Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has published about 190 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and edited 60 books. Tariq Altalhi is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management, converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes, and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material. He also researches natural extracts and their application in the generation of value-added products such as nanomaterials.

• Preface xxv1 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 1S. Vishali, M. Susila and S. Kiruthika1.1 Introduction 11.2 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 31.2.1 Advantages of Biodegradable Materials 41.3 Silk 51.4 Polymers 71.4.1 Natural Polymers 71.4.2 Synthetic Polymers 81.5 Cellulose 101.6 Paper 111.7 Others 131.8 Biodegradable Electronic Components 161.9 Semiconductors 171.10 Substrate 181.11 Biodegradable Dielectrics 181.12 Insulators and Conductors 191.13 Conclusion 19Declaration About Copyright 20References 202 Biodegradable Thermoelectric Materials 29Niladri Sarkar, Gyanaranjan Sahoo, Anupam Sahoo and Bigyan Ranjan Jali2.1 Introduction 292.2 Biopolymer-Based Renewable Composites: An Alternative to Synthetic Materials 322.3 Working Principle of Thermoelectric Materials 352.4 Biopolymer Composite for Thermoelectric Application 362.4.1 Polylactic Acid–Based Thermoelectric Materials 362.4.2 Cellulose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 372.4.3 Chitosan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 392.4.4 Agarose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 412.4.5 Starch-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 432.4.6 Carrageenan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 452.4.7 Pullulan-Based Composites as Thermoelectric Materials 462.4.8 Lignin-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 462.5 Heparin-Based Biocomposites as Future Thermoelectric Materials 482.6 Conclusions 48References 493 Biodegradable Electronics: A Newly Emerging Environmental Technology 55Malini S., Kalyan Raj and K.S. Anantharaju3.1 Introduction 563.2 Properties of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 573.3 Transformational Applications of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 583.3.1 Cellulose 593.3.2 Silk 603.3.3 Stretchable Hydrogel 623.3.4 Conjugated Polymers and Metals 643.3.5 Graphene 653.3.6 Composites 673.4 Biodegradation Mechanisms 683.5 Conclusions 70Acknowledgements 70References 714 Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coatings From Fish Waste Materials 75Juliana Santos Delava, Keiti Lopes Maestre, Carina Contini Triques, Fabiano Bisinella Scheufele, Veronice Slusarski-Santana and Mônica Lady Fiorese4.1 Introduction 764.2 Fishery Chain Industry 784.2.1 Evolution of the Fishery Chain Industry 784.2.2 Applications of Fish Waste Materials 804.3 Films or Coatings Based on Proteins From Fish Waste Materials 854.3.1 Films or Coatings for Food Packaging 854.3.2 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings 894.3.2.1 Fish Proteins and Processes for Obtaining Collagen/Gelatin and Myofibrillar Proteins 894.3.2.2 Development of Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coating 944.3.3 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings Incorporated With Additives and/or Plasticizers 974.3.3.1 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Organic Additives and/or Plasticizers and Their Applications 1014.3.3.2 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Inorganic Additives and/or Plasticizers 1194.4 Conclusion 126References 1275 Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials 141Marcia Parente Melo da Costa and Ivana Lourenço de Mello Ferreira5.1 Introduction 1415.2 Biohydrogels: Superabsorbent Materials 1425.3 Polysaccharides: Biopolymers from Renewable Sources 1435.3.1 Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 1455.3.2 Chitosan (CH) 1485.3.3 Alginate 1495.3.4 Carrageenans 1505.4 Applications of Superabsorbent Biohydrogels (SBHs) Based on Polysaccharides 1525.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 159Acknowledgments 160References 1606 Bioplastics in Personal Protective Equipment 173Tapia-Fuentes Jocelyn, Cruz-Salas Arely Areanely, Alvarez-Zeferino Juan Carlos, Martínez-Salvador Carolina, Pérez-Aragón Beatriz and Vázquez-Morillas Alethia6.1 Introduction 1746.2 Conventional Personal Protective Equipment 1756.2.1 Face Masks 1766.2.1.1 Surgical Mask 1766.2.1.2 N95 Face Masks 1776.2.1.3 KN95 Face Masks 1786.2.1.4 Cloth Face Masks 1796.2.1.5 Two-Layered Face Mask (or Hygienic) 1806.2.2 Gloves 1816.2.2.1 Latex 1816.2.2.2 Nitrile 1826.2.2.3 Vinyl 1836.2.2.4 Foil (Polyethylene) 1846.3 Biodegradable and Biobased PPE 1856.3.1 Face Masks 1856.3.1.1 Polylactic Acid 1856.3.1.2 Polybutylene Succinate 1876.3.1.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol 1886.3.2 Gloves 1906.3.2.1 Butadiene Rubber (BR) 1906.3.2.2 Polyisoprene Rubber 1916.4 Environmental Impacts Caused by Personal Protective Equipment Made of Bioplastics 1926.4.1 Source and Raw Materials 1926.4.2 End of Life Scenarios 1936.4.3 Remarks on Biodegradability 1946.5 International Standards Applied to Biodegradable Plastics and Bioplastics 1946.6 Conclusions 199References 2007 Biodegradable Protective Films 211Asra Tariq and Naveed Ahmad7.1 Introduction 2127.1.1 Types of Protective Films 2137.2 Biodegradable Protective Films 2147.2.1 Processing of Biodegradable Protective Films 2217.2.2 Limitations Faced by Biodegradable Protective Films 222References 2238 No Plastic, No Pollution: Replacement of Plastics in the Equipments of Personal Protection 229Beenish Saba8.1 Introduction 2298.2 Bioplastics 2308.3 Biodegradation of Bioplastics 2328.4 Production of Bioplastics from Plant Sources 2348.5 Production of Bioplastics from Microbial Resources 2348.6 What Are PPEs Made Off? 2368.6.1 Face Masks 2368.6.2 Face and Eye Shields 2368.6.3 Gloves 2378.7 Biodegradable Materials for PPE 2378.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 238References 2389 Biodegradable Materials in Dentistry 243Sharmila Jasmine and Rajapandiyan Krishnamoorthy9.1 Introduction 2439.2 Biodegradable Materials 2469.2.1 Synthetic Polymers 2469.2.2 Natural Polymers 2469.2.3 Biodegradable Ceramics 2479.2.4 Bioactive Glass 2479.2.5 Biodegradable Metals 2479.3 Biodegradable Materials in Suturing 2489.4 Biodegradable Materials in Imaging and Diagnostics 2489.5 Biodegradable Materials in Oral Maxillofacial and Craniofacial Surgery 2499.6 Biodegradable Materials in Resorbable Plate and Screw System 2509.7 Biodegradable Materials in Alveolar Ridge Preservation 2509.8 Biodegradable Materials of Nanotopography in Cancer Therapy 2519.9 Biodegradable Materials in Endodontics 2529.10 Biodegradable Materials in Orthodontics 2539.11 Biodegradable Materials in Periodontics 2539.12 Conclusion 254References 25410 Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymeric Materials for Dentistry Applications 261Pallavi K.C., Arun M. Isloor and Lakshmi Nidhi Rao10.1 Introduction 26210.2 Polysaccharides 26410.2.1 Chitosan 26410.2.2 Cellulose 27510.2.3 Starch 27710.2.4 Alginate 27910.2.5 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) 28110.3 Proteins 28310.3.1 Collagen 28310.3.2 Fibrin 28510.3.3 Elastin 28610.3.4 Gelatins 28710.3.5 Silk 28810.4 Biopolyesters 28810.4.1 Poly (Glycolic Acid) (PGA) 28810.4.2 Poly (Lactic Acid) PLA 28810.4.3 Poly (Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA) 28910.4.4 Polycaprolactone 29010.4.5 Poly (Propylene Fumarate) 29110.5 Conclusion 291References 29211 Biodegradable Biomaterials in Bone Tissue Engineering 299Mehdi Ebrahimi11.1 Introduction 29911.2 Essential Characteristics and Considerations in Bone Scaffold Design 30211.3 Fabrication Technologies 30311.4 Incorporation of Bioactive Molecules During Scaffold Fabrication 30911.5 Biocompatibility and Interface Between Biodegradation and New Tissue Formation 31911.6 Biodegradation of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials 32011.7 Biodegradation of Polymeric Biomaterials 32411.8 Importance of Bone Remodeling 32511.9 Conclusion 326References 32712 Biodegradable Elastomer 335Preety Ahuja and Sanjeev Kumar Ujjain12.1 Introduction 33512.2 Biodegradation Testing 33712.3 Biodegradable Elastomers: An Overview 33812.3.1 Preparation Strategies 34012.3.2 Biodegradation and Erosion 34212.4 Application of Biodegradable Elastomers 34212.4.1 Drug Delivery 34312.4.2 Tissue Engineering 34512.4.2.1 Neural and Retinal Applications 34612.4.2.2 Cardiovascular Applications 34612.4.2.3 Orthopedic Applications 34712.