S. K. Nataraj, PhD, is a Professor at the Centre for Nano and Material Sciences at Jain University in Bangalore, India and Visiting Professor at Chonnam National University, South Korea. He obtained his doctorate in 2008 from the Centre of Excellence in Polymer Science at Karnatak University in Dharwad, India and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in London, UK.

• Preface xiii1 Fundamentals and Importance of Water Quality and Treatment 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Nature and Sources of Conventional Groundwater Contamination 61.3 Emerging Pollutants 91.4 Fundamentals, Properties, and Susceptibility of Water to Contamination 131.5 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water 161.6 Types of Water and Contaminants in Water 181.7 Alkalinity in Groundwater and Surface Water 211.8 Hardness of Ground and Surface Water 221.9 Wastewater and Types of Wastewaters 251.10 Types and Nature of Contamination in Wastewater 271.11 Conclusions 332 Ground, Surface Water, and Wastewater Quality Management and Treatment Regulations 402.1 Introduction to Water Conservation and Management 402.2 Importance of Groundwater Management and Protection 422.3 Source Pollutants in Groundwater and Wastewater 442.4 Oxygen-Demanding Materials 472.5 Eutrophication of Surface Water Sources 542.6 Water Resources Management 542.7 Water Reuse Regulations 562.8 Water Treatment 682.9 Biological Contamination in Wastewater 712.10 Types of Microorganisms and their Environmental Factors 792.11 The Role of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment Plants 842.12 Future Prospective and Summary 873 Groundwater Contamination and its Treatment Techniques 983.1 Introduction to Groundwater Contamination 983.2 Sources of Groundwater Contamination 1043.3 Waste Disposal to Groundwater Sources 1073.4 Effects of Groundwater Contamination 1153.5 Major Contaminants 1163.6 Organic Contaminants in Groundwater 1243.7 Radioactive Contaminants in Groundwater 1253.8 Groundwater Treatment Technologies 1263.9 Organic Contaminant Treatment 1313.10 Groundwater Contaminant Uptake Mechanism 1363.11 Conclusion 1434 Advances in Desalination Materials and Technologies 1504.1 Introduction to Seawater Salinity 1504.2 Desalination Process 1534.3 Types of Desalination Processes 1554.4 Phase Change Technologies 1574.5 Solar-Assisted Desalination Processes 1634.6 Desalination by Filtration Processes 1684.7 Alternative Desalination Processes 1784.8 Future Desalination Technologies 1854.9 Case Studies and Examples of Seawater Desalination 1884.10 Future of Desalination Technologies 1915 Functional Materials in Desalination and Wastewater Treatment 2005.1 Polymer-Based Functional Materials such as Water Filters 2005.2 Classification and Recent Advancements 2025.3 Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Wastewater Treatment and Desalination 2065.4 Polyelectrolyte Complexes and Zwitterionic Polymers in Desalination 2105.5 Polymer-Based Coagulants and Flocculants 2195.6 Functional Polymers in Organic Matter and Other Secondary Pollutants' Treatment 2235.7 Mechanism of Polymer-Based Flocculants and Coagulants 2275.8 Functionalized Magnetic Nanosorbents 2295.9 Future Perspective and Conclusions 2336 Advanced Catalytic and Biogenic Materials for Water and Wastewater Treatment 2446.1 Introduction to Catalytic and Biogenic Materials in Water Treatment 2446.2 Catalytic Treatment of DOM in Ground and Wastewater 2466.