Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer and Chairman of the Committee on Research Grants at EUI. He has won several scientific awards and grants from renowned academic bodies such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents. Julius Kola Oloke, PhD, is a Professor and Vice Chancellor in the Department of Pure and Applied Biology at the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. He has a PhD in microbiology from Obafemi Awolowo University in 1989. Professor Oloke was conferred with the National Productivity Order of Merit Award by the Federal Government of Nigeria in August 2012, for his work on formulating an immune modulating agent known as Trinity Immuno-booster (Trino IB) which has been used in many countries.

• Preface xvii1 Nanotechnology: History, Trends and Modern Applications 1Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olalekan Akinbo, John Tsado Mathew, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Abel Inobeme, Olotu Titilayo, Olulope Olufemi Ajayi, Wadazani Dauda, Shakira Ghazanfar, Frank Abimbola Ogundolie, Julinan Bunmi Adetunji, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Shakirat Oloruntoyin Ajenifujah-Solebo and Abdullahi Tunde Aborode1.1 Introduction 21.2 History of Nanotechnology 41.3 Recent Trend of Nanotechnology 51.4 Application of Nanotechnology Across Industry 61.5 Role of Nanotechnology in the Environment 81.6 Role of Nanotechnology in Remediation of Polluted Soil 111.7 Conclusion 132 Mitigating Action of Nanobioherbicides from Natural Products on Agricultural Produce 19Ojo, S.K.S., Otugboyega, J.O., Ayo, I.O., Ojo, A.M. and Oluwole, B.R.2.1 Introduction 202.2 Bioherbicides/Bioherbicide Formulations 212.3 Bioherbicides Sourced From Plants 232.4 Bioherbicides Sourced From Natural By-Products 242.5 Overview of the Benefits of Bioherbicides 252.6 Bioherbicides, Sources, and Effects on Target Weeds 262.7 Description of Nanoherbicides and Nanotechnology 292.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles 302.9 Application of Nanoparticles as Nanocarriers 332.10 Mode of Action of Nanobioherbicides 342.11 Nanobioherbicides and Their Mechanisms of Action 342.12 Conclusion 383 Beneficial and Natural Metabolites Derived From Plants 45Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Josiah Eseoghene Ifie, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Praisel Nnekauso Dike, Mimololuwa Adejumo, Daniel Igbinigun, Bartholomew Usunobun and Beckley Ikhajiagbe3.1 Introduction 463.2 Types of Plant Metabolites 463.3 Relevance/Uses of Secondary Metabolites 563.4 Conclusion 564 Nanobioherbicides and Nutrient Uptakes 63Kehinde Abraham Odelade, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Jacob Oluwadamilare Ibrahim, Victor Kayode Adeoye, Grace Gift Adewale, Oluwakemi Semiloore Omowumi and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji4.1 Introduction 644.2 Bioherbicides 664.3 Various Assumptions to Bioherbicides Approaches 674.4 Different Opportunities to the Bioherbicide Methodology 724.5 Examination of Bioherbicides With a Wide Range of Host 734.6 The Improvement of Bioherbicide 734.7 Roles of Various Microbial Products With Herbicidal Properties 774.8 The Capability of Nanotechnology in the Improvement of Bioherbicides 784.9 Roles of Phytotoxic Nanoparticles in Bioherbicides Enhancement 854.10 Conclusion 875 Nanobioherbicide and Photosynthetic Pigment Synthesis 97Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Barka Peter Mshelmbula, Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Precious Osagie, Moteniola Adebiyi, Cynthia Etinosa Igbinosun and Beckley Ikhajiagbe5.1 Introduction 985.2 Herbicides 995.3 Categories of Herbicides 995.4 Classes of Herbicides 1025.5 Nanobiotechnology 1055.6 Photosynthesis 1065.7 Photosynthetic Pigments 1085.8 Chloroplasts 1105.9 Nanoherbicide and Agriculture 