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 347References 34813 Biodegradable Implant Materials 357Levent Oncel and Mehmet Bugdayci13.1 Introduction 35713.2 Medical Implants 35813.3 Biomaterials 35813.3.1 Biomaterial Types 35913.3.1.1 Polymer Biomaterials 35913.3.1.2 Metallic Biomaterials 36013.3.1.3 Ceramic Biomaterials 36313.4 Biodegradable Implant Materials 36413.4.1 Biodegradable Metals 36413.4.1.1 Magnesium-Based Biodegradable Materials 36513.4.1.2 Iron-Based Biodegradable Materials 36713.4.2 Biodegradable Polymers 36813.4.2.1 Polyesters 36913.4.2.2 Polycarbonates 37013.4.2.3 Polyanhydrides 37013.4.2.4 Poly(ortho esters) 37013.4.2.5 Poly(propylene fumarate) 37113.4.2.6 Poly(phosphazenes) 37113.4.2.7 Polyphosphoesters 37213.4.2.8 Polyurethanes 37213.5 Conclusion 372References 37314 Current Strategies in Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration Using Biodegradable Biomaterials 377Mehdi Ebrahimi and Waruna L. Dissanayaka14.1 Introduction 37814.2 Biodegradable Materials in Dental Pulp Regeneration 37914.2.1 Collagen-Based Gels 38014.2.2 Platelet-Rich Plasma 38214.2.3 Plasma-Rich Fibrin 38214.2.4 Gelatin 38314.2.5 Fibrin 38414.2.6 Alginate 38614.2.7 Chitosan 38614.2.8 Amino Acid Polymers 38814.2.9 Polymers of Lactic Acid 38914.2.10 Composite Polymer Scaffolds 39014.3 Biodegradable Biomaterials and Strategies for Tissue Engineering of Periodontium 39214.4 Coapplication of Auxiliary Agents With Biodegradable Biomaterials for Periodontal Tissue Engineering 39614.4.1 Stem Cells Applications in Periodontal Regeneration 39614.4.2 Bioactive Molecules for Periodontal Regeneration 39814.4.3 Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Periodontal Regeneration 40014.5 Regeneration of Periodontal Tissues Complex Using Biodegradable Biomaterials 40114.5.1 PDL Regeneration 40114.5.2 Cementum and Alveolar Bone Regeneration 40214.5.3 Integrated Regeneration of Periodontal Complex Structures 40214.6 Recent Advances in Periodontal Regeneration Using Supportive Techniques During Application of Biodegradable Biomaterials 40414.6.1 Laser Application in Periodontium Regeneration 40414.6.2 Gene Therapy in Periodontal Regeneration 40514.7 Conclusion and Future Remarks 408References 40915 A Review on Health Care Applications of Biopolymers 429Vijesh A. M. and Arun M. Isloor15.1 Introduction 43015.2 Biodegradable Polymers 43115.3 Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Applications 43715.4 Ceramics 44115.5 Biomaterials Used in Medical 3D Printing 44515.6 Conclusion 446References 44616 Biodegradable Materials for Bone Defect Repair 457Sharmila Jasmine and Rajapandiyan Krishnamoorthy16.1 Introduction 45716.2 Natural Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering 46016.2.1 Collagen 46016.2.2 Chitoson 46016.2.3 Fibrin 46016.2.4 Silk 46116.3 Other Materials 46116.4 Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers on Bone Tissue Engineering 46116.4.1 Poly (ε-caprolactone) 46216.4.2 Polyglycolic Acid 46216.4.3 Polylactic Acid 46216.4.4 Poly d,l-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid 46216.4.5 Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate) 46316.4.6 Poly (para-dioxanone) 46316.4.7 Hyaluronan-Based Biodegradable Polymer 46316.5 Biodegradable Ceramics 46316.6 Conclusion 465References 46517 Biosurfactant: A Biodegradable Antimicrobial Substance 471Maria da Gloria C. Silva, Anderson O. de Medeiros and Leonie A. Sarubbo17.1 Introduction 47217.2 Biosurfactants 47417.2.1 Biodegrability of Biosurfactants 47617.3 Biodegradation Method Tests for Surfactants Molecules 47817.3.1 OECD Biodegradability Tests 47817.3.2 ASTM Surfactants’ Biodegradability Test 47917.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants 47917.5 Progress in Industrial Production of Sustainable Surfactants 48017.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 480References 48118 Disposable Bioplastics 487Tuba Saleem, Ayesha Mahmood, Muhammad Zubair, Ijaz Rasul, Aansa Naseem and Habibullah Nadeem18.1 Introduction 48818.2 Classes of Disposable Bioplastics 48918.2.1 Structure and Characteristics of Most Common Degradable PHAs 48918.2.2 Properties of PHAs 48918.2.2.1 Thermal Properties 48918.2.2.2 Mechanical Properties 49018.3 Pros and Cons 49118.4 Substrates for the Production of Bioplastics 49118.4.1 Agro-Waste as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 49118.4.2 Cassava Peels as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 49218.4.3 Dairy Processing Waste as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 49218.4.4 Sugar Industry Waste (molasses) as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 49318.4.5 Waste Plant Oil as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 49418.4.6 Coffee Industry Waste Carbon Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 49418.4.7 Paper Mill Waste as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 49618.4.8 Kitchen Waste as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 49618.5 Microbial Sources of Bioplastic Production 49718.6 Upstream Processing 49818.6.1 Fermentation Strategies for PHA Production 49818.7 Metabolic Pathways 49918.7.1 Enzymes Involved in the Synthesis of PHAs 49918.8 Microbial Cell Factories for PHAs Production 50118.8.1 Pure Culture for PHA Synthesis 50118.8.2 Mixed Cultures for PHA Synthesis 50218.9 Synthesis 50218.9.1 Blending Methods of PHB and PHBV Lignocellulosic Biocomposites 50318.9.1.1 Solvent Casting 50318.9.1.2 Extrusion Method 50318.10 Factors Affecting PHA Production 50418.10.1 Effect of pH 50418.10.2 Composition of Feedstock 50518.10.3 Inoculum Size and Fermentation Mode 50518.11 Downstream Processing of Disposable Biopolymers 50518.12 PHA Extraction and Purification Methods 50618.13 Applications of Bioplastics/Disposable Bioplastics 50618.13.1 Denitrification Applications in Wastewater Treatment 50818.13.2 PHAs in Bone Scaffolds 50918.14 Characterization of PHA 51018.15 Biodegradation 51018.15.1 Biodegradation of PHAs 51018.16 Plastics Versus Bioplastics 51118.17 Challenges and Prospects for Production of Bioplastics 512References 51219 Plastic Biodegrading Microbes in the Environment and Their Applications 519Pooja Singh and Adeline Su Yien TingAbbreviations 52019.1 Introduction 52019.2 Occurrence and Diversity of Plastic-Degrading Microbes in Natural Environments 52219.3 Application of Plastic-Degrading Microbes 53319.3.1 Role of Bacteria in Plastic Degradation 53419.3.1.1 Actinobacteria 53419.3.1.2 Bacteroidetes 53519.3.1.3 Firmicutes 53519.3.1.4 Proteobacteria 53719.3.1.5 Cyanobacteria 53819.3.2 Role of Fungi in Plastic Degradation 53919.3.2.1 Ascomycota 53919.3.2.2 Basidiomycota 54119.3.2.3 Mucoromycota 54119.4 Factors Influencing Plastic Degradation by Microbes 54219.4.1 Microbial Factor 54219.4.2 Polymer Characteristics 54319.4.3 Environmental Condition 54419.5 Biotechnological Advances in Microbial-Mediated Plastic Degradation 54519.5.1 Biosourcing for Plastic Degraders from Various Environments 54619.5.2 Multiomics Approach 54719.5.3 Analytical Tools to Optimize Plastic Degradation 54819.6 Conclusion 550Acknowledgment 551References 55120 Paradigm Shift in Environmental Remediation Toward Sustainable Development: Biodegradable Materials and ICT Applications 565Biswajit Debnath, Saswati Gharami, Suparna Bhattacharyya, Adrija Das and Ankita Das20.1 Introduction 56620.2 Methodology 56820.3 Application of Biodegradable Materials in Environmental Remediation and Sustainable Development 56820.3.1 Biodegradable Sensors 56820.3.2 Biosorbents and Biochars 57320.3.3 Bioplastics 57520.4 Discussion and Analysis 57720.4.1 Application of ICT as Future Vision 57720.4.2 Sustainability Aspects 57920.5 Conclusion 581Acknowledgment 581References 58121 Biodegradable Composite for Smart Packaging Applications 593S. Bharadwaj, Vivek Dhand and Y. Kalyana Lakshmi21.1 Introduction to Packing Applications 59421.1.1 Current Materials 59521.1.2 Issues and Concerns 59721.2 Biodegradable Materials 59721.2.1 What are Biopolymers? 59821.2.1.1 Starch 59921.2.1.2 Cellulose 59921.2.2 Advantages of Biopolymer Composites 59921.2.3 List of Biopolymer Materials 60021.3 Preparation of Composite 60021.3.1 Identify the Materials 60021.3.2 Fabrication of Biopolymer Composites 60521.4 Indicators of Performance 60721.5 Mechanical Properties 61021.6 Biodegradable Test 61221.7 Smart Packing Applications 61221.7.1 Active Biopackaging 61321.7.2 Informative and Responsive Packaging 61421.7.3 Ergonomic Packaging 61421.7.4 Scavenging Films 61421.7.5 NanoSensors 61521.7.6 Product Identification and Tempering Proof Product 61521.7.7 Indicators 61621.7.8 Nanosensors and Absorbers 61621.8 Testing of Packaging Using Different Standard 61621.9 Conclusions 617References 61722 Impact of Biodegradable Packaging Materials on Food Quality: A Sustainable Approach 627Mohammad Amir, Naushin Bano, Mohd. Rehan Zaheer, Tahayya Haq and Roohi22.1 Introduction 62822.2 Food Packaging 62822.3 Food Packaging Material 62922.3.1 Types of Food Packaging Materials 63022.3.1.1 Paper-Based Packaging 63122.3.1.2 Glass-Based Packaging 63222.3.1.3 Metal-Based Packaging 63322.3.1.4 Plastic-Based Packaging 63422.4 Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials 63522.5 Different Biodegradable Materials for Food Packaging 63622.5.