Saura C. Sahu, PhD, is a former Research Chemist with the Division of Toxicology at the Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition at the United States Food and Drug Administration.

• ContentsList of Contributors xvPreface xixAcknowledgments xxi1 Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Genomics and Epigenomics 1Saura C. Sahu ContentsNanotechnology: A Technological Advancement of the Twenty-First Century 1Genomics and Epigenomics 1Beneficial Impacts of Engineered Nanomaterials on Human Life 2Potential Adverse Health Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials 2Conclusions 3References 32 Molecular Impacts of Advanced Nanomaterials at Genomic and Epigenomic Levels 5Kamran Shekh, Rais A Ansari, Yadollah Omidi, and Saghir A. ShakilIntroduction 5Classification of NMs 6Absorption and Distribution of NMs 6Major Adverse Effects of NMs 8Known Cellular and Nuclear Uptake Mechanisms for Nanoparticles 10Epigenetic Mechanisms and the Effect of NMs 11DNA Methylation 12Genetic and Genomic Effects of NMs 20Conclusion 25References 263 Endocrine Disruptors: Genetic, Epigenetic, and Related Pathways 41Rais A. Ansari, Saleh Alfuraih, Kamran Shekh, Yadollah Omidi, Saleem Javed, and Saghir A. ShakilIntroduction 41Toxic Effects of EDCs on Wildlife and Humans 47Effects During Development 48Delayed Effects 48Transgenerational Effects 49Identification of EDC: Methods 49Genetic Pathways 50Phosphorylation-Mediated Signaling Pathways of Nuclear Receptors and Other Transcription Factors: Link to EDC 53ER-Signaling Pathways 53Xenoandrogens and Metabolic Syndrome 54AR Signaling Pathways 54Mechanism of ED 55Methylation and Gene Regulation 55Role of Noncoding RNAs 59Transgenerational Inheritance of Epigenetics Induced by EDCs 59Anti-Thyroids 60Organotin 62Epigenetic Effects of Organotin 63TCDD and Related Compounds 63TCDD and Genetic Response 64TCDD-Mediated Epigenetic Response 65Conclusions 65References 664 Nanoplastics in Agroecosystem and Phytotoxicity: An Evaluation of Cytogenotoxicity and Epigenetic Regulation 83Piyoosh Kumar Babele and Ravi Kant BhatiaIntroduction 83Fate and Behavior of NPs in Agroecosystem and Soil Environment 85Uptake and Accumulation of NPs in Plants 87NPs and Phytotoxicity 88Can NPs Cause Cytogenotoxicity and Dysregulate Epigenetic Markers in Plants? 89NPs and Epigenetic Regulation 91Conclusion and Perspectives 92References 935 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials: Genotoxic, Oxidative, and Epigenetic Effects 99Delia Cavallo, Pieranna Chiarella, Anna Maria Fresegna, Aureliano Ciervo, Valentina Del Frate, and Cinzia Lucia UrsiniIntroduction 99Physicochemical Properties of NMs and Toxicity 100Mechanism of NM Genotoxicity 101Epigenetic Effects of Nanomaterials 102Studies on Genotoxic and Oxidative Effects of Metal Oxides and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 104Graphene-Based NMs 120Studies on Epigenetic Effects of Metal Oxides and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 123Studies on Workers – Genotoxic and Oxidative Effects of Occupational Exposure to Metal Oxides Nanoparticles, SiO2 NPs, and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 127Conclusions 132References 1326 Epigenotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 145Carlos Wells, Marta Pogribna, Beverly Lyn-Cook, and George HammonsIntroduction 145Cellular Uptake and Biodistribution 147DNA Methylation and TiO2 Nanoparticles 151Histone Modifications and TiO2 Nanoparticles 157MicroRNAs and TiO2 Nanoparticles 161Risk Assessment 167Conclusion 173Disclaimer 174References 1747 Toxicogenomics of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 187Pius JosephIntroduction 187MWCNTs 188Lung Injury 190Inflammation 190Oxidative Stress 192Fibrosis 193Mesothelioma 195Lung Cancer 196Genotoxicity 197Toxicogenomics of ENMs 198Transcriptomics – Technical Aspects 199Toxicogenomics of MWCNTs – Animal Studies 201Toxicogenomics of MWCNT – Human Studies 206Disclaimer 207References 2078 Nano-Engineering in Traumatic Brain Injury 217Najlaa Al-Thani, Mohammad Z. Haider , Maryam Al-Mansoob, Stuti