Next-Generation Algae, Volume 2

Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is an associate professor in the Microbiology Department, Edo University Iyamho, Nigeria. He has filed several scientific patents and has published over 180 scientific journal articles, books, and conference proceedings. He has received numerous awards from international organizations. Julius Kola Oloke, PhD, is the Vice Chancellor of Precious Cornerstone University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Naveen Dwivedi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Biotechnology at the S. D. College of Engineering and Technology, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. Sabeela Beevi Ummalyma, PhD, is a scientist at the Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Bioenergy and Bioprocessing laboratory Sikkim Centre, Sikkim, India. Shubha Dwivedi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Biotechnology, IIMT University, Meerut, UP, India. Daniel Hefft, PhD, is a chemical and food engineer and is the Product Research Team Lead at Campden BRI, UK. This role within the consulting technology department delivers meaningful contract R&D and process engineering solutions. Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, PhD, is a faculty member in the Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. Her research interests are focused on the nutritional safety of foods and the evaluation of medicinal plants in the management and maintenance of human health.

• Preface xv1 Discovery of Novel and Biologically Active Compounds from Algae 1M. Singh, N. Gupta, P. Gupta, Doli, P. Mishra and A. Yadav1.1 Introduction 21.2 Microalgae-Derived Natural Products 31.3 Bioprospecting for New Algae 41.4 Therapeutically Essential Natural Products 61.5 Screening for Bioactive Constituents 71.6 Extraction Methods 91.7 Biosynthesis and Biological Activities 111.7.1 Antibacterial Action 151.7.2 Antifungal Action 171.7.3 Anti-Inflammatory Action 181.7.4 Antiprotozoal Action 191.7.5 Antioxidant Action 201.7.6 Antineoplastic (Anticancer) Action 211.7.7 Antiviral Action 241.7.8 Anticoagulant Action 251.7.9 Immunosuppressive Action 251.8 Conclusion 26References 272 Bioactive Compounds Synthesized by Algae: Current Development and Prospects as Biomedical Application in the Pharmaceutical Industry 41Preeti Mishra, Namrata Gupta, Monika Singh and Deeksha Tiwari2.1 Introduction 422.2 Algal-Sourced Compounds of Medical Interest 432.3 Microalgae with Potential for Obtaining Bioactive Compounds 442.3.1 Spirulina 462.3.2 Chlorella 472.3.3 Nostoc 492.3.4 Dunaliella 502.4 Bioactive Compounds from Cyanobacteria 512.5 Secondary Metabolites from Microalgae 552.5.1 Carotenoids 552.5.1.1 β-Carotene 552.5.1.2 Astaxanthin 572.5.1.3 Zeaxanthin and Lutein 582.5.1.4 Violaxanthin 592.5.1.5 Fucoxanthin 592.5.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 602.5.3 Proteins and Polypeptides 612.6 Biomass of Microalgae 622.6.1 Biomass Production 622.6.1.1 Cultivation 622.6.1.2 Harvesting 632.6.1.3 Biomass Dehydration 642.6.1.4 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds 662.7 Pharmaceutical Applications of Microalgae 662.8 Conclusion 71References 723 Bioactive Compounds Derived from Microalgae Showing Diverse Medicinal Activities 77D. Tiwari, P. Mishra and N. Gupta3.1 Introduction 783.2 Microalgae with Anti-Inflammatory Activity 813.3 Microalgae with Immunomodulatory Activity 823.4 Microalgae Anticancer Activity 853.5 Potential of Microalgae in Quality Enhancement of Natural Products 873.5.1 Pharmaceutical Industry 873.5.2 Cosmetics and Personal Care 873.5.3 Food Industry 88References 904 Application of Astaxanthin and Carotenoids Derived from Algae for the Production of Nutraceuticals, Pharmaceuticals, Additives, Food Supplement and Feed 95Abiola Folakemi Olaniran, Joshua Opeyemi Folorunsho, Bolanle Adenike Akinsanola, Abiola Ezekiel Taiwo, Yetunde Mary Iranloye, Clinton Emeka Okonkwo and Omorefosa Osarenkhoe Osemwegie4.1 Carotenoids and Its Characteristics 964.1.1 Sources of Carotenoids 974.1.2 Production/Extraction of Carotenoids 994.2 Astaxanthin and Its Characteristics 1024.2.1 Production/Extraction of Astaxanthin 1034.2.2 Historical Perspective of Consumption of Alga as Food and Utilization in the Food Industry 1044.3 Application/Utilization of Astaxanthin and Carotenoids in Different Sectors 1054.3.1 Nutraceuticals 1084.3.2 Food Additives, Supplements and Feed Formulation 1104.3.3 Alga as a Potential Source of Astaxanthin and Food Supplement 1114.3.4 Technological Application of Algae as Origins of Supplements and Bioactive Mixtures in Healthier Food Varieties and Drinks 1124.3.5 Enriching Dairy Products with Algae 1144.3.6 Algae as a Potential Healthy Protein and Fat Source 1154.4 Future Perspective 117References 1185 Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) and Their Biomedical Application 125Olorunsola Adeyomoye, Olugbemi T. Olaniyan and Charles O. Adetunji5.1 Introduction 1255.