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 63722.5.2 Polyhydroxybutyrates 63822.5.3 Poly (4-Hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB) 63922.5.4 Poly-(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxy Valerate) 64022.5.5 Poly-Hydroxy-Octanoate 64022.5.6 Starch-Based Material 64022.5.7 Thermoplastic Starch 64122.5.8 Starch-Based Nanocomposite Films 64222.5.9 Cellulose-Based 64322.5.10 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 64422.6 Applications of Biodegradable Material in Edible Film Coating 64622.7 Conclusion 647Acknowledgment 648References 64823 Biodegradable Pots—For Sustainable Environment 653Elsa Cherian, Jobil J. Arackal, Jayasree Joshi T. and Anitha Krishnan V. C.23.1 Introduction 65323.2 Biodegradable Pots 65523.3 Materials for the Fabrication of Biodegradables Pots 65623.3.1 Biodegradable Planting Pots Based on Bioplastics 65623.3.2 Biopots Based on Industrial and Agricultural Waste 65823.4 Synthesis of Biodegradable Pots 66123.5 Effect of Biopots on Plant Growth and Quality 66323.6 Quality Testing of Biodegradable Pots 66423.7 Consumer Preferences of Biodegradable Pots 66523.8 Future Perspectives 66623.9 Conclusion 667References 66724 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics 673Parveen Saini, Gurpreet Kaur, Jandeep Singh and Harminder Singh24.1 Introduction 67424.2 Biopolymers/Bioplastics 67524.3 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers/Plastics 67724.3.1 Biomedical Applications 67724.3.1.1 Biodegradable Polymers in the Development of Therapeutic Devices in Tissue Engineering 67724.3.1.2 Biodegradable Polymers as Implants 67824.3.1.3 Biobased Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems 67924.3.2 Other Commercial Applications 67924.3.2.1 Biodegradable Polymers as Packaging Materials 68024.3.2.2 Biodegradable Plastics in Electronics, Automotives, and Agriculture 68124.3.2.3 Biobased Polymer in 3D Printing 68124.4 Conclusion 682References 68225 Biopolymeric Nanofibrous Materials for Environmental Remediation 687Pallavi K.C. and Arun M. Isloor25.1 Introduction 68825.2 Fabrication of Nanofibers 68925.3 Nanofibrous Materials in Environmental Remediation 69125.3.1 Water Purification 69125.3.2 Air Filtration 70225.3.3 Soil-Related Problems 70525.4 Conclusions 708References 70926 Bioplastic Materials from Oils 715Aansa Naseem, Farrukh Azeem, Muhammad Hussnain Siddique, Sabir Hussain, Ijaz Rasul, Tuba Saleem, Arfaa Sajid and Habibullah Nadeem26.1 Introduction 71626.2 Natural Oils 72026.2.1 Bioplastic Production from Natural Oils 72026.3 Waste Oils 72026.4 Types of Oily Wastes 72126.4.1 Cooking Oil Waste 72126.4.2 Fats from Animals 72126.4.3 Effluents from Plant Oil Mills 72226.5 Bioplastic Production from Oily Waste 72226.6 Improvement in Bioplastic Production from Waste Oil by Genetic Approaches 72326.7 Impact of Bioplastic Produced from Waste Cooking Oil 72626.7.1 Health and Medicine 72626.7.2 Environment 72726.7.3 Population 72726.8 Assessment Techniques for Bioplastic Synthesis Using Waste Oil 72726.8.1 Economic Assessment 72726.8.2 Environment Assessment 72826.8.3 Sensitivity Analysis 72826.8.4 Multiobjective Optimization 72826.9 Conclusion 728References 72927 Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer 735Panchami H. R., Arun M. Isloor, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail and Rini Susanti27.1 Introduction 73627.2 Biodegradability and Biodegradable Polymer 73727.2.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers 73927.2.1.1 Extracted from the Biomass 73927.2.1.2 Extracted Directly by Natural or Genetically Modified Organism 74027.2.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 74027.3 Recovery of Protein by Coagulation/Flocculation Processes 74027.3.1 Categories of Composite Coagulants 74127.3.1.1 Inorganic Polymer Flocculants 74127.3.1.2 Organic Polymer Flocculants 74127.3.2 Mechanism of Bioflocculation 74227.3.3 Some of the Examples for Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer 74327.3.3.1 Chitosan as Flocculant 74327.3.3.2 Lignosulfonate as Flocculant 74527.3.3.3 Cellulose as Flocculant 74727.4 Recovery of Proteins by Aqueous Two-Phase System 74727.5 Types of the Aqueous Two-Phase System and Phase Components 74827.6 Recovery Process and Factors Influencing the Aqueous Two-Phase System 74927.7 Partition Coefficient and the Protein Recovery 75127.8 Some of the Examples of Recovery of Protein by Biodegradable Polymers 75127.9 Advantages of ATPS 75227.10 Limitations 75227.11 Challenges and Future Perspective 75227.12 Recovery of Proteins by Membrane Technology 75327.12.1 Classification of Membranes 75327.12.2 Membrane Fouling by Protein Deposition 75427.12.3 Recovery of a Protein by a Biodegradable Polymer 75527.13 Limitations to Biodegradable Polymers 76227.14 Conclusions and Future Remarks 762References 76328 Biodegradable Polymers in Electronic Devices 773Niharika Kulshrestha28.1 Introduction 77428.2 Role of Biodegradable Polymers 77628.3 Various Biodegradable Polymers for Electronic Devices 77728.3.1 Biodegradable Insulators 77728.3.2 Biodegradable Semiconductors 77928.3.3 Biodegradable Conductors 78128.4 Conclusion 783References 78429 Importance and Applications of Biodegradable Materials and Bioplastics From the Renewable Resources 789Syed Riaz Ahmed, Fiaz Rasul, Aqsa Ijaz, Zunaira Anwar, Zarsha Naureen, Anam Riaz and Ijaz Rasul29.1 Biodegradable Materials 79029.2 Bioplastics 79129.3 Biodegradable Polymers 79429.3.1 Classification of Biodegradable Polymers 79429.3.1.1 Gelatin 79529.3.1.2 Chitosan 79629.3.1.3 Starch 79729.3.2 Properties of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials 79729.4 Applications of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials in Agriculture 79929.4.1 State-of-the-Art Different Applications of Bioplastics in Agriculture 80029.4.1.1 Agricultural Nets 80329.4.1.2 Grow Bags 80329.4.1.3 Mulch Films 80429.5 Applications of Microbial-Based Bioplastics in Medicine 80529.5.1 Polylactones 80529.5.2 Polyphosphoesters 80529.5.3 Polycarbonates 80629.5.4 Polylactic Acid 80629.5.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 80629.5.6 Biodegradable Stents 80629.5.7 Memory Enhancer 80729.6 Applications of Microbial-Based Bioplastics in Industries 80829.6.1 Aliphatic Polyester and Starch 80829.6.2 Cellulose Acetate and Starch 80829.6.3 Cellulose and Its Derivative 80829.6.4 Arboform 80929.6.5 Mater-Bi 80929.6.6 Bioceta 80929.6.7 Polyhydroxyalkanoate 80929.6.8 Loctron 81029.6.9 Cereplast 81029.7 Application of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials in Food Industry 81129.7.1 Bioplastic and Its Resources 81229.7.2 Food Packaging 81229.7.3 Natural Polymers Used in Food Packaging 81629.7.3.1 Starch-Based Natural Polymers 81629.7.3.2 Cellulose-Based Natural Polymers 81729.7.3.3 Chitosan or Chitin-Based Natural Polymers 81729.7.4 Protein-Based Natural Polymers 81829.7.4.1 Whey Protein 81829.7.4.2 Zein 81829.7.4.3 Soy Protein 81829.7.5 Bioplastics Derived Chemically From Renewable Resources 81929.7.5.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 81929.7.5.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Composite 81929.7.5.3 Polybutylene Succinate Composite 82029.7.5.4 Furandicarboxylic Acid Composite 82129.8 Application of Bioplastic Biomass for the Environmental Protection 82129.8.1 Biodegradation of Bioplastics 82229.8.2 Biodegradability and Environmental Effect of Renewable Materials 82329.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects 825References 825Index 837

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has published about 190 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and edited 60 books. Tariq Altalhi is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management, converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes, and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material. He also researches natural extracts and their application in the generation of value-added products such as nanomaterials.