Patel, Salma M.S. Ahmad, Firas Kobeissy, and Abdullah ShaitoIntroduction 217Nanoparticles in the Treatment of TBI 218Conclusion 222References 2239 Application of Nanoemulsions in Food Industries: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities 229Ramesh Chaudhari, Vishva Patel, and Ashutosh KumarIntroduction 229Components of Nanoemulsions 231Approaches for Nanoemulsion Production 232Applications of Food-Grade Nanoemulsions 235Comparison of Nanoemulsion from Conventional Methods 241Problems and Probable Solutions of Nanoemulsions 242Future Trends and Challenges 243Regulations and Safety Aspects 243Conclusion 244Conflict of Interest 245Acknowledgments 245References 24510 Adverse Epigenetic Effects of Environmental Engineered Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers 251Yingxue Zhang, Eid Alshammari, Nouran Yonis, and Zhe YangIntroduction 251ENP-Based Drug-Delivery Systems 252Adverse Epigenetic Effects of ENPs 257ENP-Induced Epigenetic Toxicity Likely Mediated by ROS 269Conclusion 271References 27111 Engineered Nanoparticles Adversely Impact Glucose Energy Metabolism 283Yingxue Zhang, Alexander Yang, and Zhe YangIntroduction 283Biological Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles 284Engineered Nanoparticles Alter Glucose Metabolism 285Engineered Nanoparticles Alter TCA Cycle 288Engineered Nanoparticles Alter Oxidative Phosphorylation 289Conclusion 291References 29112 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning of Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Engineered Nanoparticles 295Alexander Yang, Yingxue Zhang, and Zhe YangIntroduction 295Impact of Nanoparticles on Single-Cell Transcriptomics and Response Heterogeneity 297AI and ML in scRNA-Seq Data Analysis 301Determining Cell Differentiation and Lineage Based on Single-Cell Entropy 303Conclusion 304References 30513 Toxicogenomics and Toxicological Mechanisms of Engineered Nanomaterials 309Eid Alshammari, Yingxue Zhang, Alexander Yang, and Zhe YangIntroduction 309Genomic Responses to ENMs 310Transcriptomic Responses to ENMs 313Conclusion 314References 31514 Carbon Nanotubes Alter Metabolomics Pathways Leading to Broad Ecological Toxicity 319Nouran Yonis, Eid Alshammari, and Zhe YangIntroduction 319Biomedical Application and Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes 321Metabolomics Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes 323Conclusion 326References 32615 Assessment of the Biological Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials Using Mass Spectrometry-Based MultiOmics Approaches 331Nicholas Day, Tong Zhang, Matthew J. Gaffrey, Brian D. Thrall, and Wei-Jun QianIntroduction 331Applications of MS for the Measurements of Proteins, PTMs, Lipids, and Metabolites 332Multiomics Investigation of ENM Exposure to Microorganisms 335Multiomics Investigation of ENM Exposure Using In Vitro Cell Culture Models 337Multiomics Studies Reveal Organ-Specific Toxicity at the Organismal Level 340Conclusions and Perspectives 344Acknowledgments 347Compliance with Ethical Standards 347References 34716 Current Scenario and Future Trends of Plant Nano-Interaction to Mitigate Abiotic Stresses: A Review 355Farhat Yasmeen, Ghazala Mustafa, Hafiz Muhammad Jhanzab, and Setsuko KomatsuAbbreviations 355Introduction 355Synthesis of Nanoparticles 356Morphophysiological Effects of Nanoparticles on Plant 364Molecular Mechanism Altered by Nanoparticles 370Nanoparticles Interaction with Plants 374Conclusion and Future Prospects 375References 37617 Latest Insights on Genomic and Epigenomic Mechanisms of Nanotoxicity 397Vratko Himič, Nikolaos Syrmos, Gianfranco K.I. Ligarotti, and Mario GanauIntroduction 397Mechanisms of Genotoxicity 397Genomic Consequences of ENM Exposure 400A Primer on Epigenetic Processes 403Epigenomic Consequences of ENM Exposure 404Importance of Properties of ENMs 409Future Perspectives 411References 411Index 419

Saura C. Sahu, PhD, is a former Research Chemist with the Division of Toxicology at the Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition at the United States Food and Drug Administration.

