Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer and Chairman of the Committee on Research Grants at EUI. He has won several scientific awards and grants from renowned academic bodies such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents. Julius Kola Oloke, PhD, is a Professor and Vice Chancellor in the Department of Pure and Applied Biology at the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. He has a PhD in microbiology from Obafemi Awolowo University in 1989. Professor Oloke was conferred with the National Productivity Order of Merit Award by the Federal Government of Nigeria in August 2012, for his work on formulating an immune modulating agent known as Trinity Immuno-booster (Trino IB) which has been used in many countries.

• Preface xvii1 The Contribution of Ethnobotany to the Discovery of New Plant-Based Repellents 1Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Anagwonye Uju, Etinfoh Hope, Ebiminor Gift Taramapreye, Alexis Ojeide and Beckley Ikhajiagbe1.1 Introduction 21.2 Ethnobotany in the Discovery of New Plant-Based Repellents 21.3 Plant-Based Repellent 42 Nanobioinsecticide Derived from Essential Oils of Cymbopogon nardus 9R. Vijayalaskshmi, D. Thilagavathi and T. Vennilavan2.1 Introduction 92.2 Materials and Methods 112.3 Root 162.4 Discussion 172.5 Conclusion 203 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Neem-Based Preparations 27Ojo, S.K.S., Ojo, A.M., Ayo, I.O., Oluwole, B.R. and Otugboyega, J.O.3.1 Introduction 283.2 Conventional Farming and its Challenges 303.3 Insects 343.4 Pesticides 373.5 Nanotechnology 403.6 Biomaterials 423.7 Description of Neem 473.8 Farm Level Neem Bioinsecticide Preparation 523.9 Effects of Neem Compounds and Its Composites on Insects 523.10 Neem-Based Preparations 543.11 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 564 Nanoinsecticides Derived from Poaceae Family 69Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji4.1 Introduction 694.2 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Poaceae 704.3 Some Examples of Essential Oils Applied in Different Studies 714.4 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Essential Oils from Several Plants 724.5 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils 725 Nanoinsecticides Derived from Pennyroyal-Containing Compounds 77Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji5.1 Introduction 775.2 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Pennyroyal 785.3 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Essential Oils from Several Plants 785.4 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils 795.5 Conclusion 806 Nanobioinsecticide Derived from Thyme Oil 83Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji6.1 Introduction 836.2 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Oils from Several Plants 856.3 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils 866.4 Conclusion 86References 867 Nanobioinsecticides from Geraniol-Containing Compounds 91Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Nyejirime Young Wike, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and Olugbemi T. Olaniyan7.1 Introduction 917.2 General Overview 947.3 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Geraniol 947.4 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Essential Oils from Several Plants 958 Repellant Testing Methodology for Nanobioinsecticide 101Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Peace Abiodun Olajide, Oluwakemi Semiloore Omowumi and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji8.1 Introduction 1028.2 The Antifeedant Management, Resources, and Reserve Capabilities of Nanotechnology-Based Antifeedant Delivery Systems for Insect Pest Control 1058.3 Delivery System for Nanoparticle Antifeedant Formulation 1108.4 Preventive Maintenance Dose (PMD) from Lemon Eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) Extract 1138.5 Conclusion 1198.6 The Way Forward 1209 Nanobioinsecticide and Nanoemulsions: Recent Advances 129Babatunde Oluwafei Adetuyi, Grace Odine, Peace Olajide Abiodun, Oluwakemi Semilore Omowumi