• Preface xxv1 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 1S. Vishali, M. Susila and S. Kiruthika1.1 Introduction 11.2 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 31.2.1 Advantages of Biodegradable Materials 41.3 Silk 51.4 Polymers 71.4.1 Natural Polymers 71.4.2 Synthetic Polymers 81.5 Cellulose 101.6 Paper 111.7 Others 131.8 Biodegradable Electronic Components 161.9 Semiconductors 171.10 Substrate 181.11 Biodegradable Dielectrics 181.12 Insulators and Conductors 191.13 Conclusion 19Declaration About Copyright 20References 202 Biodegradable Thermoelectric Materials 29Niladri Sarkar, Gyanaranjan Sahoo, Anupam Sahoo and Bigyan Ranjan Jali2.1 Introduction 292.2 Biopolymer-Based Renewable Composites: An Alternative to Synthetic Materials 322.3 Working Principle of Thermoelectric Materials 352.4 Biopolymer Composite for Thermoelectric Application 362.4.1 Polylactic Acid–Based Thermoelectric Materials 362.4.2 Cellulose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 372.4.3 Chitosan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 392.4.4 Agarose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 412.4.5 Starch-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 432.4.6 Carrageenan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 452.4.7 Pullulan-Based Composites as Thermoelectric Materials 462.4.8 Lignin-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 462.5 Heparin-Based Biocomposites as Future Thermoelectric Materials 482.6 Conclusions 48References 493 Biodegradable Electronics: A Newly Emerging Environmental Technology 55Malini S., Kalyan Raj and K.S. Anantharaju3.1 Introduction 563.2 Properties of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 573.3 Transformational Applications of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 583.3.1 Cellulose 593.3.2 Silk 603.3.3 Stretchable Hydrogel 623.3.4 Conjugated Polymers and Metals 643.3.5 Graphene 653.3.6 Composites 673.4 Biodegradation Mechanisms 683.5 Conclusions 70Acknowledgements 70References 714 Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coatings From Fish Waste Materials 75Juliana Santos Delava, Keiti Lopes Maestre, Carina Contini Triques, Fabiano Bisinella Scheufele, Veronice Slusarski-Santana and Mônica Lady Fiorese4.1 Introduction 764.2 Fishery Chain Industry 784.2.1 Evolution of the Fishery Chain Industry 784.2.2 Applications of Fish Waste Materials 804.3 Films or Coatings Based on Proteins From Fish Waste Materials 854.3.1 Films or Coatings for Food Packaging 854.3.2 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings 894.3.2.1 Fish Proteins and Processes for Obtaining Collagen/Gelatin and Myofibrillar Proteins 894.3.2.2 Development of Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coating 944.3.3 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings Incorporated With Additives and/or Plasticizers 974.3.3.1 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Organic Additives and/or Plasticizers and Their Applications 1014.3.3.2 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Inorganic Additives and/or Plasticizers 1194.4 Conclusion 126References 1275 Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials 141Marcia Parente Melo da Costa and Ivana Lourenço de Mello Ferreira5.1 Introduction 1415.2 Biohydrogels: Superabsorbent Materials 1425.3 Polysaccharides: Biopolymers from Renewable Sources 1435.3.1 Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 1455.3.2 Chitosan (CH) 1485.3.3 Alginate 1495.3.4 Carrageenans 1505.4 Applications of Superabsorbent Biohydrogels (SBHs) Based on Polysaccharides 1525.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 159Acknowledgments 160References 1606 Bioplastics in Personal Protective Equipment 173Tapia-Fuentes Jocelyn, Cruz-Salas Arely Areanely, Alvarez-Zeferino Juan Carlos, Martínez-Salvador Carolina, Pérez-Aragón Beatriz and Vázquez-Morillas Alethia6.1 Introduction 1746.2 Conventional Personal Protective Equipment 1756.2.1 Face Masks 1766.2.1.1 Surgical Mask 1766.2.1.2 N95 Face Masks 1776.2.1.3 KN95 Face Masks 1786.2.1.4 Cloth Face Masks 1796.2.1.5 Two-Layered Face Mask (or Hygienic) 1806.2.2 Gloves 1816.2.2.1 Latex 1816.2.2.2 Nitrile 1826.2.2.3 Vinyl 1836.2.2.4 Foil (Polyethylene) 1846.3 Biodegradable and Biobased PPE 1856.3.1 Face Masks 1856.3.1.1 Polylactic Acid 1856.3.1.2 Polybutylene Succinate 1876.3.1.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol 1886.3.2 Gloves 1906.3.2.1 Butadiene Rubber (BR) 1906.3.2.2 Polyisoprene Rubber 1916.4 Environmental Impacts Caused by Personal Protective Equipment Made of Bioplastics 1926.4.1 Source and Raw Materials 1926.4.2 End of Life Scenarios 1936.4.3 Remarks on Biodegradability 1946.5 International Standards Applied to Biodegradable Plastics and Bioplastics 1946.6 Conclusions 199References 2007 Biodegradable Protective Films 211Asra Tariq and Naveed Ahmad7.1 Introduction 2127.1.1 Types of Protective Films 2137.2 Biodegradable Protective Films 2147.2.1 Processing of Biodegradable Protective Films 2217.2.2 Limitations Faced by Biodegradable Protective Films 222References 2238 No Plastic, No Pollution: Replacement of Plastics in the Equipments of Personal Protection 229Beenish Saba8.1 Introduction 2298.2 Bioplastics 2308.3 Biodegradation of Bioplastics 2328.4 Production of Bioplastics from Plant Sources 2348.5 Production of Bioplastics from Microbial Resources 2348.6 What Are PPEs Made Off? 2368.6.1 Face Masks 2368.6.2 Face and Eye Shields 2368.6.3 Gloves 2378.7 Biodegradable Materials for PPE 2378.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 238References 2389 Biodegradable Materials in Dentistry 243Sharmila Jasmine and Rajapandiyan Krishnamoorthy9.1 Introduction 2439.2 Biodegradable Materials 2469.2.1 Synthetic Polymers 2469.2.2 Natural Polymers 2469.2.3 Biodegradable Ceramics 2479.2.4 Bioactive Glass 2479.2.5 Biodegradable Metals 2479.3 Biodegradable Materials in Suturing 2489.4 Biodegradable Materials in Imaging and Diagnostics 2489.5 Biodegradable Materials in Oral Maxillofacial and Craniofacial Surgery 2499.6 Biodegradable Materials in Resorbable Plate and Screw System 2509.7 Biodegradable Materials in Alveolar Ridge Preservation 2509.8 Biodegradable Materials of Nanotopography in Cancer Therapy 2519.9 Biodegradable Materials in Endodontics 2529.10 Biodegradable Materials in Orthodontics 2539.11 Biodegradable Materials in Periodontics 2539.12 Conclusion 254References 25410 Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymeric Materials for Dentistry Applications 261Pallavi K.C., Arun M. Isloor and Lakshmi Nidhi Rao10.1 Introduction 26210.2 Polysaccharides 26410.2.1 Chitosan 26410.2.2 Cellulose 27510.2.3 Starch 27710.2.4 Alginate 27910.2.5 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) 28110.3 Proteins 28310.3.1 Collagen 28310.3.2 Fibrin 28510.3.3 Elastin 28610.3.4 Gelatins 28710.3.5 Silk 28810.4 Biopolyesters 28810.4.1 Poly (Glycolic Acid) (PGA) 28810.4.2 Poly (Lactic Acid) PLA 28810.4.3 Poly (Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA) 28910.4.4 Polycaprolactone 29010.4.5 Poly (Propylene Fumarate) 29110.5 Conclusion 291References 29211 Biodegradable Biomaterials in Bone Tissue Engineering 299Mehdi Ebrahimi11.1 Introduction 29911.2 Essential Characteristics and Considerations in Bone Scaffold Design 30211.3 Fabrication Technologies 30311.4 Incorporation of Bioactive Molecules During Scaffold Fabrication 30911.5 Biocompatibility and Interface Between Biodegradation and New Tissue Formation 31911.6 Biodegradation of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials 32011.7 Biodegradation of Polymeric Biomaterials 32411.8 Importance of Bone Remodeling 32511.9 Conclusion 326References 32712 Biodegradable Elastomer 335Preety Ahuja and Sanjeev Kumar Ujjain12.1 Introduction 33512.2 Biodegradation Testing 33712.3 Biodegradable Elastomers: An Overview 33812.3.1 Preparation Strategies 34012.3.2 Biodegradation and Erosion 34212.4 Application of Biodegradable Elastomers 34212.4.1 Drug Delivery 34312.4.2 Tissue Engineering 34512.4.2.1 Neural and Retinal Applications 34612.4.2.2 Cardiovascular Applications 34612.4.2.3 Orthopedic Applications 34712.