• ContentsList of Contributors xvPreface xixAcknowledgments xxi1 Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Genomics and Epigenomics 1Saura C. Sahu ContentsNanotechnology: A Technological Advancement of the Twenty-First Century 1Genomics and Epigenomics 1Beneficial Impacts of Engineered Nanomaterials on Human Life 2Potential Adverse Health Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials 2Conclusions 3References 32 Molecular Impacts of Advanced Nanomaterials at Genomic and Epigenomic Levels 5Kamran Shekh, Rais A Ansari, Yadollah Omidi, and Saghir A. ShakilIntroduction 5Classification of NMs 6Absorption and Distribution of NMs 6Major Adverse Effects of NMs 8Known Cellular and Nuclear Uptake Mechanisms for Nanoparticles 10Epigenetic Mechanisms and the Effect of NMs 11DNA Methylation 12Genetic and Genomic Effects of NMs 20Conclusion 25References 263 Endocrine Disruptors: Genetic, Epigenetic, and Related Pathways 41Rais A. Ansari, Saleh Alfuraih, Kamran Shekh, Yadollah Omidi, Saleem Javed, and Saghir A. ShakilIntroduction 41Toxic Effects of EDCs on Wildlife and Humans 47Effects During Development 48Delayed Effects 48Transgenerational Effects 49Identification of EDC: Methods 49Genetic Pathways 50Phosphorylation-Mediated Signaling Pathways of Nuclear Receptors and Other Transcription Factors: Link to EDC 53ER-Signaling Pathways 53Xenoandrogens and Metabolic Syndrome 54AR Signaling Pathways 54Mechanism of ED 55Methylation and Gene Regulation 55Role of Noncoding RNAs 59Transgenerational Inheritance of Epigenetics Induced by EDCs 59Anti-Thyroids 60Organotin 62Epigenetic Effects of Organotin 63TCDD and Related Compounds 63TCDD and Genetic Response 64TCDD-Mediated Epigenetic Response 65Conclusions 65References 664 Nanoplastics in Agroecosystem and Phytotoxicity: An Evaluation of Cytogenotoxicity and Epigenetic Regulation 83Piyoosh Kumar Babele and Ravi Kant BhatiaIntroduction 83Fate and Behavior of NPs in Agroecosystem and Soil Environment 85Uptake and Accumulation of NPs in Plants 87NPs and Phytotoxicity 88Can NPs Cause Cytogenotoxicity and Dysregulate Epigenetic Markers in Plants? 89NPs and Epigenetic Regulation 91Conclusion and Perspectives 92References 935 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials: Genotoxic, Oxidative, and Epigenetic Effects 99Delia Cavallo, Pieranna Chiarella, Anna Maria Fresegna, Aureliano Ciervo, Valentina Del Frate, and Cinzia Lucia UrsiniIntroduction 99Physicochemical Properties of NMs and Toxicity 100Mechanism of NM Genotoxicity 101Epigenetic Effects of Nanomaterials 102Studies on Genotoxic and Oxidative Effects of Metal Oxides and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 104Graphene-Based NMs 120Studies on Epigenetic Effects of Metal Oxides and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 123Studies on Workers – Genotoxic and Oxidative Effects of Occupational Exposure to Metal Oxides Nanoparticles, SiO2 NPs, and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 127Conclusions 132References 1326 Epigenotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 145Carlos Wells, Marta Pogribna, Beverly Lyn-Cook, and George HammonsIntroduction 145Cellular Uptake and Biodistribution 147DNA Methylation and TiO2 Nanoparticles 151Histone Modifications and TiO2 Nanoparticles 157MicroRNAs and TiO2 Nanoparticles 161Risk Assessment 167Conclusion 173Disclaimer 174References 1747 Toxicogenomics of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 187Pius JosephIntroduction 187MWCNTs 188Lung Injury 190Inflammation 190Oxidative Stress 192Fibrosis 193Mesothelioma 195Lung Cancer 196Genotoxicity 197Toxicogenomics of ENMs 198Transcriptomics – Technical Aspects 199Toxicogenomics of MWCNTs – Animal Studies 201Toxicogenomics of MWCNT – Human Studies 206Disclaimer 207References 2078 Nano-Engineering in Traumatic Brain Injury 217Najlaa Al-Thani, Mohammad Z. Haider , Maryam Al-Mansoob, Stuti Patel, Salma M.S. Ahmad, Firas Kobeissy, and Abdullah ShaitoIntroduction 217Nanoparticles in the