1125.10 Future of Nanotechnology 1155.11 Nanoparticle–Plant Interaction 1175.12 Conclusion 1196 Nanobioherbicides and Plant Growth Hormone Synthesis and Stress-Mediated Hormones 125Franics Aibuedefe Igiebor, Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Ojo Otokiti Jennifer, Musa, S.I., Denzel Ejale, Nathaniel Okojie, Richard Afe, Stanley Ivbobie and Beckley Ikhajiagbe6.1 Introduction 1266.2 History of Nanotechnology 1266.3 Types of Nanoparticles 1276.4 Application of Nanotechnology 1306.5 Nanobioherbicides 1326.6 Agroindustrial Waste-Based Nanoparticles 1346.7 Bioherbicides 1356.8 Impact of Nanoherbicides on Plant Growth Hormones 1386.9 Plant Growth Hormones 1406.10 Synthesis of Plant Growth Hormones 1406.11 Types of Plant Growth Hormones 1416.12 Conclusion 1437 Relevance of Nanobiofungicides in the Prevention of Abiotic Stress 151Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Yvonne Dike, Chima James Rufus, Esther Eniola, Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Emmanuel Ochoche Shaibu and Beckley Ikhajiagbe7.1 Introduction 1527.2 Environment Stress and Fungal Effects 1567.3 Fungicides 1567.4 Biofungicides 1627.5 Limiting Factors in the Use of Microbial Biofungicides 1677.6 Challenges in the Use of Biofungicides 1677.7 Nanoparticles as Applied to Biofungicides 1677.8 Conclusion 1758 The Influence of Nanobioherbicides on the Social Economy and Its Bioeconomy Perspectives in Attaining Sustainable Development Goals 179Abere Benjamin Olusola and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji8.1 Introduction 1808.2 Literature Review 1828.3 The Role of Nanobioherbicides in the Creation of Sustainable Development Goals 1848.4 Conclusion 1859 Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops After Application of Nanobioherbicides 189John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Musah Monday, Yakubu Azeh, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori and Amos Mamman9.1 Introduction 1909.2 Significant Importance of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 1929.3 Effects of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 1949.4 Prospect of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 1959.5 Recent Reports on Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 1989.6 Conclusion 19910 Application of Plant-Based Nanobiopesticides for Mitigation of Several Abiotic Stress 205Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi and Oluwakemi Semiloore Omowumi10.1 Introduction 20610.2 Stress Speculations 20810.3 Stress Patterns 20810.4 Natural Stress 21010.5 Organic Stress 21010.6 Abiotic Stress 21110.7 Thermodynamic Pressure 21310.8 Stress on Heavy Metals 21510.9 Plant Response to Abiotic Stress 21510.10 Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance Mechanisms 21710.11 Biotechnical Techniques to Reduce Plant Abiotic Stress 22310.12 Methods in Genetic Engineering to Resist Abiotic Stress 22510.13 Metabolite Engineering to Increase Resistance to Abiotic Stress 22610.14 Stress-Responsive Qualities and Record Variables Can Be Hereditarily Adjusted 22710.15 Devices for Gene Editing to Increase Plant Stress Resistance 22910.15.1 Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) 22910.16 An Approach For Future Applications of Nanomaterials In Combating Plant Stress 23110.17 Take-Up, Translocation, and Biological Impacts of Plants 23310.18 Nanobiopesticides 23410.19 Conclusion 23811 Nanobioherbicide Applications: Current Trends 253Temitope Fasunloye Ajani, Omotayo Opemipo Oyedara, Bukola Christianah Adebayo-Tayo, Sunday Babatunde Akinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji11.1 Introduction 25411.2 Nanoparticles for Agrochemicals 25611.3 Key Features Nanobioherbicides 25911.4 Approaches for Application of Nanobioherbicides 25911.5 Mechanisms of Actions of Nanobioherbicides 26411.6 