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 347References 34813 Biodegradable Implant Materials 357Levent Oncel and Mehmet Bugdayci13.1 Introduction 35713.2 Medical Implants 35813.3 Biomaterials 35813.3.1 Biomaterial Types 35913.3.1.1 Polymer Biomaterials 35913.3.1.2 Metallic Biomaterials 36013.3.1.3 Ceramic Biomaterials 36313.4 Biodegradable Implant Materials 36413.4.1 Biodegradable Metals 36413.4.1.1 Magnesium-Based Biodegradable Materials 36513.4.1.2 Iron-Based Biodegradable Materials 36713.4.2 Biodegradable Polymers 36813.4.2.1 Polyesters 36913.4.2.2 Polycarbonates 37013.4.2.3 Polyanhydrides 37013.4.2.4 Poly(ortho esters) 37013.4.2.5 Poly(propylene fumarate) 37113.4.2.6 Poly(phosphazenes) 37113.4.2.7 Polyphosphoesters 37213.4.2.8 Polyurethanes 37213.5 Conclusion 372References 37314 Current Strategies in Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration Using Biodegradable Biomaterials 377Mehdi Ebrahimi and Waruna L. Dissanayaka14.1 Introduction 37814.2 Biodegradable Materials in Dental Pulp Regeneration 37914.2.1 Collagen-Based Gels 38014.2.2 Platelet-Rich Plasma 38214.2.3 Plasma-Rich Fibrin 38214.2.4 Gelatin 38314.2.5 Fibrin 38414.2.6 Alginate 38614.2.7 Chitosan 38614.2.8 Amino Acid Polymers 38814.2.9 Polymers of Lactic Acid 38914.2.10 Composite Polymer Scaffolds 39014.3 Biodegradable Biomaterials and Strategies for Tissue Engineering of Periodontium 39214.4 Coapplication of Auxiliary Agents With Biodegradable Biomaterials for Periodontal Tissue Engineering 39614.4.1 Stem Cells Applications in Periodontal Regeneration 39614.4.2 Bioactive Molecules for Periodontal Regeneration 39814.4.3 Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Periodontal Regeneration 40014.5 Regeneration of Periodontal Tissues Complex Using Biodegradable Biomaterials 40114.5.1 PDL Regeneration 40114.5.2 Cementum and Alveolar Bone Regeneration 40214.5.3 Integrated Regeneration of Periodontal Complex Structures 40214.6 Recent Advances in Periodontal Regeneration Using Supportive Techniques During Application of Biodegradable Biomaterials 40414.6.1 Laser Application in Periodontium Regeneration 40414.6.2 Gene Therapy in Periodontal Regeneration 40514.7 Conclusion and Future Remarks 408References 40915 A Review on Health Care Applications of Biopolymers 429Vijesh A. M. and Arun M. Isloor15.1 Introduction 43015.2 Biodegradable Polymers 43115.3 Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Applications 43715.4 Ceramics 44115.5 Biomaterials Used in Medical 3D Printing 44515.6 Conclusion 446References 44616 Biodegradable Materials for Bone Defect Repair 457Sharmila Jasmine and Rajapandiyan Krishnamoorthy16.1 Introduction 45716.2 Natural Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering 46016.2.1 Collagen 46016.2.2 Chitoson 46016.2.3 Fibrin 46016.2.4 Silk 46116.3 Other Materials 46116.4 Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers on Bone Tissue Engineering 46116.4.1 Poly (ε-caprolactone) 46216.4.2 Polyglycolic Acid 46216.4.3 Polylactic Acid 46216.4.4 Poly d,l-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid 46216.4.5 Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate) 46316.4.6 Poly (para-dioxanone) 46316.4.7 Hyaluronan-Based Biodegradable Polymer 46316.5 Biodegradable Ceramics 46316.6 Conclusion 465References 46517 Biosurfactant: A Biodegradable Antimicrobial Substance 471Maria da Gloria C. Silva, Anderson O. de Medeiros and Leonie A. Sarubbo17.1 Introduction 47217.2 Biosurfactants 47417.2.1 Biodegrability of Biosurfactants 47617.3 Biodegradation Method Tests for Surfactants Molecules 47817.3.1 OECD Biodegradability Tests 47817.3.2 ASTM Surfactants’ Biodegradability Test 47917.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants 47917.5 Progress in Industrial Production of Sustainable Surfactants 48017.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 480References 48118 Disposable Bioplastics 487Tuba Saleem, Ayesha Mahmood, Muhammad Zubair, Ijaz Rasul, Aansa Naseem and Habibullah Nadeem18.1 Introduction 48818.2 Classes of Disposable Bioplastics 48918.2.1 Structure and Characteristics of Most Common Degradable PHAs 48918.2.2 Properties of PHAs 48918.2.2.1 Thermal Properties 48918.2.2.2 Mechanical Properties 49018.3 Pros and Cons 49118.4 Substrates for the Production of Bioplastics 49118.4.1 Agro-Waste as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 49118.4.2 Cassava Peels as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 49218.4.3 Dairy Processing Waste as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 49218.4.4 Sugar Industry Waste (molasses) as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 49318.4.5 Waste Plant Oil as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 49418.4.6 Coffee Industry Waste Carbon Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 49418.4.7 Paper Mill Waste as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 49618.4.8 Kitchen Waste as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 49618.5 Microbial Sources of Bioplastic Production 49718.6 Upstream Processing 49818.6.1 Fermentation Strategies for PHA Production 49818.7 Metabolic Pathways 49918.7.1 Enzymes Involved in the Synthesis of PHAs 49918.8 Microbial Cell Factories for PHAs Production 50118.8.1 Pure Culture for PHA Synthesis 50118.8.2 Mixed Cultures for PHA Synthesis 50218.9 Synthesis 50218.9.1 Blending Methods of PHB and PHBV Lignocellulosic Biocomposites 50318.9.1.1 Solvent Casting 50318.9.1.2 Extrusion Method 50318.10 Factors Affecting PHA Production 50418.10.1 Effect of pH 50418.10.2 Composition of Feedstock 50518.10.3 Inoculum Size and Fermentation Mode 50518.11 Downstream Processing of Disposable Biopolymers 50518.12 PHA Extraction and Purification Methods 50618.13 Applications of Bioplastics/Disposable Bioplastics 50618.13.1 Denitrification Applications in Wastewater Treatment 50818.13.2 PHAs in Bone Scaffolds 50918.14 Characterization of PHA 51018.15 Biodegradation 51018.15.1 Biodegradation of PHAs 51018.16 Plastics Versus Bioplastics 51118.17 Challenges and Prospects for Production of Bioplastics 512References 51219 Plastic Biodegrading Microbes in the Environment and Their Applications 519Pooja Singh and Adeline Su Yien TingAbbreviations 52019.1 Introduction 52019.2 Occurrence and Diversity of Plastic-Degrading Microbes in Natural Environments 52219.3 Application of Plastic-Degrading Microbes 53319.3.1 Role of Bacteria in Plastic Degradation 53419.3.1.1 Actinobacteria 53419.3.1.2 Bacteroidetes 53519.3.1.3 Firmicutes 53519.3.1.4 Proteobacteria 53719.3.1.5 Cyanobacteria 53819.3.2 Role of Fungi in Plastic Degradation 53919.3.2.1 Ascomycota 53919.3.2.2 Basidiomycota 54119.3.2.3 Mucoromycota 54119.4 Factors Influencing Plastic Degradation by Microbes 54219.4.1 Microbial Factor 54219.4.2 Polymer Characteristics 54319.4.3 Environmental Condition 54419.5 Biotechnological Advances in Microbial-Mediated Plastic Degradation 54519.5.1 Biosourcing for Plastic Degraders from Various Environments 54619.5.2 Multiomics Approach 54719.5.3 Analytical Tools to Optimize Plastic Degradation 54819.6 Conclusion 550Acknowledgment 551References 55120 Paradigm Shift in Environmental Remediation Toward Sustainable Development: Biodegradable Materials and ICT Applications 565Biswajit Debnath, Saswati Gharami, Suparna Bhattacharyya, Adrija Das and Ankita Das20.1 Introduction 56620.2 Methodology 56820.3 Application of Biodegradable Materials in Environmental Remediation and Sustainable Development 56820.3.1 Biodegradable Sensors 56820.3.2 Biosorbents and Biochars 57320.3.3 Bioplastics 57520.4 Discussion and Analysis 57720.4.1 Application of ICT as Future Vision 57720.4.2 Sustainability Aspects 57920.5 Conclusion 581Acknowledgment 581References 58121 Biodegradable Composite for Smart Packaging Applications 593S. Bharadwaj, Vivek Dhand and Y. Kalyana Lakshmi21.1 Introduction to Packing Applications 59421.1.1 Current Materials 59521.1.2 Issues and Concerns 59721.2 Biodegradable Materials 59721.2.1 What are Biopolymers? 59821.2.1.1 Starch 59921.2.1.2 Cellulose 59921.2.2 Advantages of Biopolymer Composites 59921.2.3 List of Biopolymer Materials 60021.3 Preparation of Composite 60021.3.1 Identify the Materials 60021.3.2 Fabrication of Biopolymer Composites 60521.4 Indicators of Performance 60721.5 Mechanical Properties 61021.6 Biodegradable Test 61221.7 Smart Packing Applications 61221.7.1 Active Biopackaging 61321.7.2 Informative and Responsive Packaging 61421.7.3 Ergonomic Packaging 61421.7.4 Scavenging Films 61421.7.5 NanoSensors 61521.7.6 Product Identification and Tempering Proof Product 61521.7.7 Indicators 61621.7.8 Nanosensors and Absorbers 61621.8 Testing of Packaging Using Different Standard 61621.9 Conclusions 617References 61722 Impact of Biodegradable Packaging Materials on Food Quality: A Sustainable Approach 627Mohammad Amir, Naushin Bano, Mohd. Rehan Zaheer, Tahayya Haq and Roohi22.1 Introduction 62822.2 Food Packaging 62822.3 Food Packaging Material 62922.3.1 Types of Food Packaging Materials 63022.3.1.1 Paper-Based Packaging 63122.3.1.2 Glass-Based Packaging 63222.3.1.3 Metal-Based Packaging 63322.3.1.4 Plastic-Based Packaging 63422.4 Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials 63522.5 Different Biodegradable Materials for Food Packaging 63622.5.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 63722.5.2 Polyhydroxybutyrates 63822.5.3 Poly (4-Hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB) 63922.5.4 Poly-(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxy Valerate) 64022.5.5 Poly-Hydroxy-Octanoate 64022.5.6 Starch-Based Material 64022.5.7 Thermoplastic Starch 64122.5.8 Starch-Based Nanocomposite Films 64222.5.9 Cellulose-Based 64322.5.10 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 64422.6 Applications of Biodegradable Material in Edible Film Coating 64622.7 Conclusion 647Acknowledgment 648References 64823 Biodegradable Pots—For Sustainable Environment 653Elsa Cherian, Jobil J. Arackal, Jayasree Joshi T. and Anitha Krishnan V. C.23.1 Introduction 65323.2 Biodegradable Pots 65523.3 Materials for the Fabrication of Biodegradables Pots 65623.3.1 Biodegradable Planting Pots Based on Bioplastics 65623.3.2 Biopots Based on Industrial and Agricultural Waste 65823.4 Synthesis of Biodegradable Pots 66123.5 Effect of Biopots on Plant Growth and Quality 66323.6 Quality Testing of Biodegradable Pots 66423.7 Consumer Preferences of Biodegradable Pots 66523.8 Future Perspectives 66623.9 Conclusion 667References 66724 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics 673Parveen Saini, Gurpreet Kaur, Jandeep Singh and Harminder Singh24.1 Introduction 67424.2 Biopolymers/Bioplastics 67524.3 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers/Plastics 67724.3.1 Biomedical Applications 67724.3.1.1 Biodegradable Polymers in the Development of Therapeutic Devices in Tissue Engineering 67724.3.1.2 Biodegradable Polymers as Implants 67824.3.1.3 