Point (Triple Junction) 292.1.5 Floating Metal Objects 302.2 Electrical Breakdown 302.3 Breakdown in Gases 312.3.1 Breakdown in Uniform Fields 312.3.2 Breakdown in Divergent Fields 362.3.3 Breakdown Under Impulse Voltages – the V- t Characteristic 372.4 Breakdown in Solids 382.4.1 Electrical Treeing 402.5 Breakdown in Liquids 412.6 Dielectric Strength 43References 453 Physics of Partial Discharge 473.1 Introduction 473.2 Classification of Partial Discharges 473.3 PD Current Pulse Characteristics 483.4 Effects of PD 533.5 Corona Due to Non- Uniform Electric Fields Around Conductors 553.5.1 PD and Corona Polarity 563.5.2 Corona AC Phase Position 573.5.3 Corona Current Pulse Characteristics 573.6 Partial Discharge in Voids 593.6.1 PD Inception 593.6.1.1 Inception Delay 613.6.2 Modified Field Due to Space Charge 623.7 PD on Insulation Surfaces 663.7.1 Triple Point Junction 663.7.2 Electrical Tracking 663.8 Effect of Ambient Conditions and Conditioning 673.8.1 Conditioning 673.8.2 Ambient/Operating Conditions 683.9 Summary of Measured PD Quantities 683.9.1 Magnitude 693.9.2 Pulse Count Rate 693.9.3 Phase Position 703.10 Understanding the PD Pattern with Respect to the AC Cycle 713.10.1 Polarity Analysis 713.10.2 Physical Basis for PRPD Patterns 713.10.3 PD Packets 80References 824 Other Discharge Phenomena 854.1 Introduction 854.2 PD as Interference 864.3 Circuit Breaker Arcing 874.4 Contact Arcing and Intermittent Connections 874.5 Metal Oxide Layer Breakdown 894.6 Dry Band Arcing 894.7 Glow (or Pulseless) Discharge 89References 905 PD Measurement Overview 935.1 Introduction 935.2 Charge- Based and Electromagnetic Measurement Methods 935.3 Optical PD Detection 955.4 Acoustic Detection of PD 975.4.1 Acoustic Detection of PD Through the Air 985.4.2 Acoustic PD Detection Within Enclosed HV Apparatus 1025.4.2.1 Power Transformers 1025.4.2.2 Gas- Insulated Switchgear and Isolated Phase Bus 1045.5 Chemical Detection 1055.5.1 Ozone in Air 1055.5.2 Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) 1065.5.3 SF 6 Decomposition Products in GIS 107References 1076 Charge- Based PD Detection 1096.1 Introduction 1096.2 Basic Electrical Detection Circuits Using Coupling Capacitors 1096.2.1 Direct Circuit 1106.2.2 Indirect Circuit 1116.3 Measuring Impedances 1116.3.1 Resistors and Quadripoles 1116.3.2 AC Synchronization and Quadripoles 1136.3.3 High- Frequency Current Transformers 1136.4 Electrical PD Detection Models 1156.4.1 ABC Model 1156.4.1.1 Equivalent Circuit 1176.4.1.2 Equivalent PD Current Generator 1176.4.1.3 Coupling Capacitor 1176.4.1.4 Under Estimation of Charge 1186.4.2 Dipole Model 1186.4.3 Comparing the ABC Model with the Dipole Model 1206.4.4 Pulse Polarity 1206.5 Quasi- integration in Charge- Based Measuring Systems 1216.5.1 Quasi- integration Explained 1216.5.2 Frequency Range of Charge- Based PD Detectors 1226.5.2.1 Pros and Cons of the Narrowband vs Wideband Systems 1236.6 Calibration into Apparent Charge 1256.6.1 Capacitive Test Objects 1256.6.2 Distributed Test Objects 1266.6.2.1 PD Pulse Splitting and Reflections 1276.6.2.2 Attenuation and Dispersion 1296.6.3 Inductive- Capacitive Test Objects 1326.6.4 Practical Calibrators 134References 1357 Electromagnetic (RF) PD Detection 1377.1 Why Measure Electromagnetic Signals from PD 1377.2 Terminology 1397.3 Basic Electrical Detection Circuits 1417.3.1 Transmission Path 1417.3.2 Sensors 1447.3.3 Time and Frequency Domain Measurement 1457.4 Types of RF Sensors 1487.4.1 Ferrite Antennas 1487.4.2 Magnetic Loops 1487.4.3 Transient Earth Voltage (TEV) Sensors 1487.4.4 Internal or Tank- Mounted UHF Sensors 1497.4.5 Antennas 1507.4.5.1 Monopole 1507.4.5.2 Patch (Microstrip) Antenna 1517.4.5.3 Horn Antenna 1527.4.5.4 Stator Slot Couplers 1527.5 Measuring Instruments 1537.6 Performance and Sensitivity Check 1537.7 PD Source Location 155References 1568 PD Measurement System Instrumentation and Software 1598.1 Introduction 1598.2 Frequency Range Selection 1608.3 PD Detector Hardware Configurations 1608.3.1 Minimum Threshold and Processing Time 1628.3.2 AC Voltage Measurement and Synchronization 1638.3.3 Combined Analog–Digital Systems 