Abhay Prakash Mishra, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Pharmacology, University of Free State, South Africa. He has extensive research experience in drug development and other research areas related to parasitic infection. Manisha Nigam, PhD, is Assistant Professor and Head of Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, India. She has extensive research and teaching experience regarding cancer biology, parasite biology and immunopathology.

• List of Contributors ixPreface xvAcknowledgments xviii1 Introduction: Back to the Future ‒ Solutions for Parasitic Problems 1Rahime Şimşek, Aqsa Farooqui, Salah-Ud-Din Khan, and Shahanavaj Khan2 Induction of Immune Responses and Inflammation to Parasitic Infections 47Gurdeep Singh, Abhishek Tiwari, Varsha Tiwari, and Mukesh Kr Singh3 Animal Parasites: Insight into Natural Resistance 60Nasib Zaman, Muhammad Rizwan, Kishawar Sultana, Abdur Rauf, Yahya S. Al-Awthan, and Omar Bahattab4 Immune Response against Protozoan Parasites 73Ahmed Olatunde, Olalekan Ogunro, Habibu Tijjani, Shakir Mayowa Obidola, Mustapha Abdullahi Akpaki, Archana Yadav, Manisha Nigam, and Abhay Prakash Mishra5 Immune Response against Helminths 100Varsha Tiwari, Abhishek Tiwari, Gurdeep Singh, and Mukesh Kr Singh6 Ectoparasites Host Resistance and Tolerance 124Jacob Kehinde Akintunde and Ayodeji Mathias Adegoke7 Microorganisms as Drivers of Host‒Parasite Interactions 141Rahul Negi, Munni Bhandari, Rahul Kunwar Singh, and Tribhuvan Mohan Mohapatra8 Neglected Parasitic Infections: History to Current Status 156Sarmistha Debbarma, Jupi Talukdar, Prabhakar Maurya, Luit Moni Barkalita, and Anupam Brahma9 Molecular Techniques for the Study and Diagnosis of Parasite Infection 176Syed Muhammad Mukarram Shah, Saira, and Fida Hussain10 Drugs for the Control of Parasitic Diseases: Current Status and Case Studies 205Pratichi Singh, Swetanshu, Shikha Yadav, Adeline Lum Nde, and Vijay Jyoti Kumar11 Opportunities and Challenges in the Development of Antiparasitic Drugs 227Maryam Bello-Akinosho, Kayode Olayinka Afolabi, Harish Chandra, Dearikha Karina Mayashinta, Yulia Dwi Setia, and Carolina Pohl-Albertyn12 Phytopharmaceuticals as an Alternative Treatment against Parasites 251Rajesh Kumar, Seetha Harilal, Arti Gautam, Manisha Nigam, and Abhay Prakash Mishra13 Nanoparticles for Antiparasitic Drug Delivery 303Abdulkadir Mohammed Danyaro, Habibu Tijjani, Swinder Jeet Singh Kalra, and Ahmed Olatunde14 Vaccination Against Parasitic Infection: From Past to Current Approaches in the Development of a Vaccine 328Mukesh Kr Singh, Gurdeep Singh, Varsha Tiwari, and Abhishek Tiwari15 Current Trends in Parasitic Diseases and Precautionary Measures 356Nisha SinghIndex 382

Abhay Prakash Mishra, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Pharmacology, University of Free State, South Africa. He has extensive research experience in drug development and other research areas related to parasitic infection. Manisha Nigam, PhD, is Assistant Professor and Head of Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, India. She has extensive research and teaching experience regarding cancer biology, parasite biology and immunopathology.