Biobased Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems 67924.3.2 Other Commercial Applications 67924.3.2.1 Biodegradable Polymers as Packaging Materials 68024.3.2.2 Biodegradable Plastics in Electronics, Automotives, and Agriculture 68124.3.2.3 Biobased Polymer in 3D Printing 68124.4 Conclusion 682References 68225 Biopolymeric Nanofibrous Materials for Environmental Remediation 687Pallavi K.C. and Arun M. Isloor25.1 Introduction 68825.2 Fabrication of Nanofibers 68925.3 Nanofibrous Materials in Environmental Remediation 69125.3.1 Water Purification 69125.3.2 Air Filtration 70225.3.3 Soil-Related Problems 70525.4 Conclusions 708References 70926 Bioplastic Materials from Oils 715Aansa Naseem, Farrukh Azeem, Muhammad Hussnain Siddique, Sabir Hussain, Ijaz Rasul, Tuba Saleem, Arfaa Sajid and Habibullah Nadeem26.1 Introduction 71626.2 Natural Oils 72026.2.1 Bioplastic Production from Natural Oils 72026.3 Waste Oils 72026.4 Types of Oily Wastes 72126.4.1 Cooking Oil Waste 72126.4.2 Fats from Animals 72126.4.3 Effluents from Plant Oil Mills 72226.5 Bioplastic Production from Oily Waste 72226.6 Improvement in Bioplastic Production from Waste Oil by Genetic Approaches 72326.7 Impact of Bioplastic Produced from Waste Cooking Oil 72626.7.1 Health and Medicine 72626.7.2 Environment 72726.7.3 Population 72726.8 Assessment Techniques for Bioplastic Synthesis Using Waste Oil 72726.8.1 Economic Assessment 72726.8.2 Environment Assessment 72826.8.3 Sensitivity Analysis 72826.8.4 Multiobjective Optimization 72826.9 Conclusion 728References 72927 Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer 735Panchami H. R., Arun M. Isloor, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail and Rini Susanti27.1 Introduction 73627.2 Biodegradability and Biodegradable Polymer 73727.2.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers 73927.2.1.1 Extracted from the Biomass 73927.2.1.2 Extracted Directly by Natural or Genetically Modified Organism 74027.2.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 74027.3 Recovery of Protein by Coagulation/Flocculation Processes 74027.3.1 Categories of Composite Coagulants 74127.3.1.1 Inorganic Polymer Flocculants 74127.3.1.2 Organic Polymer Flocculants 74127.3.2 Mechanism of Bioflocculation 74227.3.3 Some of the Examples for Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer 74327.3.3.1 Chitosan as Flocculant 74327.3.3.2 Lignosulfonate as Flocculant 74527.3.3.3 Cellulose as Flocculant 74727.4 Recovery of Proteins by Aqueous Two-Phase System 74727.5 Types of the Aqueous Two-Phase System and Phase Components 74827.6 Recovery Process and Factors Influencing the Aqueous Two-Phase System 74927.7 Partition Coefficient and the Protein Recovery 75127.8 Some of the Examples of Recovery of Protein by Biodegradable Polymers 75127.9 Advantages of ATPS 75227.10 Limitations 75227.11 Challenges and Future Perspective 75227.12 Recovery of Proteins by Membrane Technology 75327.12.1 Classification of Membranes 75327.12.2 Membrane Fouling by Protein Deposition 75427.12.3 Recovery of a Protein by a Biodegradable Polymer 75527.13 Limitations to Biodegradable Polymers 76227.14 Conclusions and Future Remarks 762References 76328 Biodegradable Polymers in Electronic Devices 773Niharika Kulshrestha28.1 Introduction 77428.2 Role of Biodegradable Polymers 77628.3 Various Biodegradable Polymers for Electronic Devices 77728.3.1 Biodegradable Insulators 77728.3.2 Biodegradable Semiconductors 77928.3.3 Biodegradable Conductors 78128.4 Conclusion 783References 78429 Importance and Applications of Biodegradable Materials and Bioplastics From the Renewable Resources 789Syed Riaz Ahmed, Fiaz Rasul, Aqsa Ijaz, Zunaira Anwar, Zarsha Naureen, Anam Riaz and Ijaz Rasul29.1 Biodegradable Materials 79029.2 Bioplastics 79129.3 Biodegradable Polymers 79429.3.1 Classification of Biodegradable Polymers 79429.3.1.1 Gelatin 79529.3.1.2 Chitosan 79629.3.1.3 Starch 79729.3.2 Properties of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials 79729.4 Applications of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials in Agriculture 79929.4.1 State-of-the-Art Different Applications of Bioplastics in Agriculture 80029.4.1.1 Agricultural Nets 80329.4.1.2 Grow Bags 80329.4.1.3 Mulch Films 80429.5 Applications of Microbial-Based Bioplastics in Medicine 80529.5.1 Polylactones 80529.5.2 Polyphosphoesters 80529.5.3 Polycarbonates 80629.5.4 Polylactic Acid 80629.5.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 80629.5.6 Biodegradable Stents 80629.5.7 Memory Enhancer 80729.6 Applications of Microbial-Based Bioplastics in Industries 80829.6.1 Aliphatic Polyester and Starch 80829.6.2 Cellulose Acetate and Starch 80829.6.3 Cellulose and Its Derivative 80829.6.4 Arboform 80929.6.5 Mater-Bi 80929.6.6 Bioceta 80929.6.7 Polyhydroxyalkanoate 80929.6.8 Loctron 81029.6.9 Cereplast 81029.7 Application of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials in Food Industry 81129.7.1 Bioplastic and Its Resources 81229.7.2 Food Packaging 81229.7.3 Natural Polymers Used in Food Packaging 81629.7.3.1 Starch-Based Natural Polymers 81629.7.3.2 Cellulose-Based Natural Polymers 81729.7.3.3 Chitosan or Chitin-Based Natural Polymers 81729.7.4 Protein-Based Natural Polymers 81829.7.4.1 Whey Protein 81829.7.4.2 Zein 81829.7.4.3 Soy Protein 81829.7.5 Bioplastics Derived Chemically From Renewable Resources 81929.7.5.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 81929.7.5.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Composite 81929.7.5.3 Polybutylene Succinate Composite 82029.7.5.4 Furandicarboxylic Acid Composite 82129.8 Application of Bioplastic Biomass for the Environmental Protection 82129.8.1 Biodegradation of Bioplastics 82229.8.2 Biodegradability and Environmental Effect of Renewable Materials 82329.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects 825References 825Index 837

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has published about 190 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and edited 60 books. Tariq Altalhi is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management, converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes, and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material. He also researches natural extracts and their application in the generation of value-added products such as nanomaterials.

• Preface xxv1 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 1S. Vishali, M. Susila and S. Kiruthika1.1 Introduction 11.2 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 31.2.1 Advantages of Biodegradable Materials 41.3 Silk 51.4 Polymers 71.4.1 Natural Polymers 71.4.2 Synthetic Polymers 81.5 Cellulose 101.6 Paper 111.7 Others 131.8 Biodegradable Electronic Components 161.9 Semiconductors 171.10 Substrate 181.11 Biodegradable Dielectrics 181.12 Insulators and Conductors 191.13 Conclusion 19Declaration About Copyright 20References 202 Biodegradable Thermoelectric Materials 29Niladri Sarkar, Gyanaranjan Sahoo, Anupam Sahoo and Bigyan Ranjan Jali2.1 Introduction 292.2 Biopolymer-Based Renewable Composites: An Alternative to Synthetic Materials 322.3 Working Principle of Thermoelectric Materials 352.4 Biopolymer Composite for Thermoelectric Application 362.4.1 Polylactic Acid–Based Thermoelectric Materials 362.4.2 Cellulose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 372.4.3 Chitosan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 392.4.4 Agarose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 412.4.5 Starch-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 432.4.6 Carrageenan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 452.4.7 Pullulan-Based Composites as Thermoelectric Materials 462.4.8 Lignin-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 462.5 Heparin-Based Biocomposites as Future Thermoelectric Materials 482.6 Conclusions 48References 493 Biodegradable Electronics: A Newly Emerging Environmental Technology 55Malini S., Kalyan Raj and K.S. Anantharaju3.1 Introduction 563.2 Properties of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 573.3 Transformational Applications of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 583.3.1 Cellulose 593.3.2 Silk 603.3.3 Stretchable Hydrogel 623.3.4 Conjugated Polymers and Metals 643.3.5 Graphene 653.3.6 Composites 673.4 Biodegradation Mechanisms 683.5 Conclusions 70Acknowledgements 70References 714 Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coatings From Fish Waste Materials 75Juliana Santos Delava, Keiti Lopes Maestre, Carina Contini Triques, Fabiano Bisinella Scheufele, Veronice Slusarski-Santana and Mônica Lady Fiorese4.1 Introduction 764.2 Fishery Chain Industry 784.2.1 Evolution of the Fishery Chain Industry 784.2.2 Applications of Fish Waste Materials 804.3 Films or Coatings Based on Proteins From Fish Waste Materials 854.3.1 Films or Coatings for Food Packaging 854.3.2 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings 894.3.2.1 Fish Proteins and Processes for Obtaining Collagen/Gelatin and Myofibrillar Proteins 894.3.2.2 Development of Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coating 944.3.3 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings Incorporated With Additives and/or Plasticizers 974.3.3.1 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Organic Additives and/or Plasticizers and Their Applications 1014.3.3.2 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Inorganic Additives and/or Plasticizers 1194.4 Conclusion 126References 1275 Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials 141Marcia Parente Melo da Costa and Ivana Lourenço de Mello Ferreira5.1 Introduction 1415.2 Biohydrogels: Superabsorbent Materials 1425.3 Polysaccharides: Biopolymers from Renewable Sources 1435.3.1 Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 1455.3.2 Chitosan (CH) 1485.3.3 Alginate 1495.3.4 Carrageenans 1505.4 Applications of Superabsorbent Biohydrogels (SBHs) Based on Polysaccharides 1525.