1648.3.4 Digital System to Measure Pulse Magnitude and Selected Pulse Characteristics 1658.3.5 Systems to Facilitate Waveform Post- Processing 1658.4 Hardware- Based Interference Suppression and PD Source Identification 1668.4.1 Hardware- Based Gating 1668.4.2 Time- of- Flight (or Time of Arrival) Method 1678.4.3 Pulse Shape Analysis 1698.5 PD Calibrator Hardware 1708.6 Special Hardware Requirements for Continuous Monitors 1718.6.1 Sensor Reliability 1728.6.2 Instrument Robustness 1738.6.3 Cybersecurity 1738.7 PD System Output Charts 1748.7.1 Pulse Magnitude Analysis (PMA) Plot 1748.7.2 Phase- Magnitude- Number (Ø- q- n) Plot 1758.7.3 Phase- Resolved PD (PRPD) Plot 1768.7.4 Trend Plot 1768.7.5 PDIV/PDEV Plot 1788.7.6 Scatter Plot 1798.8 PD Activity Indicators 1798.8.1 Quasi- Peak PD Magnitude (Q IEC) 1808.8.2 Peak PD Magnitude (Q m) 1818.8.3 Integrated PD Indicators 1818.9 Post- Processing Software for Interference Suppression and PD Analysis 1838.9.1 Statistical Post- Processing 1838.9.2 Time- Frequency Maps 1848.9.3 Three- Phase Synchronous Pattern Analysis 1868.9.4 Software- Based Censoring 1878.9.5 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Expert Systems 188References 1909 Suppression of External Electrical Interference 1939.1 Impact of External Electrical Interference 1939.1.1 Factory Testing 1939.1.2 Condition Assessment Testing 1949.2 Typical Sources of Noise and External Electrical Interference 1949.2.1 Electrical/Electronic Noise 1949.2.2 External Electrical Interference (“Disturbances”) 1959.2.2.1 PD and Corona from Connected Equipment 1959.2.2.2 Arcing from Poorly Bonded Metal and Connections 1969.2.2.3 Electronic Switching 1969.2.2.4 Slip Ring/Brush Arcing 1979.2.2.5 Lighting 1979.3 Interference Suppression for Off line PD Testing 198 9.3.1 Electromagnetic Shielded Rooms 1989.3.2 Good Practice for Test Set- Up 1989.3.3 Power Supply Filtering 1999.3.4 Signal Filtering 1999.3.5 PD Measurement Bridges 2009.3.6 Time- of- Flight 2019.3.7 PRPD Pattern Recognition 2029.3.8 Time- Frequency Map 2029.3.9 Gating 2029.4 Online Interference Suppression 203References 20310 Performing PD Tests and Basic Interpretation 20510.1 Introduction 20510.2 PDIV/PDEV Measurement 20610.2.1 Test Procedure 20610.2.2 Sensitivity 20710.2.3 Interpretation 207References 22511 PD Testing of Lumped Capacitive Test Objects 22711.1 Lumped Capacitive Objects 22711.2 Test Procedures 22811.3 Measures to Suppress Electrical Interference 23011.4 Sensitivity Check 231References 23312 PD in Power Cables 23512.1 Introduction 23512.2 Cable System Structure 23512.2.1 Cable Insulation 236References 27913 Gas-Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 28313.1 Introduction 28313.2 Relevant Standards and Technical Guidance 28313.3 The GIS Insulation System 28613.3.1 Insulation System Components 286References 35814 Air- Insulated Switchgear and Isolated Phase Bus 36514.1 Introduction 36514.2 AIS Insulation Systems 36614.3 Insulation Failure Processes 36814.3.1 Surface Electrical Tracking 368References 37915 Power Transformers 38115.1 Introduction 38115.2 Transformer Insulation Systems 38215.2.1 Dry- Type Transformer 38215.2.2 Materials Used in Liquid- Filled Paper- Insulated Power Transformers 384References 45216 Rotating Machine Stator Windings 45716.1 Introduction 45716.2 Relevant Standards 45816.3 Stator Winding Insulation Systems 45816.3.1 Insulation System Components 45916.3.2 PD Suppression Coatings 46116.3.3 Stator Winding Construction 462References 50117 PD Detection in DC Equipment 50517.1 Why Is HVDC So Popular Now? 50517.2 Insulation System Design in dc 50617.3 The Reasons for PD Testing Using dc 50717.4 Off line PD Testing with DC Excitation 51017.5 Interpretation of PD Measurements Under DC Excitation 51117.5.1 Time Series Interpretation 51217.5.2 Magnitude Dispersion 51317.5.3 Effect of Operating Conditions on PD 51417.6 Perspective 517References 51718 PD Detection Under Impulse Voltage 51918.1 Introduction 51918.2 Insulation Failure Due to Short Risetime Impulse Voltages 52018.2.1 High Peak Voltage 52018.2.2 Short Risetime Causing High Turn Voltages in Windings 521References 531Index 533