Treatment of TBI 218Conclusion 222References 2239 Application of Nanoemulsions in Food Industries: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities 229Ramesh Chaudhari, Vishva Patel, and Ashutosh KumarIntroduction 229Components of Nanoemulsions 231Approaches for Nanoemulsion Production 232Applications of Food-Grade Nanoemulsions 235Comparison of Nanoemulsion from Conventional Methods 241Problems and Probable Solutions of Nanoemulsions 242Future Trends and Challenges 243Regulations and Safety Aspects 243Conclusion 244Conflict of Interest 245Acknowledgments 245References 24510 Adverse Epigenetic Effects of Environmental Engineered Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers 251Yingxue Zhang, Eid Alshammari, Nouran Yonis, and Zhe YangIntroduction 251ENP-Based Drug-Delivery Systems 252Adverse Epigenetic Effects of ENPs 257ENP-Induced Epigenetic Toxicity Likely Mediated by ROS 269Conclusion 271References 27111 Engineered Nanoparticles Adversely Impact Glucose Energy Metabolism 283Yingxue Zhang, Alexander Yang, and Zhe YangIntroduction 283Biological Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles 284Engineered Nanoparticles Alter Glucose Metabolism 285Engineered Nanoparticles Alter TCA Cycle 288Engineered Nanoparticles Alter Oxidative Phosphorylation 289Conclusion 291References 29112 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning of Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Engineered Nanoparticles 295Alexander Yang, Yingxue Zhang, and Zhe YangIntroduction 295Impact of Nanoparticles on Single-Cell Transcriptomics and Response Heterogeneity 297AI and ML in scRNA-Seq Data Analysis 301Determining Cell Differentiation and Lineage Based on Single-Cell Entropy 303Conclusion 304References 30513 Toxicogenomics and Toxicological Mechanisms of Engineered Nanomaterials 309Eid Alshammari, Yingxue Zhang, Alexander Yang, and Zhe YangIntroduction 309Genomic Responses to ENMs 310Transcriptomic Responses to ENMs 313Conclusion 314References 31514 Carbon Nanotubes Alter Metabolomics Pathways Leading to Broad Ecological Toxicity 319Nouran Yonis, Eid Alshammari, and Zhe YangIntroduction 319Biomedical Application and Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes 321Metabolomics Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes 323Conclusion 326References 32615 Assessment of the Biological Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials Using Mass Spectrometry-Based MultiOmics Approaches 331Nicholas Day, Tong Zhang, Matthew J. Gaffrey, Brian D. Thrall, and Wei-Jun QianIntroduction 331Applications of MS for the Measurements of Proteins, PTMs, Lipids, and Metabolites 332Multiomics Investigation of ENM Exposure to Microorganisms 335Multiomics Investigation of ENM Exposure Using In Vitro Cell Culture Models 337Multiomics Studies Reveal Organ-Specific Toxicity at the Organismal Level 340Conclusions and Perspectives 344Acknowledgments 347Compliance with Ethical Standards 347References 34716 Current Scenario and Future Trends of Plant Nano-Interaction to Mitigate Abiotic Stresses: A Review 355Farhat Yasmeen, Ghazala Mustafa, Hafiz Muhammad Jhanzab, and Setsuko KomatsuAbbreviations 355Introduction 355Synthesis of Nanoparticles 356Morphophysiological Effects of Nanoparticles on Plant 364Molecular Mechanism Altered by Nanoparticles 370Nanoparticles Interaction with Plants 374Conclusion and Future Prospects 375References 37617 Latest Insights on Genomic and Epigenomic Mechanisms of Nanotoxicity 397Vratko Himič, Nikolaos Syrmos, Gianfranco K.I. Ligarotti, and Mario GanauIntroduction 397Mechanisms of Genotoxicity 397Genomic Consequences of ENM Exposure 400A Primer on Epigenetic Processes 403Epigenomic Consequences of ENM Exposure 404Importance of Properties of ENMs 409Future Perspectives 411References 411Index 419

Saura C. Sahu, PhD, is a former Research Chemist with the Division of Toxicology at the Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition at the United States Food and Drug Administration.