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 159Acknowledgments 160References 1606 Bioplastics in Personal Protective Equipment 173Tapia-Fuentes Jocelyn, Cruz-Salas Arely Areanely, Alvarez-Zeferino Juan Carlos, Martínez-Salvador Carolina, Pérez-Aragón Beatriz and Vázquez-Morillas Alethia6.1 Introduction 1746.2 Conventional Personal Protective Equipment 1756.2.1 Face Masks 1766.2.1.1 Surgical Mask 1766.2.1.2 N95 Face Masks 1776.2.1.3 KN95 Face Masks 1786.2.1.4 Cloth Face Masks 1796.2.1.5 Two-Layered Face Mask (or Hygienic) 1806.2.2 Gloves 1816.2.2.1 Latex 1816.2.2.2 Nitrile 1826.2.2.3 Vinyl 1836.2.2.4 Foil (Polyethylene) 1846.3 Biodegradable and Biobased PPE 1856.3.1 Face Masks 1856.3.1.1 Polylactic Acid 1856.3.1.2 Polybutylene Succinate 1876.3.1.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol 1886.3.2 Gloves 1906.3.2.1 Butadiene Rubber (BR) 1906.3.2.2 Polyisoprene Rubber 1916.4 Environmental Impacts Caused by Personal Protective Equipment Made of Bioplastics 1926.4.1 Source and Raw Materials 1926.4.2 End of Life Scenarios 1936.4.3 Remarks on Biodegradability 1946.5 International Standards Applied to Biodegradable Plastics and Bioplastics 1946.6 Conclusions 199References 2007 Biodegradable Protective Films 211Asra Tariq and Naveed Ahmad7.1 Introduction 2127.1.1 Types of Protective Films 2137.2 Biodegradable Protective Films 2147.2.1 Processing of Biodegradable Protective Films 2217.2.2 Limitations Faced by Biodegradable Protective Films 222References 2238 No Plastic, No Pollution: Replacement of Plastics in the Equipments of Personal Protection 229Beenish Saba8.1 Introduction 2298.2 Bioplastics 2308.3 Biodegradation of Bioplastics 2328.4 Production of Bioplastics from Plant Sources 2348.5 Production of Bioplastics from Microbial Resources 2348.6 What Are PPEs Made Off? 2368.6.1 Face Masks 2368.6.2 Face and Eye Shields 2368.6.3 Gloves 2378.7 Biodegradable Materials for PPE 2378.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 238References 2389 Biodegradable Materials in Dentistry 243Sharmila Jasmine and Rajapandiyan Krishnamoorthy9.1 Introduction 2439.2 Biodegradable Materials 2469.2.1 Synthetic Polymers 2469.2.2 Natural Polymers 2469.2.3 Biodegradable Ceramics 2479.2.4 Bioactive Glass 2479.2.5 Biodegradable Metals 2479.3 Biodegradable Materials in Suturing 2489.4 Biodegradable Materials in Imaging and Diagnostics 2489.5 Biodegradable Materials in Oral Maxillofacial and Craniofacial Surgery 2499.6 Biodegradable Materials in Resorbable Plate and Screw System 2509.7 Biodegradable Materials in Alveolar Ridge Preservation 2509.8 Biodegradable Materials of Nanotopography in Cancer Therapy 2519.9 Biodegradable Materials in Endodontics 2529.10 Biodegradable Materials in Orthodontics 2539.11 Biodegradable Materials in Periodontics 2539.12 Conclusion 254References 25410 Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymeric Materials for Dentistry Applications 261Pallavi K.C., Arun M. Isloor and Lakshmi Nidhi Rao10.1 Introduction 26210.2 Polysaccharides 26410.2.1 Chitosan 26410.2.2 Cellulose 27510.2.3 Starch 27710.2.4 Alginate 27910.2.5 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) 28110.3 Proteins 28310.3.1 Collagen 28310.3.2 Fibrin 28510.3.3 Elastin 28610.3.4 Gelatins 28710.3.5 Silk 28810.4 Biopolyesters 28810.4.1 Poly (Glycolic Acid) (PGA) 28810.4.2 Poly (Lactic Acid) PLA 28810.4.3 Poly (Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA) 28910.4.4 Polycaprolactone 29010.4.5 Poly (Propylene Fumarate) 29110.5 Conclusion 291References 29211 Biodegradable Biomaterials in Bone Tissue Engineering 299Mehdi Ebrahimi11.1 Introduction 29911.2 Essential Characteristics and Considerations in Bone Scaffold Design 30211.3 Fabrication Technologies 30311.4 Incorporation of Bioactive Molecules During Scaffold Fabrication 30911.5 Biocompatibility and Interface Between Biodegradation and New Tissue Formation 31911.6 Biodegradation of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials 32011.7 Biodegradation of Polymeric Biomaterials 32411.8 Importance of Bone Remodeling 32511.9 Conclusion 326References 32712 Biodegradable Elastomer 335Preety Ahuja and Sanjeev Kumar Ujjain12.1 Introduction 33512.2 Biodegradation Testing 33712.3 Biodegradable Elastomers: An Overview 33812.3.1 Preparation Strategies 34012.3.2 Biodegradation and Erosion 34212.4 Application of Biodegradable Elastomers 34212.4.1 Drug Delivery 34312.4.2 Tissue Engineering 34512.4.2.1 Neural and Retinal Applications 34612.4.2.2 Cardiovascular Applications 34612.4.2.3 Orthopedic Applications 34712.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 347References 34813 Biodegradable Implant Materials 357Levent Oncel and Mehmet Bugdayci13.1 Introduction 35713.2 Medical Implants 35813.3 Biomaterials 35813.3.1 Biomaterial Types 35913.3.1.1 Polymer Biomaterials 35913.3.1.2 Metallic Biomaterials 36013.3.1.3 Ceramic Biomaterials 36313.4 Biodegradable Implant Materials 36413.4.1 Biodegradable Metals 36413.4.1.1 Magnesium-Based Biodegradable Materials 36513.4.1.2 Iron-Based Biodegradable Materials 36713.4.2 Biodegradable Polymers 36813.4.2.1 Polyesters 36913.4.2.2 Polycarbonates 37013.4.2.3 Polyanhydrides 37013.4.2.4 Poly(ortho esters) 37013.4.2.5 Poly(propylene fumarate) 37113.4.2.6 Poly(phosphazenes) 37113.4.2.7 Polyphosphoesters 37213.4.2.8 Polyurethanes 37213.5 Conclusion 372References 37314 Current Strategies in Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration Using Biodegradable Biomaterials 377Mehdi Ebrahimi and Waruna L. Dissanayaka14.1 Introduction 37814.2 Biodegradable Materials in Dental Pulp Regeneration 37914.2.1 Collagen-Based Gels 38014.2.2 Platelet-Rich Plasma 38214.2.3 Plasma-Rich Fibrin 38214.2.4 Gelatin 38314.2.5 Fibrin 38414.2.6 Alginate 38614.2.7 Chitosan 38614.2.8 Amino Acid Polymers 38814.2.9 Polymers of Lactic Acid 38914.2.10 Composite Polymer Scaffolds 39014.3 Biodegradable Biomaterials and Strategies for Tissue Engineering of Periodontium 39214.4 Coapplication of Auxiliary Agents With Biodegradable Biomaterials for Periodontal Tissue Engineering 39614.4.1 Stem Cells Applications in Periodontal Regeneration 39614.4.2 Bioactive Molecules for Periodontal Regeneration 39814.4.3 Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Periodontal Regeneration 40014.5 Regeneration of Periodontal Tissues Complex Using Biodegradable Biomaterials 40114.5.1 PDL Regeneration 40114.5.2 Cementum and Alveolar Bone Regeneration 40214.5.3 Integrated Regeneration of Periodontal Complex Structures 40214.6 Recent Advances in Periodontal Regeneration Using Supportive Techniques During Application of Biodegradable Biomaterials 40414.6.1 Laser Application in Periodontium Regeneration 40414.6.2 Gene Therapy in Periodontal Regeneration 40514.7 Conclusion and Future Remarks 408References 40915 A Review on Health Care Applications of Biopolymers 429Vijesh A. M. and Arun M. Isloor15.1 Introduction 43015.2 Biodegradable Polymers 43115.3 Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Applications 43715.4 Ceramics 44115.5 Biomaterials Used in Medical 3D Printing 44515.6 Conclusion 446References 44616 Biodegradable Materials for Bone Defect Repair 457Sharmila Jasmine and Rajapandiyan Krishnamoorthy16.1 Introduction 45716.2 Natural Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering 46016.2.1 Collagen 46016.2.2 Chitoson 46016.2.3 Fibrin 46016.2.4 Silk 46116.3 Other Materials 46116.4 Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers on Bone Tissue Engineering 46116.4.1 Poly (ε-caprolactone) 46216.4.2 Polyglycolic Acid 46216.4.3 Polylactic Acid 46216.4.4 Poly d,l-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid 46216.4.5 Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate) 46316.4.6 Poly (para-dioxanone) 46316.4.7 Hyaluronan-Based Biodegradable Polymer 46316.5 Biodegradable Ceramics 46316.6 Conclusion 465References 46517 Biosurfactant: A Biodegradable Antimicrobial Substance 471Maria da Gloria C. Silva, Anderson O. de Medeiros and Leonie A. Sarubbo17.1 Introduction 47217.2 Biosurfactants 47417.2.1 Biodegrability of Biosurfactants 47617.3 Biodegradation Method Tests for Surfactants Molecules 47817.3.1 OECD Biodegradability Tests 47817.3.2 ASTM Surfactants’ Biodegradability Test 47917.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants 47917.5 Progress in Industrial Production of Sustainable Surfactants 48017.