Sustainability in Biofuel Production Technology

Pratibha S. Agrawal, PhD, is Professor and Head of the Department of Applied Chemistry at the Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University in India. Pramod N. Belkhode, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the General Engineering Department at Laxminarayan Institute of Technology in Nagpur. He obtained his doctorate in Mechanical Engineering at RTMNU, Nagpur. Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Chemistry at Cambridge University in the United Kingdom. He is also an Assistant Professor at the National Institute of Technology Silchar, Assam, India.

• Preface xi1 Introduction to Biofuel 11.1 Introduction 11.2 History of Biofuel Development 31.3 Generation in Biofuel 41.4 Classification of Biofuels 81.5 Technologies Involved in Biofuel Production 101.6 Biofuel Properties 111.7 Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact 121.8 Conclusion 172 Ethanol as the Leading 'First-Generation' Biofuel 272.1 Introduction 272.2 Historical Development of Ethanol as Biofuels 302.3 Environmental Aspects of Using Ethanol as Biofuels 382.4 Cost Models of Ethanol as Biofuels 422.5 Sustainability Aspects -- Need of Alternative Biofuel 432.6 Summary 463 Advanced Biofuels -- Alternatives to Biofuels 533.1 Introduction 533.2 Biofuels Deserve Another Look 553.3 Global Production, Need and Demand 583.4 Feedstock for Advanced Biofuels 613.5 Advanced Biofuels for Different Applications 623.6 Commercial Development 633.7 Aviation Fuel and Green Diesel 653.8 Conclusion 654 Biofuel Production Technologies -- An Overview 754.1 Introduction 754.2 Industry Challenges Associated with Biofuels 764.3 Edible Vegetable to Non-edible/Low-cost Raw Materials for Biodiesel Production 764.4 Development of Chemical Conversion Technologies 804.5 Development of Thermochemical Conversion Technologies 814.6 Development of Biological Conversion Technologies 834.7 Development of Biochemical Conversion Technologies 834.8 Technology Innovation in Biofuel Production 854.9 Process Integration and Biorefinery 874.10 Alternatives to Biofuel Production 884.11 Technology Survey 884.12 Key Collaborations for Biofuel Production 904.13 Market Research on Biofuels 904.14 Future Trends 914.15 Summary 925 Chemically Produced Biofuels 995.1 Introduction 995.2 Triglycerides -- Best Participant as Fuels 995.3 Biogas Using Anaerobic Digestion 1075.4 Catalytic Biofuel Production 1105.5 Nanoparticles Potential in Biofuel Production 1125.6 Production Cost Analysis 1155.7 Environmental Footprints of Chemical Processes 1175.8 Future Demand and Scope 1205.9 Conclusion 1206 Microalgae -- Biofuel Production Trends 1296.1 Introduction 1296.2 Technology for Microalgae Cultivation 1316.3 Biofuels from Microalgae 1366.4 Role of Nanoadditives in Algae-based Biofuel Production 1426.5 Cost Analysis of Microalgae-based Biofuel Production 1446.6 Challenges and Opportunities in Microalgae-based Biofuel Production 1456.7 Summary 1467 Agro-Waste-Produced Biofuels 1537.1 Introduction 1537.2 Agricultural Waste and Residues as Valuable Materials 1537.3 Pre-treatment of Agro-waste 1547.4 Process Technology -- Agro-waste to Bioenergy 1577.5 Creating Wealth from The Agricultural Waste 1587.6 Economic Valuation of Agro-waste 1607.7 Impact of Agricultural Waste 1627.8 Current Challenges and Future Trends 1627.9 Summary 1638 Biofuels for Aviation 1698.1 Introduction 1698.2 Chemistry of Fuel Molecules 1718.3 Alcohol to Jet (ATJ) 1748.4 Oil to Jet (OTJ) 1788.5 Gas to Jet (GTJ) 1828.6 Sugar-to-Jet (STJ) Fuel 1848.7 Overview of Blending Sustainable Aviation Fuel 1868.8 Summary 1869 State of the Art Design and Fabrication of a Reactor in Biofuel Production 1959.1 Introduction 1959.2 Limitation of Conventional Production Technology 1969.3 Ideal Reactors 1979.4 Reaction Designing from an Engineering Aspect 1989.5 Process Parameters in Reactor Designing 1989.6 Safety Consideration of Reaction Design 2009.7 Reactors for Biodiesel Production 2019.8 Ultrasonic Biodiesel Reactors 2029.9 Supercritical Reactors 2029.10 Static Mixers as Biodiesel Reactors 2039.11 Reactive Distillation 2039.12 Capital Cost and Performance Analysis of Reactors 2039.13 Summary 20310 Modelling and Simulation to Predict the Performance of the Diesel Blends 20910.1 Introduction 20910.2 Cause and Effect Relationships 21010.3 Approach to Formulate 21010.4 Concept of Man--Machine System 21010.5 Formulation of the Mathematical Model 21510.6 Limitations of Adopting the Experimental Database Model 21710.7 Identification of Causes and Effects of an Activity 21710.8 Dimensional Analysis 21810.9 Case Study on the Engine Performance by Using Alternative Fuels 22110.10 Establishment of Dimensionless Group of Π Terms 22510.11 Summary 26111 Challenges to Biofuel Development 26711.1 Introduction 26711.2 Key Issues and Challenges in Biofuel Production Pathways 26811.3 Other Glycerol Derivatives in Diesel Production 27011.4 Biofuel Blends and Future Trends 27211.5 Environmental Effects of Biofuels 27311.6 Economic Impact of Biofuels 27811.7 Biorefineries 28611.8 Summary 28812 Greener Catalytic Processes in Biofuel Production 29512.1 Introduction 29512.2 Sustainable Catalysts 29612.3 Summary 30713 Life Cycle Assessment 31513.1 Introduction 31513.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Biomass 31613.3 Feedstock Used 31613.4 Purpose of Life Cycle Impact Assessment 31713.5 Life Cycle for Fossil Fuels 31813.6 Ethanol Life Cycle 31913.7 Life Cycle Analysis 32013.8 ISO Life Cycle Assessment Standards 32113.9 Life Cycle Assessment Benefits 32213.10 Role of LCA in Public Policies/Regulations 32213.11 Conclusion 32314 Socioeconomic Impact of Biofuel 32914.1 Introduction 32914.2 Employment Opportunities in Biofuel Production Industries 33114.3 Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact 33214.4 Biodiesel Industries 33314.5 Export and Import of Biodiesel 33414.6 Production of Biodiesel 33514.7 Economic Impact of Biofuels 33614.8 The Development of Renewable Energy Based on Income 33814.9 The Development of Renewable Energy Based on Carbon Emission 33914.10 Biofuel Impact on the Society 33914.11 Barriers in the Production of Biofuels 34014.12 Biofuel Desire to Improve the Balance of Trade 34014.13 Conclusion 341References 342Index 347