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Nanobioherbicides 26711.7 Toxicity of Nanobioherbicides 26811.8 Safety Tests for Nanobioherbicides 26911.9 Nanoinformatic-Enhanced Weed Control 27011.10 Challenges and Future Perspectives of Nanobioherbicides 27411.11 Conclusion and Contribution to Knowledge 27712 Preliminary Testing and Bioassays of Nanobioherbicides 291Temitope Fasunloye Ajani and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji12.1 Introduction 29212.2 Pot Assay 29312.3 Field Trial 29512.4 Sampling of Raw Agricultural Commodity 29512.5 Information/Raw Data on Individual Field Trials (Test Substance: Nanobioherbicide) 29712.6 In-House Screening: Confirming Exposure and Maintaining Test Concentration 29712.7 Test Media Characterization 29812.8 Measuring Uptake in Soil Organisms 29912.9 Nanobioherbicide Soil Sorption Assay 29912.10 Allium cepa Chromosome Aberration Assay 29913 Nontarget Effects of Nanobioherbicides 303Temitope Fasunloye Ajani, Sunday Babatunde Akinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji13.1 Introduction 30413.2 Effects of Nanobioherbicide Formulations 30413.3 Nontarget Effects of Nanobioherbicide Formulations 30513.4 Nanoatrazine: Effectiveness and Side Effects 30613.5 Toxicity of Nanobioherbicides With Nontarget Organisms in Agroecosystem 31014 Host Range Tests of Nanobioherbicides 317Temitope Fasunloye Ajani, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and Bukola Christianah Adebayo-Tayo14.1 Introduction 31714.2 Conclusion and Contribution to Knowledge 348References 348Index 357

Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer and Chairman of the Committee on Research Grants at EUI. He has won several scientific awards and grants from renowned academic bodies such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents. Julius Kola Oloke, PhD, is a Professor and Vice Chancellor in the Department of Pure and Applied Biology at the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. He has a PhD in microbiology from Obafemi Awolowo University in 1989. Professor Oloke was conferred with the National Productivity Order of Merit Award by the Federal Government of Nigeria in August 2012, for his work on formulating an immune modulating agent known as Trinity Immuno-booster (Trino IB) which has been used in many countries.

• Preface xvii1 Nanotechnology: History, Trends and Modern Applications 1Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olalekan Akinbo, John Tsado Mathew, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Abel Inobeme, Olotu Titilayo, Olulope Olufemi Ajayi, Wadazani Dauda, Shakira Ghazanfar, Frank Abimbola Ogundolie, Julinan Bunmi Adetunji, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Shakirat Oloruntoyin Ajenifujah-Solebo and Abdullahi Tunde Aborode1.1 Introduction 21.2 History of Nanotechnology 41.3 Recent Trend of Nanotechnology 51.4 Application of Nanotechnology Across Industry 61.5 Role of Nanotechnology in the Environment 81.6 Role of Nanotechnology in Remediation of Polluted Soil 111.7 Conclusion 132 Mitigating Action of Nanobioherbicides from Natural Products on Agricultural Produce 19Ojo, S.K.S., Otugboyega, J.O., Ayo, I.O., Ojo, A.M. and Oluwole, B.R.2.1 Introduction 202.2 Bioherbicides/Bioherbicide Formulations 212.3 Bioherbicides Sourced From Plants 232.4 Bioherbicides Sourced From Natural By-Products 242.5 Overview of the Benefits of Bioherbicides 252.6 Bioherbicides, Sources, and Effects on Target Weeds 262.7 Description of Nanoherbicides and Nanotechnology 292.