• ContentsList of Contributors xvPreface xixAcknowledgments xxi1 Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Genomics and Epigenomics 1Saura C. Sahu ContentsNanotechnology: A Technological Advancement of the Twenty-First Century 1Genomics and Epigenomics 1Beneficial Impacts of Engineered Nanomaterials on Human Life 2Potential Adverse Health Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials 2Conclusions 3References 32 Molecular Impacts of Advanced Nanomaterials at Genomic and Epigenomic Levels 5Kamran Shekh, Rais A Ansari, Yadollah Omidi, and Saghir A. ShakilIntroduction 5Classification of NMs 6Absorption and Distribution of NMs 6Major Adverse Effects of NMs 8Known Cellular and Nuclear Uptake Mechanisms for Nanoparticles 10Epigenetic Mechanisms and the Effect of NMs 11DNA Methylation 12Genetic and Genomic Effects of NMs 20Conclusion 25References 263 Endocrine Disruptors: Genetic, Epigenetic, and Related Pathways 41Rais A. Ansari, Saleh Alfuraih, Kamran Shekh, Yadollah Omidi, Saleem Javed, and Saghir A. ShakilIntroduction 41Toxic Effects of EDCs on Wildlife and Humans 47Effects During Development 48Delayed Effects 48Transgenerational Effects 49Identification of EDC: Methods 49Genetic Pathways 50Phosphorylation-Mediated Signaling Pathways of Nuclear Receptors and Other Transcription Factors: Link to EDC 53ER-Signaling Pathways 53Xenoandrogens and Metabolic Syndrome 54AR Signaling Pathways 54Mechanism of ED 55Methylation and Gene Regulation 55Role of Noncoding RNAs 59Transgenerational Inheritance of Epigenetics Induced by EDCs 59Anti-Thyroids 60Organotin 62Epigenetic Effects of Organotin 63TCDD and Related Compounds 63TCDD and Genetic Response 64TCDD-Mediated Epigenetic Response 65Conclusions 65References 664 Nanoplastics in Agroecosystem and Phytotoxicity: An Evaluation of Cytogenotoxicity and Epigenetic Regulation 83Piyoosh Kumar Babele and Ravi Kant BhatiaIntroduction 83Fate and Behavior of NPs in Agroecosystem and Soil Environment 85Uptake and Accumulation of NPs in Plants 87NPs and Phytotoxicity 88Can NPs Cause Cytogenotoxicity and Dysregulate Epigenetic Markers in Plants? 89NPs and Epigenetic Regulation 91Conclusion and Perspectives 92References 935 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials: Genotoxic, Oxidative, and Epigenetic Effects 99Delia Cavallo, Pieranna Chiarella, Anna Maria Fresegna, Aureliano Ciervo, Valentina Del Frate, and Cinzia Lucia UrsiniIntroduction 99Physicochemical Properties of NMs and Toxicity 100Mechanism of NM Genotoxicity 101Epigenetic Effects of Nanomaterials 102Studies on Genotoxic and Oxidative Effects of Metal Oxides and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 104Graphene-Based NMs 120Studies on Epigenetic Effects of Metal Oxides and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 123Studies on Workers – Genotoxic and Oxidative Effects of Occupational Exposure to Metal Oxides Nanoparticles, SiO2 NPs, and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 127Conclusions 132References 1326 Epigenotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 145Carlos Wells, Marta Pogribna, Beverly Lyn-Cook, and George HammonsIntroduction 145Cellular Uptake and Biodistribution 147DNA Methylation and TiO2 Nanoparticles 151Histone Modifications and TiO2 Nanoparticles 157MicroRNAs and TiO2 Nanoparticles 161Risk Assessment 167Conclusion 173Disclaimer 174References 1747 Toxicogenomics of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 187Pius JosephIntroduction 187MWCNTs 188Lung Injury 190Inflammation 190Oxidative Stress 192Fibrosis 193Mesothelioma 195Lung Cancer 196Genotoxicity 197Toxicogenomics of ENMs 198Transcriptomics – Technical Aspects 199Toxicogenomics of MWCNTs – Animal Studies 201Toxicogenomics of MWCNT – Human Studies 206Disclaimer 207References 2078 Nano-Engineering in Traumatic Brain Injury 217Najlaa Al-Thani, Mohammad Z. Haider , Maryam Al-Mansoob, Stuti