and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji9.1 Introduction 1309.2 Insecticide 1309.3 Bioinsecticide 1329.4 Problems with Bioinsecticide 1349.5 Mechanism of Action of Bioinsecticide 1359.6 Nanotechnology 1359.7 Nanoemulsion 1399.8 Monomolecular Films 1419.9 Multimolecular Films 1429.10 Solid Particulate Films 1429.11 Method of Nanoemulsion 1429.12 Characterization of Nanoemulsion 1459.13 Application of Nanoemulsion 1469.14 Recent Advances in Nanobioinsectides and Nanoemulsion 1489.15 Future Perspectives 1519.16 Summary and Conclusion 15210 Roles of Improved Formulations and Fixatives in the Development of Nanobioinsecticide 165Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji10.1 Introduction 16610.2 Biopesticides in Organic Farming 16710.3 Natural Pesticide Mechanisms 16910.4 Antifeedants 17510.5 Citronella 18310.6 Neem 18410.7 Naturally Occurring Oils and Emulsions 18410.8 Fragrant Oils 18510.9 Considerations for Repellent Testing Methodology 18910.10 Several Misconceptions Regarding Natural or Plant-Based Repellents 18910.11 Progress in Plant-Based Repellents that is Promising 19110.12 Botanical Pesticide Formulations Nanotechnology Use 19210.13 Conclusion 19311 Plant-Based Repellent Evaluation and Development 205Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Barka Peter Mshelmbula, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Precious Oselumese Agbi, Nathan Benjamin Iredia, Peace Achioya Isime, Oghenefegor Edheba and Beckley Ikhajiagbe11.1 Introduction 20611.2 Plant-Based Repellents 20811.3 Mechanism of Action 21011.4 Development in Plant-Based Repellents 21111.5 Conclusion 21712 Techniques Involved in the Structural Elucidation and Characterization of Active Constituents That Could Serve as Repellent Products Containing Plant-Based Ingredients as Nanobioinsecticide 223Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji12.1 Introduction 22412.2 Farming's Use of Nano-Agrochemicals 22712.3 Employing Natural Insecticides to Eradicate Serious Insects from Vegetable Crops 22912.4 Effectiveness of Natural Pesticides in Practical Situations 23612.5 Sustainability in Action: Natural Insecticidesfor Vegetable Crop Production 23812.6 Conclusions 24113 The Influence of Nanoinsecticides on the Social Economy and Its Bio-Economy Perspectives in Attaining Sustainable Development Goals 257Abere Benjamin Olusola and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji13.1 Introduction 25813.2 Nanotechnology as a Potential Source of Modern Pesticides 26113.3 Agriculture and Toxicology of Insecticides 26113.4 Nanostructured Alumina: A Novel Pesticide Powder Developed Through Nanotechnology 26213.5 Pesticides Made of Nanoparticles 26313.6 Review of the Literature 26413.7 The Impact of Nanoinsecticides on the Development of Sustainable Development Goals 26813.8 Conclusion 27114 Procedure Involved in the Evaluation of Several Repellent Compounds Used for the Fabrication of Nanobioinsecticide 277Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Edward Kwame Opata, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji14.1 Introduction 27814.2 Insecticide Nanoparticles in a Variety of Forms 28014.3 Resources for Producing Nanoemulsions 28314.4 Nanosuspensions Production 28614.5 Nanocapsules 28814.6 Nanoparticles 29214.7 Classification of Nanoparticles 29214.8 Silver Nanoparticle Production 29314.9 Nano-Sized Silica Particles 29514.10 Making Silica Nanoparticles: Techniques 29614.11 Pest Control: The Role of Silica Nanoparticles 29614.12 Conclusion 29615 Safety, Efficacy, and Facts on Testing of Plant-Based Repellants and Effectiveness of Nanobioinsecticides 307Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Oluwakemi Semilore Omowumi, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji15.1 Introduction 30815.2 Insects Repellants 30915.3 PMD Obtained from Concentrate of Lemon Eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) 31115.4 Techniques to Consider While Assessing Repellents 31515.5 Test Protocols for Repellents Based on Guidelines from (WHOPES, 2009) 31515.6 Effectiveness, Safety of Toxic