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 2506.4 Evolution of Oxidative, Magnetic, and Photocatalytic Treatment Composite 2546.5 Magnetically Metal Oxide Nanophotocatalysts 2586.6 POM-Supported Photocatalysts 2606.7 Degradation Mechanism in POM-Based Photocatalysts 2616.8 Photocatalytic Membranes in Water Treatment 2646.9 Bio-Based Treatment Systems 2676.10 Biopolymer-Based Flocculants and Coagulants for Industrial Waste Treatment 2776.11 Biopolymer-Based Filters 2796.12 Biopolymer-Based Gels, Hydrogels, Solvogels, and Aerogels 2846.13 Prospects of Biodegradable Polymeric Materials in Water Treatment 2916.14 Limitations, Challenges, and Opportunities 2936.15 Conclusions 2957 Ordered Porous and Nanomaterials-Based Water Treatment Systems 3117.1 Introduction to Porous Materials in Water Filtration 3117.2 Porous Natural and Synthetic Materials 3157.3 Block Copolymers as Ordered Nanoporous Precursors 3187.4 Block Copolymer-Based Membranes for Wastewater Treatment 3227.5 Block Copolymer-Based Membranes for Desalination 3257.6 Advanced Porous Materials 3317.7 MOFs, COFs, and POPs in Wastewater Treatment 3347.8 Ordered Porous Materials in Dye Wastewater Treatment 3367.9 Ordered Porous Materials for TrOC Treatment 3407.10 Ordered Porous Materials Heavy Metal Adsorption 3457.11 Porous Materials in Nuclear Waste Sequestration 3477.12 Future Perspective and Conclusions 3508 Future of Desalination and Wastewater Treatment Technologies 3688.1 Demand for Future Water Treatment Technologies 3688.2 Smart Tools in Future Water Treatment Technologies 3708.3 Advanced Treatment and Innovative Technologies 3758.4 Renewable Energies in Water Treatment 3768.5 Emerging Desalination Technologies 3788.6 Renewable Energy in Desalination 3838.7 Commercial Potentials and Challenges of Advanced Water Filtration Systems 3868.8 Water Treatment Prospective in 2030 and 2050 3898.9 Value Addition in Future Water Treatment Plants 3918.10 Conclusions 393References 393Index 401

S. K. Nataraj, PhD, is a Professor at the Centre for Nano and Material Sciences at Jain University in Bangalore, India and Visiting Professor at Chonnam National University, South Korea. He obtained his doctorate in 2008 from the Centre of Excellence in Polymer Science at Karnatak University in Dharwad, India and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in London, UK.

• Preface xiii1 Fundamentals and Importance of Water Quality and Treatment 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Nature and Sources of Conventional Groundwater Contamination 61.3 Emerging Pollutants 91.4 Fundamentals, Properties, and Susceptibility of Water to Contamination 131.5 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water 161.6 Types of Water and Contaminants in Water 181.7 Alkalinity in Groundwater and Surface Water 211.8 Hardness of Ground and Surface Water 221.9 Wastewater and Types of Wastewaters 251.10 Types and Nature of Contamination in Wastewater 271.11 Conclusions 332 Ground, Surface Water, and Wastewater Quality Management and Treatment Regulations 402.1 Introduction to Water Conservation and Management 402.2 Importance of Groundwater Management and Protection 422.3 Source Pollutants in Groundwater and Wastewater 442.4 Oxygen-Demanding Materials 472.5 Eutrophication of Surface Water Sources 542.6 Water Resources Management 542.7 Water Reuse Regulations 562.8 Water Treatment 682.9 Biological Contamination in Wastewater 712.10 Types of Microorganisms and their Environmental Factors 792.11 The Role of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment Plants 842.12 Future Prospective and Summary 873 Groundwater Contamination and its Treatment Techniques 983.1 Introduction to Groundwater Contamination 983.2 Sources of Groundwater Contamination 1043.3 Waste Disposal to Groundwater Sources 1073.4 Effects of Groundwater Contamination 1153.5 Major Contaminants 1163.6 Organic Contaminants in Groundwater 1243.7 Radioactive Contaminants in Groundwater 1253.8 Groundwater Treatment Technologies 1263.9 Organic Contaminant Treatment 