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles 302.9 Application of Nanoparticles as Nanocarriers 332.10 Mode of Action of Nanobioherbicides 342.11 Nanobioherbicides and Their Mechanisms of Action 342.12 Conclusion 383 Beneficial and Natural Metabolites Derived From Plants 45Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Josiah Eseoghene Ifie, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Praisel Nnekauso Dike, Mimololuwa Adejumo, Daniel Igbinigun, Bartholomew Usunobun and Beckley Ikhajiagbe3.1 Introduction 463.2 Types of Plant Metabolites 463.3 Relevance/Uses of Secondary Metabolites 563.4 Conclusion 564 Nanobioherbicides and Nutrient Uptakes 63Kehinde Abraham Odelade, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Jacob Oluwadamilare Ibrahim, Victor Kayode Adeoye, Grace Gift Adewale, Oluwakemi Semiloore Omowumi and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji4.1 Introduction 644.2 Bioherbicides 664.3 Various Assumptions to Bioherbicides Approaches 674.4 Different Opportunities to the Bioherbicide Methodology 724.5 Examination of Bioherbicides With a Wide Range of Host 734.6 The Improvement of Bioherbicide 734.7 Roles of Various Microbial Products With Herbicidal Properties 774.8 The Capability of Nanotechnology in the Improvement of Bioherbicides 784.9 Roles of Phytotoxic Nanoparticles in Bioherbicides Enhancement 854.10 Conclusion 875 Nanobioherbicide and Photosynthetic Pigment Synthesis 97Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Barka Peter Mshelmbula, Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Precious Osagie, Moteniola Adebiyi, Cynthia Etinosa Igbinosun and Beckley Ikhajiagbe5.1 Introduction 985.2 Herbicides 995.3 Categories of Herbicides 995.4 Classes of Herbicides 1025.5 Nanobiotechnology 1055.6 Photosynthesis 1065.7 Photosynthetic Pigments 1085.8 Chloroplasts 1105.9 Nanoherbicide and Agriculture 1125.10 Future of Nanotechnology 1155.11 Nanoparticle–Plant Interaction 1175.12 Conclusion 1196 Nanobioherbicides and Plant Growth Hormone Synthesis and Stress-Mediated Hormones 125Franics Aibuedefe Igiebor, Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Ojo Otokiti Jennifer, Musa, S.I., Denzel Ejale, Nathaniel Okojie, Richard Afe, Stanley Ivbobie and Beckley Ikhajiagbe6.1 Introduction 1266.2 History of Nanotechnology 1266.3 Types of Nanoparticles 1276.4 Application of Nanotechnology 1306.5 Nanobioherbicides 1326.6 Agroindustrial Waste-Based Nanoparticles 1346.7 Bioherbicides 1356.8 Impact of Nanoherbicides on Plant Growth Hormones 1386.9 Plant Growth Hormones 1406.10 Synthesis of Plant Growth Hormones 1406.11 Types of Plant Growth Hormones 1416.12 Conclusion 1437 Relevance of Nanobiofungicides in the Prevention of Abiotic Stress 151Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Yvonne Dike, Chima James Rufus, Esther Eniola, Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Emmanuel Ochoche Shaibu and Beckley Ikhajiagbe7.1 Introduction 1527.2 Environment Stress and Fungal Effects 1567.3 Fungicides 1567.4 Biofungicides 1627.5 Limiting Factors in the Use of Microbial Biofungicides 1677.6 Challenges in the Use of Biofungicides 1677.7 Nanoparticles as Applied to Biofungicides 1677.8 Conclusion 1758 The Influence of Nanobioherbicides on the Social Economy and Its Bioeconomy Perspectives in Attaining Sustainable Development Goals 179Abere Benjamin Olusola and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji8.1 Introduction 1808.2 Literature Review 1828.3 The Role of Nanobioherbicides in the Creation of Sustainable Development Goals 1848.4 Conclusion 1859 Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops After Application of Nanobioherbicides 189John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Musah Monday, Yakubu Azeh, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori and Amos Mamman9.1 Introduction 1909.2 Significant Importance of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 1929.3 Effects of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 1949.4 Prospect of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 1959.5 Recent Reports on Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 1989.6 Conclusion 19910 Application of