• List of Contributors ixPreface xvAcknowledgments xviii1 Introduction: Back to the Future ‒ Solutions for Parasitic Problems 1Rahime Şimşek, Aqsa Farooqui, Salah-Ud-Din Khan, and Shahanavaj Khan2 Induction of Immune Responses and Inflammation to Parasitic Infections 47Gurdeep Singh, Abhishek Tiwari, Varsha Tiwari, and Mukesh Kr Singh3 Animal Parasites: Insight into Natural Resistance 60Nasib Zaman, Muhammad Rizwan, Kishawar Sultana, Abdur Rauf, Yahya S. Al-Awthan, and Omar Bahattab4 Immune Response against Protozoan Parasites 73Ahmed Olatunde, Olalekan Ogunro, Habibu Tijjani, Shakir Mayowa Obidola, Mustapha Abdullahi Akpaki, Archana Yadav, Manisha Nigam, and Abhay Prakash Mishra5 Immune Response against Helminths 100Varsha Tiwari, Abhishek Tiwari, Gurdeep Singh, and Mukesh Kr Singh6 Ectoparasites Host Resistance and Tolerance 124Jacob Kehinde Akintunde and Ayodeji Mathias Adegoke7 Microorganisms as Drivers of Host‒Parasite Interactions 141Rahul Negi, Munni Bhandari, Rahul Kunwar Singh, and Tribhuvan Mohan Mohapatra8 Neglected Parasitic Infections: History to Current Status 156Sarmistha Debbarma, Jupi Talukdar, Prabhakar Maurya, Luit Moni Barkalita, and Anupam Brahma9 Molecular Techniques for the Study and Diagnosis of Parasite Infection 176Syed Muhammad Mukarram Shah, Saira, and Fida Hussain10 Drugs for the Control of Parasitic Diseases: Current Status and Case Studies 205Pratichi Singh, Swetanshu, Shikha Yadav, Adeline Lum Nde, and Vijay Jyoti Kumar11 Opportunities and Challenges in the Development of Antiparasitic Drugs 227Maryam Bello-Akinosho, Kayode Olayinka Afolabi, Harish Chandra, Dearikha Karina Mayashinta, Yulia Dwi Setia, and Carolina Pohl-Albertyn12 Phytopharmaceuticals as an Alternative Treatment against Parasites 251Rajesh Kumar, Seetha Harilal, Arti Gautam, Manisha Nigam, and Abhay Prakash Mishra13 Nanoparticles for Antiparasitic Drug Delivery 303Abdulkadir Mohammed Danyaro, Habibu Tijjani, Swinder Jeet Singh Kalra, and Ahmed Olatunde14 Vaccination Against Parasitic Infection: From Past to Current Approaches in the Development of a Vaccine 328Mukesh Kr Singh, Gurdeep Singh, Varsha Tiwari, and Abhishek Tiwari15 Current Trends in Parasitic Diseases and Precautionary Measures 356Nisha SinghIndex 382

Abhay Prakash Mishra, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Pharmacology, University of Free State, South Africa. He has extensive research experience in drug development and other research areas related to parasitic infection. Manisha Nigam, PhD, is Assistant Professor and Head of Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, India. She has extensive research and teaching experience regarding cancer biology, parasite biology and immunopathology.

• List of Contributors ixPreface xvAcknowledgments xviii1 Introduction: Back to the Future ‒ Solutions for Parasitic Problems 1Rahime Şimşek, Aqsa Farooqui, Salah-Ud-Din Khan, and Shahanavaj Khan2 Induction of Immune Responses and Inflammation to Parasitic Infections 47Gurdeep Singh, Abhishek Tiwari, Varsha Tiwari, and Mukesh Kr Singh3 Animal Parasites: Insight into Natural Resistance 60Nasib Zaman, Muhammad Rizwan, Kishawar Sultana, Abdur Rauf, Yahya S. Al-Awthan, and Omar Bahattab4 Immune Response against Protozoan Parasites 73Ahmed Olatunde, Olalekan Ogunro, Habibu Tijjani, Shakir Mayowa Obidola, Mustapha Abdullahi Akpaki, Archana Yadav, Manisha Nigam, and Abhay Prakash Mishra5 Immune Response against Helminths 100Varsha Tiwari, Abhishek Tiwari, Gurdeep Singh, and Mukesh Kr Singh6 Ectoparasites Host Resistance and Tolerance 124Jacob Kehinde Akintunde and Ayodeji Mathias Adegoke7 Microorganisms as Drivers of Host‒Parasite Interactions 141Rahul Negi, Munni Bhandari, Rahul Kunwar Singh, and Tribhuvan Mohan Mohapatra8 Neglected Parasitic Infections: History to Current Status 156Sarmistha Debbarma, Jupi Talukdar, Prabhakar Maurya, Luit Moni Barkalita, and Anupam Brahma9 Molecular Techniques for the Study and Diagnosis of Parasite Infection 176Syed Muhammad Mukarram Shah, Saira, and Fida Hussain10 Drugs for the Control of Parasitic Diseases: Current Status and Case Studies 205Pratichi Singh, Swetanshu, Shikha Yadav, Adeline Lum Nde, and Vijay Jyoti Kumar11 Opportunities and Challenges in the Development of Antiparasitic Drugs 227Maryam Bello-Akinosho, Kayode Olayinka Afolabi, Harish Chandra, Dearikha Karina Mayashinta, Yulia Dwi Setia, and Carolina Pohl-Albertyn12 Phytopharmaceuticals as an Alternative Treatment against Parasites 251Rajesh Kumar, Seetha Harilal, Arti Gautam, Manisha Nigam, and Abhay Prakash Mishra13 Nanoparticles for Antiparasitic Drug Delivery 303Abdulkadir Mohammed Danyaro, Habibu Tijjani, Swinder Jeet Singh Kalra, and Ahmed Olatunde14 Vaccination Against Parasitic Infection: From Past to Current Approaches in the Development of a Vaccine 328Mukesh Kr Singh, Gurdeep Singh, Varsha Tiwari, and Abhishek Tiwari15 Current Trends in Parasitic Diseases and Precautionary Measures 356Nisha SinghIndex 382