1313.10 Groundwater Contaminant Uptake Mechanism 1363.11 Conclusion 1434 Advances in Desalination Materials and Technologies 1504.1 Introduction to Seawater Salinity 1504.2 Desalination Process 1534.3 Types of Desalination Processes 1554.4 Phase Change Technologies 1574.5 Solar-Assisted Desalination Processes 1634.6 Desalination by Filtration Processes 1684.7 Alternative Desalination Processes 1784.8 Future Desalination Technologies 1854.9 Case Studies and Examples of Seawater Desalination 1884.10 Future of Desalination Technologies 1915 Functional Materials in Desalination and Wastewater Treatment 2005.1 Polymer-Based Functional Materials such as Water Filters 2005.2 Classification and Recent Advancements 2025.3 Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Wastewater Treatment and Desalination 2065.4 Polyelectrolyte Complexes and Zwitterionic Polymers in Desalination 2105.5 Polymer-Based Coagulants and Flocculants 2195.6 Functional Polymers in Organic Matter and Other Secondary Pollutants' Treatment 2235.7 Mechanism of Polymer-Based Flocculants and Coagulants 2275.8 Functionalized Magnetic Nanosorbents 2295.9 Future Perspective and Conclusions 2336 Advanced Catalytic and Biogenic Materials for Water and Wastewater Treatment 2446.1 Introduction to Catalytic and Biogenic Materials in Water Treatment 2446.2 Catalytic Treatment of DOM in Ground and Wastewater 2466.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 2506.4 Evolution of Oxidative, Magnetic, and Photocatalytic Treatment Composite 2546.5 Magnetically Metal Oxide Nanophotocatalysts 2586.6 POM-Supported Photocatalysts 2606.7 Degradation Mechanism in POM-Based Photocatalysts 2616.8 Photocatalytic Membranes in Water Treatment 2646.9 Bio-Based Treatment Systems 2676.10 Biopolymer-Based Flocculants and Coagulants for Industrial Waste Treatment 2776.11 Biopolymer-Based Filters 2796.12 Biopolymer-Based Gels, Hydrogels, Solvogels, and Aerogels 2846.13 Prospects of Biodegradable Polymeric Materials in Water Treatment 2916.14 Limitations, Challenges, and Opportunities 2936.15 Conclusions 2957 Ordered Porous and Nanomaterials-Based Water Treatment Systems 3117.1 Introduction to Porous Materials in Water Filtration 3117.2 Porous Natural and Synthetic Materials 3157.3 Block Copolymers as Ordered Nanoporous Precursors 3187.4 Block Copolymer-Based Membranes for Wastewater Treatment 3227.5 Block Copolymer-Based Membranes for Desalination 3257.6 Advanced Porous Materials 3317.7 MOFs, COFs, and POPs in Wastewater Treatment 3347.8 Ordered Porous Materials in Dye Wastewater Treatment 3367.9 Ordered Porous Materials for TrOC Treatment 3407.10 Ordered Porous Materials Heavy Metal Adsorption 3457.11 Porous Materials in Nuclear Waste Sequestration 3477.12 Future Perspective and Conclusions 3508 Future of Desalination and Wastewater Treatment Technologies 3688.1 Demand for Future Water Treatment Technologies 3688.2 Smart Tools in Future Water Treatment Technologies 3708.3 Advanced Treatment and Innovative Technologies 3758.4 Renewable Energies in Water Treatment 3768.5 Emerging Desalination Technologies 3788.6 Renewable Energy in Desalination 3838.7 Commercial Potentials and Challenges of Advanced Water Filtration Systems 3868.8 Water Treatment Prospective in 2030 and 2050 3898.9 Value Addition in Future Water Treatment Plants 3918.10 Conclusions 393References 393Index 401

S. K. Nataraj, PhD, is a Professor at the Centre for Nano and Material Sciences at Jain University in Bangalore, India and Visiting Professor at Chonnam National University, South Korea. He obtained his doctorate in 2008 from the Centre of Excellence in Polymer Science at Karnatak University in Dharwad, India and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in London, UK.