Chemical, and Plant-Based Insect Repellents 31615.7 Insecticides Produced Using Plants 31915.8 A Few Misguided Judgments with Respect to Normal or Plant-Based Repellents 31915.9 The Fate of Plant-Based Repellents Looks Encouraging 32015.10 Differentiating Bug Repellents Made of Synthetic Compounds and Plants 32215.11 Bioinsecticides Based on Plant Science for Mosquito Control 32315.12 Utilizing Insect Sprays to Control Mosquitoes 32415.13 Mosquito Insecticide Resistance 32615.14 Bioinsecticides Based on Plants 32915.15 Assessment of Plant-Based Bioinsecticides' Mosquito Control Effectiveness 33615.16 Using Plant-Based Bioinsecticides to Control Resistant Mosquito Populations 33815.17 How Might Plant-Based Bioinsecticides Be More Effective in Mosquito Control Techniques? 34015.18 Conclusion 34416 Recent Advances in the Application of Biogenic Materials in the Formulation of Nanobioinsecticide Derived from Azadirachta indica 361Kehinde Abraham Odelade, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Adetoro Inumidun Fasonyin, Oluwafemi Ajibola Abiona, Winnie Asuquo Andem, Dorcas Adebambo Odelade and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji16.1 Introduction 36216.2 Chemistry and Function of Neem Oil 36316.3 Main Products of Neem 36416.4 Neem Oil Nanoemulsion 36616.5 Food Preservation and Packaging Function of the Oil of Neem Oil and its Nanoemulsion 36716.6 The Usefulness of the Pesticides of Neem as an Agonist against a Variety of Pests Found in Food Crops 37016.7 The Anti-Insect Properties of Azadirachtin 37016.8 Neem's Action Mode and Specificity 37016.9 Neem's Future Prospects 37216.10 Conclusions 372References 372Index 383

Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer and Chairman of the Committee on Research Grants at EUI. He has won several scientific awards and grants from renowned academic bodies such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents. Julius Kola Oloke, PhD, is a Professor and Vice Chancellor in the Department of Pure and Applied Biology at the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. He has a PhD in microbiology from Obafemi Awolowo University in 1989. Professor Oloke was conferred with the National Productivity Order of Merit Award by the Federal Government of Nigeria in August 2012, for his work on formulating an immune modulating agent known as Trinity Immuno-booster (Trino IB) which has been used in many countries.

• Preface xvii1 The Contribution of Ethnobotany to the Discovery of New Plant-Based Repellents 1Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Anagwonye Uju, Etinfoh Hope, Ebiminor Gift Taramapreye, Alexis Ojeide and Beckley Ikhajiagbe1.1 Introduction 21.2 Ethnobotany in the Discovery of New Plant-Based Repellents 21.3 Plant-Based Repellent 42 Nanobioinsecticide Derived from Essential Oils of Cymbopogon nardus 9R. Vijayalaskshmi, D. Thilagavathi and T. Vennilavan2.1 Introduction 92.2 Materials and Methods 112.3 Root 162.4 Discussion 172.5 Conclusion 203 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Neem-Based Preparations 27Ojo, S.K.S., Ojo, A.M., Ayo, I.O., Oluwole, B.R. and Otugboyega, J.O.3.1 Introduction 283.2 Conventional Farming and its Challenges 303.3 Insects 343.4 Pesticides 373.5 Nanotechnology 403.6 Biomaterials 423.7 Description of Neem 473.8 Farm Level Neem Bioinsecticide Preparation 523.9 Effects of Neem Compounds and Its Composites on Insects 523.10 Neem-Based Preparations 543.11 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 564 Nanoinsecticides Derived from Poaceae Family 69Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji4.1 Introduction 694.2 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Poaceae 704.3 Some Examples of Essential Oils Applied in Different Studies 714.4 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Essential Oils from Several Plants 724.5 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils 725 Nanoinsecticides Derived from Pennyroyal-Containing Compounds 77Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji5.1 Introduction 775.2 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Pennyroyal 