Plant-Based Nanobiopesticides for Mitigation of Several Abiotic Stress 205Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi and Oluwakemi Semiloore Omowumi10.1 Introduction 20610.2 Stress Speculations 20810.3 Stress Patterns 20810.4 Natural Stress 21010.5 Organic Stress 21010.6 Abiotic Stress 21110.7 Thermodynamic Pressure 21310.8 Stress on Heavy Metals 21510.9 Plant Response to Abiotic Stress 21510.10 Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance Mechanisms 21710.11 Biotechnical Techniques to Reduce Plant Abiotic Stress 22310.12 Methods in Genetic Engineering to Resist Abiotic Stress 22510.13 Metabolite Engineering to Increase Resistance to Abiotic Stress 22610.14 Stress-Responsive Qualities and Record Variables Can Be Hereditarily Adjusted 22710.15 Devices for Gene Editing to Increase Plant Stress Resistance 22910.15.1 Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) 22910.16 An Approach For Future Applications of Nanomaterials In Combating Plant Stress 23110.17 Take-Up, Translocation, and Biological Impacts of Plants 23310.18 Nanobiopesticides 23410.19 Conclusion 23811 Nanobioherbicide Applications: Current Trends 253Temitope Fasunloye Ajani, Omotayo Opemipo Oyedara, Bukola Christianah Adebayo-Tayo, Sunday Babatunde Akinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji11.1 Introduction 25411.2 Nanoparticles for Agrochemicals 25611.3 Key Features Nanobioherbicides 25911.4 Approaches for Application of Nanobioherbicides 25911.5 Mechanisms of Actions of Nanobioherbicides 26411.6 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Nanobioherbicides 26711.7 Toxicity of Nanobioherbicides 26811.8 Safety Tests for Nanobioherbicides 26911.9 Nanoinformatic-Enhanced Weed Control 27011.10 Challenges and Future Perspectives of Nanobioherbicides 27411.11 Conclusion and Contribution to Knowledge 27712 Preliminary Testing and Bioassays of Nanobioherbicides 291Temitope Fasunloye Ajani and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji12.1 Introduction 29212.2 Pot Assay 29312.3 Field Trial 29512.4 Sampling of Raw Agricultural Commodity 29512.5 Information/Raw Data on Individual Field Trials (Test Substance: Nanobioherbicide) 29712.6 In-House Screening: Confirming Exposure and Maintaining Test Concentration 29712.7 Test Media Characterization 29812.8 Measuring Uptake in Soil Organisms 29912.9 Nanobioherbicide Soil Sorption Assay 29912.10 Allium cepa Chromosome Aberration Assay 29913 Nontarget Effects of Nanobioherbicides 303Temitope Fasunloye Ajani, Sunday Babatunde Akinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji13.1 Introduction 30413.2 Effects of Nanobioherbicide Formulations 30413.3 Nontarget Effects of Nanobioherbicide Formulations 30513.4 Nanoatrazine: Effectiveness and Side Effects 30613.5 Toxicity of Nanobioherbicides With Nontarget Organisms in Agroecosystem 31014 Host Range Tests of Nanobioherbicides 317Temitope Fasunloye Ajani, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and Bukola Christianah Adebayo-Tayo14.1 Introduction 31714.2 Conclusion and Contribution to Knowledge 348References 348Index 357

Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer and Chairman of the Committee on Research Grants at EUI. He has won several scientific awards and grants from renowned academic bodies such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents. Julius Kola Oloke, PhD, is a Professor and Vice Chancellor in the Department of Pure and Applied Biology at the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. He has a PhD in microbiology from Obafemi Awolowo University in 1989. Professor Oloke was conferred with the National Productivity Order of Merit Award by the Federal Government of Nigeria in August 2012, for his work on formulating an immune modulating agent known as Trinity Immuno-booster (Trino IB) which has been used in many countries.

