Suzanne Bench is Director of Nursing for a centre of research for nurses and midwives at Guys and St Thomas NHS Trust and Professor of Critical Care Nursing at London South Bank University, as well as honorary Senior Lecturer at King’s College, London, UK. She is an experienced ­clinical-academic intensive care nurse who sits on the executive board of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. Nicki Credland is a Reader in Critical Care at the University of Hull and a qualified and experienced critical care nurse. She was Chair of BACCN throughout the Covid-19 pandemic and advises NHS England on critical care nursing. Chris Hill is a senior clinical practice educator at the Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, and a Senior Lecturer at Brunel University, London, UK. He leads an Intensive Nursing Care course at the Royal Free for ICUs in North Central London and other parts of the capital.

• About the Editors viiList of Contributors ixForeword xiEndorsement xiii1 Scope and Delivery of Evidence- Based Care 1Suzanne Bench, Nicki Credland, and Chris Hill2 The Critical Care Workforce 14Julie Combes and Chris Hill3 Competency- Based Practice 26Claire Horsfield, Julie Platten, Karen Wilson, and Mina Long- John4 Recognising and Managing the Critically ill and ‘At Risk’ Patient on the Ward 35Nicki Credland and Claire Burnett5 Admitting a Critically ill Patient 61Karin Gerber6 Assessment, Monitoring and Interventions for the Respiratory System 75Sophie Bench, Simon Hamilton, Ian Nesbitt, and Athanasia Niarrou7 Assessment and Management of the Cardiovascular System 177Julie Bye, Chris Carter, Usha Chandran, Matthew Parkin, and Chris Hill8 Assessment and Support of the Gastrointestinal System 265Jackie McRae, Georgia Hardy, Lilian Oyatabang, and Ian Nesbitt9 Assessment and Management of Kidney Function 292Linda Tovey Copyrighted Material10 Assessment and Management of Pain, Anxiety, Delirium and Sleep 342Elaine Coghill, Alwin Puthenpurakal, and Carolyne Stewart11 Assessment and Management of Neurological Status 377Ruth Trout, Claire Lynch, and Natalie McEvoy12 Assessment and Management of Hygiene Needs 412Louise Stayt and Catherine Plowright13 Infection Prevention and Control 442Annesha Archyangelio16 Transfer of the Critically ill Patient 567Gezz Van Zwanenberg and Simon M Whiteley14 Physical Mobility and Activity Interventions for Critically ill Patients 485David McWilliams, Amanda Thomas, Penelope Firshman, and Musie Tsehaye15 Psychological and Spiritual Needs of the ICU Patient and Family 535Julie Highfield, Ann Price, and Pam Ramsay17 Rehabilitation and Recovery After Critical Illness 581Catherine Plowright, Christina Jones, Pam Ramsay, Kate Tantam, and Peter Julian18 Withdrawal of Treatment and End- of- Life Care for the Critically ill Patient 622Natalie A Pattison and Sally HumphreysIndex 661

Suzanne Bench is Director of Nursing for a centre of research for nurses and midwives at Guys and St Thomas NHS Trust and Professor of Critical Care Nursing at London South Bank University, as well as honorary Senior Lecturer at King’s College, London, UK. She is an experienced ­clinical-academic intensive care nurse who sits on the executive board of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. Nicki Credland is a Reader in Critical Care at the University of Hull and a qualified and experienced critical care nurse. She was Chair of BACCN throughout the Covid-19 pandemic and advises NHS England on critical care nursing. Chris Hill is a senior clinical practice educator at the Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, and a Senior Lecturer at Brunel University, London, UK. He leads an Intensive Nursing Care course at the Royal Free for ICUs in North Central London and other parts of the capital.