785.3 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Essential Oils from Several Plants 785.4 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils 795.5 Conclusion 806 Nanobioinsecticide Derived from Thyme Oil 83Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji6.1 Introduction 836.2 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Oils from Several Plants 856.3 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils 866.4 Conclusion 86References 867 Nanobioinsecticides from Geraniol-Containing Compounds 91Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Nyejirime Young Wike, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and Olugbemi T. Olaniyan7.1 Introduction 917.2 General Overview 947.3 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Geraniol 947.4 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Essential Oils from Several Plants 958 Repellant Testing Methodology for Nanobioinsecticide 101Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Peace Abiodun Olajide, Oluwakemi Semiloore Omowumi and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji8.1 Introduction 1028.2 The Antifeedant Management, Resources, and Reserve Capabilities of Nanotechnology-Based Antifeedant Delivery Systems for Insect Pest Control 1058.3 Delivery System for Nanoparticle Antifeedant Formulation 1108.4 Preventive Maintenance Dose (PMD) from Lemon Eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) Extract 1138.5 Conclusion 1198.6 The Way Forward 1209 Nanobioinsecticide and Nanoemulsions: Recent Advances 129Babatunde Oluwafei Adetuyi, Grace Odine, Peace Olajide Abiodun, Oluwakemi Semilore Omowumi and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji9.1 Introduction 1309.2 Insecticide 1309.3 Bioinsecticide 1329.4 Problems with Bioinsecticide 1349.5 Mechanism of Action of Bioinsecticide 1359.6 Nanotechnology 1359.7 Nanoemulsion 1399.8 Monomolecular Films 1419.9 Multimolecular Films 1429.10 Solid Particulate Films 1429.11 Method of Nanoemulsion 1429.12 Characterization of Nanoemulsion 1459.13 Application of Nanoemulsion 1469.14 Recent Advances in Nanobioinsectides and Nanoemulsion 1489.15 Future Perspectives 1519.16 Summary and Conclusion 15210 Roles of Improved Formulations and Fixatives in the Development of Nanobioinsecticide 165Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji10.1 Introduction 16610.2 Biopesticides in Organic Farming 16710.3 Natural Pesticide Mechanisms 16910.4 Antifeedants 17510.5 Citronella 18310.6 Neem 18410.7 Naturally Occurring Oils and Emulsions 18410.8 Fragrant Oils 18510.9 Considerations for Repellent Testing Methodology 18910.10 Several Misconceptions Regarding Natural or Plant-Based Repellents 18910.11 Progress in Plant-Based Repellents that is Promising 19110.12 Botanical Pesticide Formulations Nanotechnology Use 19210.13 Conclusion 19311 Plant-Based Repellent Evaluation and Development 205Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Barka Peter Mshelmbula, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Precious Oselumese Agbi, Nathan Benjamin Iredia, Peace Achioya Isime, Oghenefegor Edheba and Beckley Ikhajiagbe11.1 Introduction 20611.2 Plant-Based Repellents 20811.3 Mechanism of Action 21011.4 Development in Plant-Based Repellents 21111.5 Conclusion 21712 Techniques Involved in the Structural Elucidation and Characterization of Active Constituents That Could Serve as Repellent Products Containing Plant-Based Ingredients as Nanobioinsecticide 223Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji12.1 Introduction 22412.2 Farming's Use of Nano-Agrochemicals 22712.3 Employing Natural Insecticides to Eradicate Serious Insects from Vegetable Crops 22912.4 Effectiveness of Natural Pesticides in Practical Situations 23612.5 Sustainability in Action: Natural Insecticidesfor Vegetable Crop Production 23812.6 Conclusions 24113 The Influence of Nanoinsecticides on the Social Economy and Its Bio-Economy Perspectives in Attaining Sustainable Development Goals 257Abere Benjamin Olusola and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji13.1 