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 1265.3 Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 1275.4 Nanomedicine-Based Formulations Containing Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 1285.5 Biological and Medical Application of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 1295.6 Metabolism of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid 1315.7 Challenges and Issues of Production and Use of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 1325.8 Conclusion 133References 1336 Utilization of Algae and Their Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities 139Olorunsola Adeyomoye, Olugbemi T. Olaniyan and Charles O. Adetunji6.1 Introduction 1406.2 Physiology and Biochemistry of Algae 1416.3 Algae Biocomposites 1416.4 Techniques and Methods Involved in the Production of Algae Biocomposites 1436.5 Antiproliferative Activities of Algae 1446.6 Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Algae 1446.7 Potential Health Benefits of Algae Biocomposites 1466.8 Challenges and Issues Related to Algae Biocomposites Use 1476.9 Conclusion 147References 1487 Natural Compounds of Algae Origin with Potential Anticarcinogenic Benefits 153Adewale Omowumi Oyeronke, Asowata-Ayodele Abiola Mojisola, Akomolafe Seun Funmilola and Adetunji Juliana Bunmi7.1 Introduction 1547.2 Progression, Predisposing Factors and Treatment of Cancer 1567.2.1 Cancer Progression 1567.2.2 Predisposing Factors to Cancer 1577.2.3 Treatment of Cancer 1577.3 Features of Microalgae 1577.4 Sources of Microalgae 1587.5 Fractions of Microalgae Species with Anticancer Properties 1587.5.1 Carotenoid-Rich Extracts of Chlorella Species 1587.5.2 Chaetoceros Calcitrans Ethyl Acetate and Ethanol Extracts 1597.5.3 Amphidinium Carterae Organic Fractions 1597.5.4 Methanolic Extracts from Amphidinium Carterae, Prorocentrum Rhathymum, Symbiodinium sp.,Coolia Malayensis, Ostreopsis Ovata, Amphidinium Operculatum, and Heterocapsa Psammophila 1607.5.5 Skeletonema Marinoi Hydrophobic Fraction 1607.5.6 Canadian Marine Microalgal Pool Aqueous Extract 1607.5.7 Chlorella Sorokiniana Aqueous Extract 1617.6 Compounds with Anticarcinogenic Activities Isolated from Marine Microalgae 1617.6.1 Polysaccharides 1617.6.2 Phycocyanin 1637.6.3 Chlorophyll 1637.6.4 Polyunsaturated Aldehydes (PUAs) 1647.6.5 Violaxanthin 1647.6.6 Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) 1657.6.7 Stigmasterol 1667.6.8 Fucoxanthin 1667.6.9 Nonyl 8-Acetoxy-6-Methyloctanoate (NAMO) 1677.6.10 Monogalactosyl Glycerols 1687.6.11 Other Active Compounds from Microalgae with Anticarcinogenic Activities 1687.7 Conclusion and Recommendation 168References 1698 Current Research on Algal-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharides and Their Antiulcer Bioactivities 177Abiola Mojisola Asowata-Ayodele, Adewale Omowumi Oyeronke, Akomolafe Seun Funmilola and Adetunji Juliana Bunmi8.1 Introduction 1788.1.1 Symptoms of Peptic Ulcer Disease 1798.2 Treatment Using Synthetic Medicines 1818.3 Natural Products Used in the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer 1838.4 Antiulcer Products Developed from Algae 1848.4.1 Phycocolloids 1868.4.2 Fucoidan 1888.4.3 Ulvans 1898.4.4 Laminaran 1908.4.5 Xylan and Porphyran 1918.5 Conclusion 193References 1939 Pharmacological and Antioxidant Attributes of Significant Bioactives Constituents Derived from Algae 197Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Abigail Omotayo Agbolade, Omowumi Oyeronke Adewale, Ikechukwu P. Ejidike, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and Isreal Olu Oyewole9.1 Introduction 1989.1.1 Brown Algae 1989.1.1.1 Fucoidan and Its Bioactivity 1989.1.1.2 Benefits Derived from Fucoidan 2009.1.1.3 Laminarin 2029.1.1.4 Fucosterol 2049.1.1.5 Saccharides 2049.1.1.6 Phlorotannins 2069.1.1.7 Dieckol 2079.1.2 Red Algae 2079.1.2.1 D-Isofloridoside 2079.1.2.2 Phycoerythrin 2089.1.3 Blue-Green Algae 2099.1.3.1 Phycocyanin and Phycocyanobilin 2099.1.4 Other Potential Applications of Algae 2159.1.4.1 Antioxidant and Anti-Tyrosine Capabilities 2159.2 Conclusion 216References 21610 Utilization of Pharmacologically Relevant Compounds Derived from Algae for Effective Management of Diverse Diseases 223Olulope Olufemi Ajayi10.1 Introduction 22310.2 Algae in the Management of Some Diseases 22510.2.1 Cancer 22510.2.