Patel, Salma M.S. Ahmad, Firas Kobeissy, and Abdullah ShaitoIntroduction 217Nanoparticles in the Treatment of TBI 218Conclusion 222References 2239 Application of Nanoemulsions in Food Industries: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities 229Ramesh Chaudhari, Vishva Patel, and Ashutosh KumarIntroduction 229Components of Nanoemulsions 231Approaches for Nanoemulsion Production 232Applications of Food-Grade Nanoemulsions 235Comparison of Nanoemulsion from Conventional Methods 241Problems and Probable Solutions of Nanoemulsions 242Future Trends and Challenges 243Regulations and Safety Aspects 243Conclusion 244Conflict of Interest 245Acknowledgments 245References 24510 Adverse Epigenetic Effects of Environmental Engineered Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers 251Yingxue Zhang, Eid Alshammari, Nouran Yonis, and Zhe YangIntroduction 251ENP-Based Drug-Delivery Systems 252Adverse Epigenetic Effects of ENPs 257ENP-Induced Epigenetic Toxicity Likely Mediated by ROS 269Conclusion 271References 27111 Engineered Nanoparticles Adversely Impact Glucose Energy Metabolism 283Yingxue Zhang, Alexander Yang, and Zhe YangIntroduction 283Biological Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles 284Engineered Nanoparticles Alter Glucose Metabolism 285Engineered Nanoparticles Alter TCA Cycle 288Engineered Nanoparticles Alter Oxidative Phosphorylation 289Conclusion 291References 29112 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning of Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Engineered Nanoparticles 295Alexander Yang, Yingxue Zhang, and Zhe YangIntroduction 295Impact of Nanoparticles on Single-Cell Transcriptomics and Response Heterogeneity 297AI and ML in scRNA-Seq Data Analysis 301Determining Cell Differentiation and Lineage Based on Single-Cell Entropy 303Conclusion 304References 30513 Toxicogenomics and Toxicological Mechanisms of Engineered Nanomaterials 309Eid Alshammari, Yingxue Zhang, Alexander Yang, and Zhe YangIntroduction 309Genomic Responses to ENMs 310Transcriptomic Responses to ENMs 313Conclusion 314References 31514 Carbon Nanotubes Alter Metabolomics Pathways Leading to Broad Ecological Toxicity 319Nouran Yonis, Eid Alshammari, and Zhe YangIntroduction 319Biomedical Application and Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes 321Metabolomics Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes 323Conclusion 326References 32615 Assessment of the Biological Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials Using Mass Spectrometry-Based MultiOmics Approaches 331Nicholas Day, Tong Zhang, Matthew J. Gaffrey, Brian D. Thrall, and Wei-Jun QianIntroduction 331Applications of MS for the Measurements of Proteins, PTMs, Lipids, and Metabolites 332Multiomics Investigation of ENM Exposure to Microorganisms 335Multiomics Investigation of ENM Exposure Using In Vitro Cell Culture Models 337Multiomics Studies Reveal Organ-Specific Toxicity at the Organismal Level 340Conclusions and Perspectives 344Acknowledgments 347Compliance with Ethical Standards 347References 34716 Current Scenario and Future Trends of Plant Nano-Interaction to Mitigate Abiotic Stresses: A Review 355Farhat Yasmeen, Ghazala Mustafa, Hafiz Muhammad Jhanzab, and Setsuko KomatsuAbbreviations 355Introduction 355Synthesis of Nanoparticles 356Morphophysiological Effects of Nanoparticles on Plant 364Molecular Mechanism Altered by Nanoparticles 370Nanoparticles Interaction with Plants 374Conclusion and Future Prospects 375References 37617 Latest Insights on Genomic and Epigenomic Mechanisms of Nanotoxicity 397Vratko Himič, Nikolaos Syrmos, Gianfranco K.I. Ligarotti, and Mario GanauIntroduction 397Mechanisms of Genotoxicity 397Genomic Consequences of ENM Exposure 400A Primer on Epigenetic Processes 403Epigenomic Consequences of ENM Exposure 404Importance of Properties of ENMs 409Future Perspectives 411References 411Index 419