Introduction 25813.2 Nanotechnology as a Potential Source of Modern Pesticides 26113.3 Agriculture and Toxicology of Insecticides 26113.4 Nanostructured Alumina: A Novel Pesticide Powder Developed Through Nanotechnology 26213.5 Pesticides Made of Nanoparticles 26313.6 Review of the Literature 26413.7 The Impact of Nanoinsecticides on the Development of Sustainable Development Goals 26813.8 Conclusion 27114 Procedure Involved in the Evaluation of Several Repellent Compounds Used for the Fabrication of Nanobioinsecticide 277Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Edward Kwame Opata, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji14.1 Introduction 27814.2 Insecticide Nanoparticles in a Variety of Forms 28014.3 Resources for Producing Nanoemulsions 28314.4 Nanosuspensions Production 28614.5 Nanocapsules 28814.6 Nanoparticles 29214.7 Classification of Nanoparticles 29214.8 Silver Nanoparticle Production 29314.9 Nano-Sized Silica Particles 29514.10 Making Silica Nanoparticles: Techniques 29614.11 Pest Control: The Role of Silica Nanoparticles 29614.12 Conclusion 29615 Safety, Efficacy, and Facts on Testing of Plant-Based Repellants and Effectiveness of Nanobioinsecticides 307Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Oluwakemi Semilore Omowumi, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji15.1 Introduction 30815.2 Insects Repellants 30915.3 PMD Obtained from Concentrate of Lemon Eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) 31115.4 Techniques to Consider While Assessing Repellents 31515.5 Test Protocols for Repellents Based on Guidelines from (WHOPES, 2009) 31515.6 Effectiveness, Safety of Toxic Chemical, and Plant-Based Insect Repellents 31615.7 Insecticides Produced Using Plants 31915.8 A Few Misguided Judgments with Respect to Normal or Plant-Based Repellents 31915.9 The Fate of Plant-Based Repellents Looks Encouraging 32015.10 Differentiating Bug Repellents Made of Synthetic Compounds and Plants 32215.11 Bioinsecticides Based on Plant Science for Mosquito Control 32315.12 Utilizing Insect Sprays to Control Mosquitoes 32415.13 Mosquito Insecticide Resistance 32615.14 Bioinsecticides Based on Plants 32915.15 Assessment of Plant-Based Bioinsecticides' Mosquito Control Effectiveness 33615.16 Using Plant-Based Bioinsecticides to Control Resistant Mosquito Populations 33815.17 How Might Plant-Based Bioinsecticides Be More Effective in Mosquito Control Techniques? 34015.18 Conclusion 34416 Recent Advances in the Application of Biogenic Materials in the Formulation of Nanobioinsecticide Derived from Azadirachta indica 361Kehinde Abraham Odelade, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Adetoro Inumidun Fasonyin, Oluwafemi Ajibola Abiona, Winnie Asuquo Andem, Dorcas Adebambo Odelade and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji16.1 Introduction 36216.2 Chemistry and Function of Neem Oil 36316.3 Main Products of Neem 36416.4 Neem Oil Nanoemulsion 36616.5 Food Preservation and Packaging Function of the Oil of Neem Oil and its Nanoemulsion 36716.6 The Usefulness of the Pesticides of Neem as an Agonist against a Variety of Pests Found in Food Crops 37016.7 The Anti-Insect Properties of Azadirachtin 37016.8 Neem's Action Mode and Specificity 37016.9 Neem's Future Prospects 37216.10 Conclusions 372References 372Index 383

Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer and Chairman of the Committee on Research Grants at EUI. He has won several scientific awards and grants from renowned academic bodies such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents. Julius Kola Oloke, PhD, is a Professor and Vice Chancellor in the Department of Pure and Applied Biology at the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. He has a PhD in microbiology from Obafemi Awolowo University in 1989. Professor Oloke was conferred with the National Productivity Order of Merit Award by the Federal Government of Nigeria in August 2012, for his work on formulating an immune modulating agent known as Trinity Immuno-booster (Trino IB) which has been used in many countries.