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 22610.2.3 Osteoarthritis 22710.2.4 Gastric Ulcers 22710.2.5 Neurodegenerative Diseases 22710.2.6 Diabetes Mellitus 22810.2.7 Hypertension 22810.2.8 Atherosclerosis 22910.2.9 Kidney and Liver Diseases 23010.2.10 Skin Diseases/Disorders 23010.2.11 Uterine Leiomyomas 23110.2.12 Obesity 23210.2.13 Tuberculosis 23410.2.14 Asthma 23510.2.15 Hepatitis 23610.3 Xanthophylls 23610.3.1 Astaxanthin 23610.3.2 Fucoxanthin 23710.3.3 Lutein and Zeaxanthin 23710.3.4 Beta-Cryptoxanthin 23710.3.5 Siphonaxanthin 23810.3.6 Saproxanthin and Myxol 23810.4 Alga Diterpenes 23810.5 Conclusion 239References 23911 Application of Algae in Wound Healing 251Ebenezer I. O. Ajayi, Johnson O. Oladele and Abraham O. Nkumah11.1 Introduction 25211.1.1 Current Trends in the Design of Wound Dressings 25311.2 Brown Seaweed Polysaccharides 25611.2.1 Fucoidan 25711.2.2 Alginate 25811.2.3 Carrageenan 25911.2.4 Red Seaweed Polysaccharides 26011.2.5 Green Seaweed Polysaccharides 26011.3 Mechanisms Underpinning the Wound Healing Effects of Algae 26111.3.1 Hemostatic Activity 26311.3.2 Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects 26411.3.3 Antioxidant Activity 26711.3.4 Antifungal Activity 26911.3.5 Antibacterial Properties 26911.3.6 Wound-Healing Property of Algae and Cyanobacteria 27111.4 Conclusion 274References 27412 Application of Nanotechnology for the Bioengineering of Useful Metabolites Derived from Algae and Their Multifaceted Applications 285Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olugbemi T. Olaniyan, Inobeme Abel, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Nyejirime Young Wike, Wadzani Dauda Palnam, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Phebean Ononsen Ozolua, Arshad Farid, Shakira Ghazanfar, Olorunsola Adeyomoye, Muhammad Akram, Chibuzor Victory Chukwu and Mohammed Bello Yerima12.1 Introduction 28612.2 Various Types of Nanoparticles Derived from Algae 28712.3 Nanoparticles from Algae and the Key Role They Play in the Medical and Pharmaceutical Sectors 29512.3.1 Anticancer Activity 29812.4 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles and Their Key Role in the Cosmetics Industry 30212.4.1 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Moisturizer 30212.4.2 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Skin Sensitizing and Thickening Agents 30212.4.3 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Anti-Aging Agents 30312.4.4 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Antioxidant Agent 30312.5 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Antibacterial Agent 30312.6 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Antifungal Agent 30612.7 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Antiviral Agent 30612.8 Conclusion 307References 30713 Discovery of Novel Compounds of Pharmaceutical Significance Derived from Algae 321Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Muhammad Akram, Fahad Said Khan, Olugbemi T. Olaniyan, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Inobeme Abel, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Phebean Ononsen Ozolua, Nyejirime Young Wike, Wadzani Dauda Palnam, Arshad Farid, Shakira Ghazanfar, Olorunsola Adeyomoye, Chibuzor Victory Chukwu and Mohammed Bello Yerima13.1 Introduction 32213.2 Bioactive Compounds 32313.3 Pharmacological Significance of Algae 32413.3.1 Antioxidative Activity 32413.3.2 Antihypertensive Activity 32513.3.3 Anticoagulant Activity 32613.3.4 Antiproliferation Activities 32613.3.5 Immune-Stimulant Activity 32713.3.6 Cholesterol-Lowering Activity 32813.3.7 Anti-Inflammatory Activity 32913.3.8 Anticancer Activity 32913.3.9 Cancer Prevention Agent 33013.3.10 Antidiabetic 33013.3.11 Different Biomedical Activities 33113.4 Research Results on Well-Studied Algal Strains 33213.5 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 334References 33414 Applications of Algae in the Production of Single-Cell Proteins and Pigments with High Relevance in Industry 343Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Omowumi Oyeronke Adewale, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and Isreal Olu Oyewole14.1 Introduction 34414.2 Microalgae-Derived Single Cell Protein (SCP) 34514.2.1 Dunaliella 34614.3 Applications of SCP in Diets 34714.4 Pigments Derived from Algae 34814.4.1 Astaxanthin 34814.4.2 Fucoxanthin 34814.4.3 Carotenoids 34914.5 Conclusion 349References 349Index 353