• Preface xvii1 Nanotechnology: History, Trends and Modern Applications 1Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olalekan Akinbo, John Tsado Mathew, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Abel Inobeme, Olotu Titilayo, Olulope Olufemi Ajayi, Wadazani Dauda, Shakira Ghazanfar, Frank Abimbola Ogundolie, Julinan Bunmi Adetunji, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Shakirat Oloruntoyin Ajenifujah-Solebo and Abdullahi Tunde Aborode1.1 Introduction 21.2 History of Nanotechnology 41.3 Recent Trend of Nanotechnology 51.4 Application of Nanotechnology Across Industry 61.5 Role of Nanotechnology in the Environment 81.6 Role of Nanotechnology in Remediation of Polluted Soil 111.7 Conclusion 132 Mitigating Action of Nanobioherbicides from Natural Products on Agricultural Produce 19Ojo, S.K.S., Otugboyega, J.O., Ayo, I.O., Ojo, A.M. and Oluwole, B.R.2.1 Introduction 202.2 Bioherbicides/Bioherbicide Formulations 212.3 Bioherbicides Sourced From Plants 232.4 Bioherbicides Sourced From Natural By-Products 242.5 Overview of the Benefits of Bioherbicides 252.6 Bioherbicides, Sources, and Effects on Target Weeds 262.7 Description of Nanoherbicides and Nanotechnology 292.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles 302.9 Application of Nanoparticles as Nanocarriers 332.10 Mode of Action of Nanobioherbicides 342.11 Nanobioherbicides and Their Mechanisms of Action 342.12 Conclusion 383 Beneficial and Natural Metabolites Derived From Plants 45Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Josiah Eseoghene Ifie, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Praisel Nnekauso Dike, Mimololuwa Adejumo, Daniel Igbinigun, Bartholomew Usunobun and Beckley Ikhajiagbe3.1 Introduction 463.2 Types of Plant Metabolites 463.3 Relevance/Uses of Secondary Metabolites 563.4 Conclusion 564 Nanobioherbicides and Nutrient Uptakes 63Kehinde Abraham Odelade, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Jacob Oluwadamilare Ibrahim, Victor Kayode Adeoye, Grace Gift Adewale, Oluwakemi Semiloore Omowumi and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji4.1 Introduction 644.2 Bioherbicides 664.3 Various Assumptions to Bioherbicides Approaches 674.4 Different Opportunities to the Bioherbicide Methodology 724.5 Examination of Bioherbicides With a Wide Range of Host 734.6 The Improvement of Bioherbicide 734.7 Roles of Various Microbial Products With Herbicidal Properties 774.8 The Capability of Nanotechnology in the Improvement of Bioherbicides 784.9 Roles of Phytotoxic Nanoparticles in Bioherbicides Enhancement 854.10 Conclusion 875 Nanobioherbicide and Photosynthetic Pigment Synthesis 97Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Barka Peter Mshelmbula, Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Precious Osagie, Moteniola Adebiyi, Cynthia Etinosa Igbinosun and Beckley Ikhajiagbe5.1 Introduction 985.2 Herbicides 995.3 Categories of Herbicides 995.4 Classes of Herbicides 1025.5 Nanobiotechnology 1055.6 Photosynthesis 1065.7 Photosynthetic Pigments 1085.8 Chloroplasts 1105.9 Nanoherbicide and Agriculture 1125.10 Future of Nanotechnology 1155.11 Nanoparticle–Plant Interaction 1175.12 Conclusion 1196 Nanobioherbicides and Plant Growth Hormone Synthesis and Stress-Mediated Hormones 125Franics Aibuedefe Igiebor, Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Ojo Otokiti Jennifer, Musa, S.I., Denzel Ejale, Nathaniel Okojie, Richard Afe, Stanley Ivbobie and Beckley Ikhajiagbe6.1 Introduction 1266.2 History of Nanotechnology 1266.3 Types of Nanoparticles 1276.4 Application of Nanotechnology 1306.5 Nanobioherbicides 1326.6 Agroindustrial Waste-Based Nanoparticles 1346.7 Bioherbicides 1356.8 Impact of Nanoherbicides on Plant Growth Hormones 1386.9 Plant Growth Hormones 1406.10 Synthesis of Plant Growth Hormones 1406.11 Types of Plant Growth Hormones 1416.12 Conclusion 1437 Relevance of Nanobiofungicides in the Prevention of Abiotic Stress 151Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Yvonne Dike, Chima James Rufus, Esther Eniola, Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Emmanuel Ochoche Shaibu and Beckley Ikhajiagbe7.1 Introduction 1527.2 Environment Stress and Fungal Effects 1567.3 Fungicides 1567.4 Biofungicides 1627.5 