• Preface xvii1 The Contribution of Ethnobotany to the Discovery of New Plant-Based Repellents 1Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Anagwonye Uju, Etinfoh Hope, Ebiminor Gift Taramapreye, Alexis Ojeide and Beckley Ikhajiagbe1.1 Introduction 21.2 Ethnobotany in the Discovery of New Plant-Based Repellents 21.3 Plant-Based Repellent 42 Nanobioinsecticide Derived from Essential Oils of Cymbopogon nardus 9R. Vijayalaskshmi, D. Thilagavathi and T. Vennilavan2.1 Introduction 92.2 Materials and Methods 112.3 Root 162.4 Discussion 172.5 Conclusion 203 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Neem-Based Preparations 27Ojo, S.K.S., Ojo, A.M., Ayo, I.O., Oluwole, B.R. and Otugboyega, J.O.3.1 Introduction 283.2 Conventional Farming and its Challenges 303.3 Insects 343.4 Pesticides 373.5 Nanotechnology 403.6 Biomaterials 423.7 Description of Neem 473.8 Farm Level Neem Bioinsecticide Preparation 523.9 Effects of Neem Compounds and Its Composites on Insects 523.10 Neem-Based Preparations 543.11 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 564 Nanoinsecticides Derived from Poaceae Family 69Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji4.1 Introduction 694.2 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Poaceae 704.3 Some Examples of Essential Oils Applied in Different Studies 714.4 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Essential Oils from Several Plants 724.5 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils 725 Nanoinsecticides Derived from Pennyroyal-Containing Compounds 77Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji5.1 Introduction 775.2 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Pennyroyal 785.3 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Essential Oils from Several Plants 785.4 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils 795.5 Conclusion 806 Nanobioinsecticide Derived from Thyme Oil 83Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji6.1 Introduction 836.2 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Oils from Several Plants 856.3 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils 866.4 Conclusion 86References 867 Nanobioinsecticides from Geraniol-Containing Compounds 91Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Nyejirime Young Wike, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and Olugbemi T. Olaniyan7.1 Introduction 917.2 General Overview 947.3 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Geraniol 947.4 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Essential Oils from Several Plants 958 Repellant Testing Methodology for Nanobioinsecticide 101Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Peace Abiodun Olajide, Oluwakemi Semiloore Omowumi and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji8.1 Introduction 1028.2 The Antifeedant Management, Resources, and Reserve Capabilities of Nanotechnology-Based Antifeedant Delivery Systems for Insect Pest Control 1058.3 Delivery System for Nanoparticle Antifeedant Formulation 1108.4 Preventive Maintenance Dose (PMD) from Lemon Eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) Extract 1138.5 Conclusion 1198.6 The Way Forward 1209 Nanobioinsecticide and Nanoemulsions: Recent Advances 129Babatunde Oluwafei Adetuyi, Grace Odine, Peace Olajide Abiodun, Oluwakemi Semilore Omowumi and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji9.1 Introduction 1309.2 Insecticide 1309.3 Bioinsecticide 1329.4 Problems with Bioinsecticide 1349.5 Mechanism of Action of Bioinsecticide 1359.6 Nanotechnology 1359.7 Nanoemulsion 1399.8 Monomolecular Films 1419.9 Multimolecular Films 1429.10 Solid Particulate Films 1429.11 Method of Nanoemulsion 1429.12 Characterization of Nanoemulsion 1459.13 Application of Nanoemulsion 1469.14 Recent Advances in Nanobioinsectides and Nanoemulsion 1489.15 Future Perspectives 1519.16 Summary and Conclusion 15210 Roles of Improved Formulations and Fixatives in the Development of Nanobioinsecticide 165Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji10.1 Introduction 16610.2 Biopesticides in Organic Farming 16710.3 Natural Pesticide Mechanisms 16910.4 Antifeedants 17510.5 Citronella 18310.6 Neem 18410.7 Naturally Occurring Oils and Emulsions 18410.8 Fragrant Oils 18510.9 Considerations for Repellent Testing Methodology 18910.10 Several Misconceptions Regarding Natural or Plant-Based Repellents 18910.11 Progress in Plant-Based Repellents that is Promising 19110.12 Botanical Pesticide Formulations Nanotechnology Use 19210.13 Conclusion 19311 Plant-Based