• About the Editors viiList of Contributors ixForeword xiEndorsement xiii1 Scope and Delivery of Evidence- Based Care 1Suzanne Bench, Nicki Credland, and Chris Hill2 The Critical Care Workforce 14Julie Combes and Chris Hill3 Competency- Based Practice 26Claire Horsfield, Julie Platten, Karen Wilson, and Mina Long- John4 Recognising and Managing the Critically ill and ‘At Risk’ Patient on the Ward 35Nicki Credland and Claire Burnett5 Admitting a Critically ill Patient 61Karin Gerber6 Assessment, Monitoring and Interventions for the Respiratory System 75Sophie Bench, Simon Hamilton, Ian Nesbitt, and Athanasia Niarrou7 Assessment and Management of the Cardiovascular System 177Julie Bye, Chris Carter, Usha Chandran, Matthew Parkin, and Chris Hill8 Assessment and Support of the Gastrointestinal System 265Jackie McRae, Georgia Hardy, Lilian Oyatabang, and Ian Nesbitt9 Assessment and Management of Kidney Function 292Linda Tovey Copyrighted Material10 Assessment and Management of Pain, Anxiety, Delirium and Sleep 342Elaine Coghill, Alwin Puthenpurakal, and Carolyne Stewart11 Assessment and Management of Neurological Status 377Ruth Trout, Claire Lynch, and Natalie McEvoy12 Assessment and Management of Hygiene Needs 412Louise Stayt and Catherine Plowright13 Infection Prevention and Control 442Annesha Archyangelio16 Transfer of the Critically ill Patient 567Gezz Van Zwanenberg and Simon M Whiteley14 Physical Mobility and Activity Interventions for Critically ill Patients 485David McWilliams, Amanda Thomas, Penelope Firshman, and Musie Tsehaye15 Psychological and Spiritual Needs of the ICU Patient and Family 535Julie Highfield, Ann Price, and Pam Ramsay17 Rehabilitation and Recovery After Critical Illness 581Catherine Plowright, Christina Jones, Pam Ramsay, Kate Tantam, and Peter Julian18 Withdrawal of Treatment and End- of- Life Care for the Critically ill Patient 622Natalie A Pattison and Sally HumphreysIndex 661

Suzanne Bench is Director of Nursing for a centre of research for nurses and midwives at Guys and St Thomas NHS Trust and Professor of Critical Care Nursing at London South Bank University, as well as honorary Senior Lecturer at King’s College, London, UK. She is an experienced ­clinical-academic intensive care nurse who sits on the executive board of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. Nicki Credland is a Reader in Critical Care at the University of Hull and a qualified and experienced critical care nurse. She was Chair of BACCN throughout the Covid-19 pandemic and advises NHS England on critical care nursing. Chris Hill is a senior clinical practice educator at the Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, and a Senior Lecturer at Brunel University, London, UK. He leads an Intensive Nursing Care course at the Royal Free for ICUs in North Central London and other parts of the capital.

• About the Editors viiList of Contributors ixForeword xiEndorsement xiii1 Scope and Delivery of Evidence- Based Care 1Suzanne Bench, Nicki Credland, and Chris Hill2 The Critical Care Workforce 14Julie Combes and Chris Hill3 Competency- Based Practice 26Claire Horsfield, Julie Platten, Karen Wilson, and Mina Long- John4 Recognising and Managing the Critically ill and ‘At Risk’ Patient on the Ward 35Nicki Credland and Claire Burnett5 Admitting a Critically ill Patient 61Karin Gerber6 Assessment, Monitoring and Interventions for the Respiratory System 75Sophie Bench, Simon Hamilton, Ian Nesbitt, and Athanasia Niarrou7 Assessment and Management of the Cardiovascular System 177Julie Bye, Chris Carter, Usha Chandran, Matthew Parkin, and Chris Hill8 Assessment and Support of the Gastrointestinal System 265Jackie McRae, Georgia Hardy, Lilian Oyatabang, and Ian Nesbitt9 Assessment and Management of Kidney Function 292Linda Tovey Copyrighted Material10 Assessment and Management of Pain, Anxiety, Delirium and Sleep 342Elaine Coghill, Alwin Puthenpurakal, and Carolyne Stewart11 Assessment and Management of Neurological Status 377Ruth Trout, Claire Lynch, and Natalie McEvoy12 Assessment and Management of Hygiene Needs 412Louise Stayt and Catherine Plowright13 Infection Prevention and Control 442Annesha Archyangelio16 Transfer of the Critically ill Patient 567Gezz Van Zwanenberg and Simon M Whiteley14 Physical Mobility and Activity Interventions for Critically ill Patients 485David McWilliams, Amanda Thomas, Penelope Firshman, and Musie Tsehaye15 Psychological and Spiritual Needs of the ICU Patient and Family 535Julie Highfield, Ann Price, and Pam Ramsay17 Rehabilitation and Recovery After Critical Illness 581Catherine Plowright, Christina Jones, Pam Ramsay, Kate Tantam, and Peter Julian18 Withdrawal of Treatment and End- of- Life Care for the Critically ill Patient 622Natalie A Pattison and Sally HumphreysIndex 661