Limiting Factors in the Use of Microbial Biofungicides 1677.6 Challenges in the Use of Biofungicides 1677.7 Nanoparticles as Applied to Biofungicides 1677.8 Conclusion 1758 The Influence of Nanobioherbicides on the Social Economy and Its Bioeconomy Perspectives in Attaining Sustainable Development Goals 179Abere Benjamin Olusola and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji8.1 Introduction 1808.2 Literature Review 1828.3 The Role of Nanobioherbicides in the Creation of Sustainable Development Goals 1848.4 Conclusion 1859 Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops After Application of Nanobioherbicides 189John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Musah Monday, Yakubu Azeh, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori and Amos Mamman9.1 Introduction 1909.2 Significant Importance of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 1929.3 Effects of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 1949.4 Prospect of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 1959.5 Recent Reports on Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 1989.6 Conclusion 19910 Application of Plant-Based Nanobiopesticides for Mitigation of Several Abiotic Stress 205Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi and Oluwakemi Semiloore Omowumi10.1 Introduction 20610.2 Stress Speculations 20810.3 Stress Patterns 20810.4 Natural Stress 21010.5 Organic Stress 21010.6 Abiotic Stress 21110.7 Thermodynamic Pressure 21310.8 Stress on Heavy Metals 21510.9 Plant Response to Abiotic Stress 21510.10 Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance Mechanisms 21710.11 Biotechnical Techniques to Reduce Plant Abiotic Stress 22310.12 Methods in Genetic Engineering to Resist Abiotic Stress 22510.13 Metabolite Engineering to Increase Resistance to Abiotic Stress 22610.14 Stress-Responsive Qualities and Record Variables Can Be Hereditarily Adjusted 22710.15 Devices for Gene Editing to Increase Plant Stress Resistance 22910.15.1 Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) 22910.16 An Approach For Future Applications of Nanomaterials In Combating Plant Stress 23110.17 Take-Up, Translocation, and Biological Impacts of Plants 23310.18 Nanobiopesticides 23410.19 Conclusion 23811 Nanobioherbicide Applications: Current Trends 253Temitope Fasunloye Ajani, Omotayo Opemipo Oyedara, Bukola Christianah Adebayo-Tayo, Sunday Babatunde Akinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji11.1 Introduction 25411.2 Nanoparticles for Agrochemicals 25611.3 Key Features Nanobioherbicides 25911.4 Approaches for Application of Nanobioherbicides 25911.5 Mechanisms of Actions of Nanobioherbicides 26411.6 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Nanobioherbicides 26711.7 Toxicity of Nanobioherbicides 26811.8 Safety Tests for Nanobioherbicides 26911.9 Nanoinformatic-Enhanced Weed Control 27011.10 Challenges and Future Perspectives of Nanobioherbicides 27411.11 Conclusion and Contribution to Knowledge 27712 Preliminary Testing and Bioassays of Nanobioherbicides 291Temitope Fasunloye Ajani and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji12.1 Introduction 29212.2 Pot Assay 29312.3 Field Trial 29512.4 Sampling of Raw Agricultural Commodity 29512.5 Information/Raw Data on Individual Field Trials (Test Substance: Nanobioherbicide) 29712.6 In-House Screening: Confirming Exposure and Maintaining Test Concentration 29712.7 Test Media Characterization 29812.8 Measuring Uptake in Soil Organisms 29912.9 Nanobioherbicide Soil Sorption Assay 29912.10 Allium cepa Chromosome Aberration Assay 29913 Nontarget Effects of Nanobioherbicides 303Temitope Fasunloye Ajani, Sunday Babatunde Akinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji13.1 Introduction 30413.2 Effects of Nanobioherbicide Formulations 30413.3 Nontarget Effects of Nanobioherbicide Formulations 30513.4 Nanoatrazine: Effectiveness and Side Effects 30613.5 Toxicity of Nanobioherbicides With Nontarget Organisms in Agroecosystem 31014 Host Range Tests of Nanobioherbicides 317Temitope Fasunloye Ajani, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and Bukola Christianah Adebayo-Tayo14.1 Introduction 31714.2 Conclusion and Contribution to Knowledge 348References 348Index 357