• Preface xiii1 Fundamentals and Importance of Water Quality and Treatment 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Nature and Sources of Conventional Groundwater Contamination 61.3 Emerging Pollutants 91.4 Fundamentals, Properties, and Susceptibility of Water to Contamination 131.5 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water 161.6 Types of Water and Contaminants in Water 181.7 Alkalinity in Groundwater and Surface Water 211.8 Hardness of Ground and Surface Water 221.9 Wastewater and Types of Wastewaters 251.10 Types and Nature of Contamination in Wastewater 271.11 Conclusions 332 Ground, Surface Water, and Wastewater Quality Management and Treatment Regulations 402.1 Introduction to Water Conservation and Management 402.2 Importance of Groundwater Management and Protection 422.3 Source Pollutants in Groundwater and Wastewater 442.4 Oxygen-Demanding Materials 472.5 Eutrophication of Surface Water Sources 542.6 Water Resources Management 542.7 Water Reuse Regulations 562.8 Water Treatment 682.9 Biological Contamination in Wastewater 712.10 Types of Microorganisms and their Environmental Factors 792.11 The Role of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment Plants 842.12 Future Prospective and Summary 873 Groundwater Contamination and its Treatment Techniques 983.1 Introduction to Groundwater Contamination 983.2 Sources of Groundwater Contamination 1043.3 Waste Disposal to Groundwater Sources 1073.4 Effects of Groundwater Contamination 1153.5 Major Contaminants 1163.6 Organic Contaminants in Groundwater 1243.7 Radioactive Contaminants in Groundwater 1253.8 Groundwater Treatment Technologies 1263.9 Organic Contaminant Treatment 1313.10 Groundwater Contaminant Uptake Mechanism 1363.11 Conclusion 1434 Advances in Desalination Materials and Technologies 1504.1 Introduction to Seawater Salinity 1504.2 Desalination Process 1534.3 Types of Desalination Processes 1554.4 Phase Change Technologies 1574.5 Solar-Assisted Desalination Processes 1634.6 Desalination by Filtration Processes 1684.7 Alternative Desalination Processes 1784.8 Future Desalination Technologies 1854.9 Case Studies and Examples of Seawater Desalination 1884.10 Future of Desalination Technologies 1915 Functional Materials in Desalination and Wastewater Treatment 2005.1 Polymer-Based Functional Materials such as Water Filters 2005.2 Classification and Recent Advancements 2025.3 Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Wastewater Treatment and Desalination 2065.4 Polyelectrolyte Complexes and Zwitterionic Polymers in Desalination 2105.5 Polymer-Based Coagulants and Flocculants 2195.6 Functional Polymers in Organic Matter and Other Secondary Pollutants' Treatment 2235.7 Mechanism of Polymer-Based Flocculants and Coagulants 2275.8 Functionalized Magnetic Nanosorbents 2295.9 Future Perspective and Conclusions 2336 Advanced Catalytic and Biogenic Materials for Water and Wastewater Treatment 2446.1 Introduction to Catalytic and Biogenic Materials in Water Treatment 2446.2 Catalytic Treatment of DOM in Ground and Wastewater 2466.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 2506.4 Evolution of Oxidative, Magnetic, and Photocatalytic Treatment Composite 2546.5 Magnetically Metal Oxide Nanophotocatalysts 2586.6 POM-Supported Photocatalysts 2606.7 Degradation Mechanism in POM-Based Photocatalysts 2616.8 Photocatalytic Membranes in Water Treatment 2646.9 Bio-Based Treatment Systems 2676.10 Biopolymer-Based Flocculants and Coagulants for Industrial Waste Treatment 2776.11 Biopolymer-Based Filters 2796.12 Biopolymer-Based Gels, Hydrogels, Solvogels, and Aerogels 2846.13 Prospects of Biodegradable Polymeric Materials in Water Treatment 2916.14 Limitations, Challenges, and Opportunities 2936.15 Conclusions 2957 Ordered Porous and Nanomaterials-Based Water Treatment Systems 3117.1 Introduction to Porous Materials in Water Filtration 3117.2 Porous Natural and Synthetic Materials 3157.3 Block Copolymers as Ordered Nanoporous Precursors 3187.4 Block Copolymer-Based Membranes for Wastewater Treatment 3227.5 Block Copolymer-Based Membranes for Desalination 3257.6 Advanced Porous Materials 3317.7 MOFs, COFs, and POPs in Wastewater Treatment 3347.8 Ordered Porous Materials in Dye Wastewater Treatment 3367.9 Ordered Porous Materials for TrOC Treatment 3407.10 Ordered Porous Materials Heavy Metal Adsorption 3457.11 Porous Materials in Nuclear Waste Sequestration 3477.12 Future Perspective and Conclusions 3508 Future of Desalination and Wastewater Treatment Technologies 3688.1 Demand for Future Water Treatment Technologies 3688.2 Smart Tools in Future Water Treatment Technologies 3708.3 Advanced Treatment and Innovative Technologies 3758.4 Renewable Energies in Water Treatment 3768.5 Emerging Desalination Technologies 3788.6 Renewable Energy in Desalination 3838.7 Commercial Potentials and Challenges of Advanced Water Filtration Systems 3868.8 Water Treatment Prospective in 2030 and 2050 3898.9 Value Addition in Future Water Treatment Plants 3918.10 Conclusions 393References 393Index 401