Repellent Evaluation and Development 205Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Barka Peter Mshelmbula, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Precious Oselumese Agbi, Nathan Benjamin Iredia, Peace Achioya Isime, Oghenefegor Edheba and Beckley Ikhajiagbe11.1 Introduction 20611.2 Plant-Based Repellents 20811.3 Mechanism of Action 21011.4 Development in Plant-Based Repellents 21111.5 Conclusion 21712 Techniques Involved in the Structural Elucidation and Characterization of Active Constituents That Could Serve as Repellent Products Containing Plant-Based Ingredients as Nanobioinsecticide 223Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji12.1 Introduction 22412.2 Farming's Use of Nano-Agrochemicals 22712.3 Employing Natural Insecticides to Eradicate Serious Insects from Vegetable Crops 22912.4 Effectiveness of Natural Pesticides in Practical Situations 23612.5 Sustainability in Action: Natural Insecticidesfor Vegetable Crop Production 23812.6 Conclusions 24113 The Influence of Nanoinsecticides on the Social Economy and Its Bio-Economy Perspectives in Attaining Sustainable Development Goals 257Abere Benjamin Olusola and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji13.1 Introduction 25813.2 Nanotechnology as a Potential Source of Modern Pesticides 26113.3 Agriculture and Toxicology of Insecticides 26113.4 Nanostructured Alumina: A Novel Pesticide Powder Developed Through Nanotechnology 26213.5 Pesticides Made of Nanoparticles 26313.6 Review of the Literature 26413.7 The Impact of Nanoinsecticides on the Development of Sustainable Development Goals 26813.8 Conclusion 27114 Procedure Involved in the Evaluation of Several Repellent Compounds Used for the Fabrication of Nanobioinsecticide 277Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Edward Kwame Opata, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji14.1 Introduction 27814.2 Insecticide Nanoparticles in a Variety of Forms 28014.3 Resources for Producing Nanoemulsions 28314.4 Nanosuspensions Production 28614.5 Nanocapsules 28814.6 Nanoparticles 29214.7 Classification of Nanoparticles 29214.8 Silver Nanoparticle Production 29314.9 Nano-Sized Silica Particles 29514.10 Making Silica Nanoparticles: Techniques 29614.11 Pest Control: The Role of Silica Nanoparticles 29614.12 Conclusion 29615 Safety, Efficacy, and Facts on Testing of Plant-Based Repellants and Effectiveness of Nanobioinsecticides 307Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Oluwakemi Semilore Omowumi, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji15.1 Introduction 30815.2 Insects Repellants 30915.3 PMD Obtained from Concentrate of Lemon Eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) 31115.4 Techniques to Consider While Assessing Repellents 31515.5 Test Protocols for Repellents Based on Guidelines from (WHOPES, 2009) 31515.6 Effectiveness, Safety of Toxic Chemical, and Plant-Based Insect Repellents 31615.7 Insecticides Produced Using Plants 31915.8 A Few Misguided Judgments with Respect to Normal or Plant-Based Repellents 31915.9 The Fate of Plant-Based Repellents Looks Encouraging 32015.10 Differentiating Bug Repellents Made of Synthetic Compounds and Plants 32215.11 Bioinsecticides Based on Plant Science for Mosquito Control 32315.12 Utilizing Insect Sprays to Control Mosquitoes 32415.13 Mosquito Insecticide Resistance 32615.14 Bioinsecticides Based on Plants 32915.15 Assessment of Plant-Based Bioinsecticides' Mosquito Control Effectiveness 33615.16 Using Plant-Based Bioinsecticides to Control Resistant Mosquito Populations 33815.17 How Might Plant-Based Bioinsecticides Be More Effective in Mosquito Control Techniques? 34015.18 Conclusion 34416 Recent Advances in the Application of Biogenic Materials in the Formulation of Nanobioinsecticide Derived from Azadirachta indica 361Kehinde Abraham Odelade, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Adetoro Inumidun Fasonyin, Oluwafemi Ajibola Abiona, Winnie Asuquo Andem, Dorcas Adebambo Odelade and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji16.1 Introduction 36216.2 Chemistry and Function of Neem Oil 36316.3 Main Products of Neem 36416.4 Neem Oil Nanoemulsion 36616.5 Food Preservation and Packaging Function of the Oil of Neem Oil and its Nanoemulsion 36716.6 The Usefulness of the Pesticides of Neem as an Agonist against a Variety of Pests Found in Food Crops 37016.7 The Anti-Insect Properties of Azadirachtin 37016.8 Neem's Action Mode and Specificity 37016.9 Neem's Future Prospects 37216.10 Conclusions 372References 372Index 383