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 480References 48118 Disposable Bioplastics 487Tuba Saleem, Ayesha Mahmood, Muhammad Zubair, Ijaz Rasul, Aansa Naseem and Habibullah Nadeem18.1 Introduction 48818.2 Classes of Disposable Bioplastics 48918.2.1 Structure and Characteristics of Most Common Degradable PHAs 48918.2.2 Properties of PHAs 48918.2.2.1 Thermal Properties 48918.2.2.2 Mechanical Properties 49018.3 Pros and Cons 49118.4 Substrates for the Production of Bioplastics 49118.4.1 Agro-Waste as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 49118.4.2 Cassava Peels as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 49218.4.3 Dairy Processing Waste as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 49218.4.4 Sugar Industry Waste (molasses) as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 49318.4.5 Waste Plant Oil as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 49418.4.6 Coffee Industry Waste Carbon Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 49418.4.7 Paper Mill Waste as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 49618.4.8 Kitchen Waste as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 49618.5 Microbial Sources of Bioplastic Production 49718.6 Upstream Processing 49818.6.1 Fermentation Strategies for PHA Production 49818.7 Metabolic Pathways 49918.7.1 Enzymes Involved in the Synthesis of PHAs 49918.8 Microbial Cell Factories for PHAs Production 50118.8.1 Pure Culture for PHA Synthesis 50118.8.2 Mixed Cultures for PHA Synthesis 50218.9 Synthesis 50218.9.1 Blending Methods of PHB and PHBV Lignocellulosic Biocomposites 50318.9.1.1 Solvent Casting 50318.9.1.2 Extrusion Method 50318.10 Factors Affecting PHA Production 50418.10.1 Effect of pH 50418.10.2 Composition of Feedstock 50518.10.3 Inoculum Size and Fermentation Mode 50518.11 Downstream Processing of Disposable Biopolymers 50518.12 PHA Extraction and Purification Methods 50618.13 Applications of Bioplastics/Disposable Bioplastics 50618.13.1 Denitrification Applications in Wastewater Treatment 50818.13.2 PHAs in Bone Scaffolds 50918.14 Characterization of PHA 51018.15 Biodegradation 51018.15.1 Biodegradation of PHAs 51018.16 Plastics Versus Bioplastics 51118.17 Challenges and Prospects for Production of Bioplastics 512References 51219 Plastic Biodegrading Microbes in the Environment and Their Applications 519Pooja Singh and Adeline Su Yien TingAbbreviations 52019.1 Introduction 52019.2 Occurrence and Diversity of Plastic-Degrading Microbes in Natural Environments 52219.3 Application of Plastic-Degrading Microbes 53319.3.1 Role of Bacteria in Plastic Degradation 53419.3.1.1 Actinobacteria 53419.3.1.2 Bacteroidetes 53519.3.1.3 Firmicutes 53519.3.1.4 Proteobacteria 53719.3.1.5 Cyanobacteria 53819.3.2 Role of Fungi in Plastic Degradation 53919.3.2.1 Ascomycota 53919.3.2.2 Basidiomycota 54119.3.2.3 Mucoromycota 54119.4 Factors Influencing Plastic Degradation by Microbes 54219.4.1 Microbial Factor 54219.4.2 Polymer Characteristics 54319.4.3 Environmental Condition 54419.5 Biotechnological Advances in Microbial-Mediated Plastic Degradation 54519.5.1 Biosourcing for Plastic Degraders from Various Environments 54619.5.2 Multiomics Approach 54719.5.3 Analytical Tools to Optimize Plastic Degradation 54819.6 Conclusion 550Acknowledgment 551References 55120 Paradigm Shift in Environmental Remediation Toward Sustainable Development: Biodegradable Materials and ICT Applications 565Biswajit Debnath, Saswati Gharami, Suparna Bhattacharyya, Adrija Das and Ankita Das20.1 Introduction 56620.2 Methodology 56820.3 Application of Biodegradable Materials in Environmental Remediation and Sustainable Development 56820.3.1 Biodegradable Sensors 56820.3.2 Biosorbents and Biochars 57320.3.3 Bioplastics 57520.4 Discussion and Analysis 57720.4.1 Application of ICT as Future Vision 57720.4.2 Sustainability Aspects 57920.5 Conclusion 581Acknowledgment 581References 58121 Biodegradable Composite for Smart Packaging Applications 593S. Bharadwaj, Vivek Dhand and Y. Kalyana Lakshmi21.1 Introduction to Packing Applications 59421.1.1 Current Materials 59521.1.2 Issues and Concerns 59721.2 Biodegradable Materials 59721.2.1 What are Biopolymers? 59821.2.1.1 Starch 59921.2.1.2 Cellulose 59921.2.2 Advantages of Biopolymer Composites 59921.2.3 List of Biopolymer Materials 60021.3 Preparation of Composite 60021.3.1 Identify the Materials 60021.3.2 Fabrication of Biopolymer Composites 60521.4 Indicators of Performance 60721.5 Mechanical Properties 61021.6 Biodegradable Test 61221.7 Smart Packing Applications 61221.7.1 Active Biopackaging 61321.7.2 Informative and Responsive Packaging 61421.7.3 Ergonomic Packaging 61421.7.4 Scavenging Films 61421.7.5 NanoSensors 61521.7.6 Product Identification and Tempering Proof Product 61521.7.7 Indicators 61621.7.8 Nanosensors and Absorbers 61621.8 Testing of Packaging Using Different Standard 61621.9 Conclusions 617References 61722 Impact of Biodegradable Packaging Materials on Food Quality: A Sustainable Approach 627Mohammad Amir, Naushin Bano, Mohd. Rehan Zaheer, Tahayya Haq and Roohi22.1 Introduction 62822.2 Food Packaging 62822.3 Food Packaging Material 62922.3.1 Types of Food Packaging Materials 63022.3.1.1 Paper-Based Packaging 63122.3.1.2 Glass-Based Packaging 63222.3.1.3 Metal-Based Packaging 63322.3.1.4 Plastic-Based Packaging 63422.4 Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials 63522.5 Different Biodegradable Materials for Food Packaging 63622.5.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 63722.5.2 Polyhydroxybutyrates 63822.5.3 Poly (4-Hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB) 63922.5.4 Poly-(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxy Valerate) 64022.5.5 Poly-Hydroxy-Octanoate 64022.5.6 Starch-Based Material 64022.5.7 Thermoplastic Starch 64122.5.8 Starch-Based Nanocomposite Films 64222.5.9 Cellulose-Based 64322.5.10 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 64422.6 Applications of Biodegradable Material in Edible Film Coating 64622.7 Conclusion 647Acknowledgment 648References 64823 Biodegradable Pots—For Sustainable Environment 653Elsa Cherian, Jobil J. Arackal, Jayasree Joshi T. and Anitha Krishnan V. C.23.1 Introduction 65323.2 Biodegradable Pots 65523.3 Materials for the Fabrication of Biodegradables Pots 65623.3.1 Biodegradable Planting Pots Based on Bioplastics 65623.3.2 Biopots Based on Industrial and Agricultural Waste 65823.4 Synthesis of Biodegradable Pots 66123.5 Effect of Biopots on Plant Growth and Quality 66323.6 Quality Testing of Biodegradable Pots 66423.7 Consumer Preferences of Biodegradable Pots 66523.8 Future Perspectives 66623.9 Conclusion 667References 66724 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics 673Parveen Saini, Gurpreet Kaur, Jandeep Singh and Harminder Singh24.1 Introduction 67424.2 Biopolymers/Bioplastics 67524.3 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers/Plastics 67724.3.1 Biomedical Applications 67724.3.1.1 Biodegradable Polymers in the Development of Therapeutic Devices in Tissue Engineering 67724.3.1.2 Biodegradable Polymers as Implants 67824.3.1.3 Biobased Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems 67924.3.2 Other Commercial Applications 67924.3.2.1 Biodegradable Polymers as Packaging Materials 68024.3.2.2 Biodegradable Plastics in Electronics, Automotives, and Agriculture 68124.3.2.3 Biobased Polymer in 3D Printing 68124.4 Conclusion 682References 68225 Biopolymeric Nanofibrous Materials for Environmental Remediation 687Pallavi K.C. and Arun M. Isloor25.1 Introduction 68825.2 Fabrication of Nanofibers 68925.3 Nanofibrous Materials in Environmental Remediation 69125.3.1 Water Purification 69125.3.2 Air Filtration 70225.3.3 Soil-Related Problems 70525.4 Conclusions 708References 70926 Bioplastic Materials from Oils 715Aansa Naseem, Farrukh Azeem, Muhammad Hussnain Siddique, Sabir Hussain, Ijaz Rasul, Tuba Saleem, Arfaa Sajid and Habibullah Nadeem26.1 Introduction 71626.2 Natural Oils 72026.2.1 Bioplastic Production from Natural Oils 72026.3 Waste Oils 72026.4 Types of Oily Wastes 72126.4.1 Cooking Oil Waste 72126.4.2 Fats from Animals 72126.4.3 Effluents from Plant Oil Mills 72226.5 Bioplastic Production from Oily Waste 72226.6 Improvement in Bioplastic Production from Waste Oil by Genetic Approaches 72326.7 Impact of Bioplastic Produced from Waste Cooking Oil 72626.7.1 Health and Medicine 72626.7.2 Environment 72726.7.3 Population 72726.8 Assessment Techniques for Bioplastic Synthesis Using Waste Oil 72726.8.1 Economic Assessment 72726.8.2 Environment Assessment 72826.8.3 Sensitivity Analysis 72826.8.4 Multiobjective Optimization 72826.9 Conclusion 728References 72927 Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer 735Panchami H. R., Arun M. Isloor, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail and Rini Susanti27.1 Introduction 73627.2 Biodegradability and Biodegradable Polymer 73727.2.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers 73927.2.1.1 Extracted from the Biomass 73927.2.1.2 Extracted Directly by Natural or Genetically Modified Organism 74027.2.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 74027.3 Recovery of Protein by Coagulation/Flocculation Processes 74027.3.1 Categories of Composite Coagulants 74127.3.1.1 Inorganic Polymer Flocculants 74127.3.1.2 Organic Polymer Flocculants 74127.3.2 Mechanism of Bioflocculation 74227.3.3 Some of the Examples for Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer 74327.3.3.1 Chitosan as Flocculant 74327.3.3.2 Lignosulfonate as Flocculant 74527.3.3.3 Cellulose as Flocculant 74727.4 Recovery of Proteins by Aqueous Two-Phase System 74727.5 Types of the Aqueous Two-Phase System and Phase Components 74827.6 Recovery Process and Factors Influencing the Aqueous Two-Phase System 74927.7 Partition Coefficient and the Protein Recovery 75127.8 Some of the Examples of Recovery of Protein by Biodegradable Polymers 75127.9 Advantages of ATPS 75227.10 Limitations 75227.11 Challenges and Future Perspective 75227.12 Recovery of Proteins by Membrane Technology 75327.12.1 Classification of Membranes 75327.12.2 Membrane Fouling by Protein Deposition 75427.12.3 Recovery of a Protein by a Biodegradable Polymer 75527.13 Limitations to Biodegradable Polymers 76227.14 Conclusions and Future Remarks 762References 76328 Biodegradable Polymers in Electronic Devices 773Niharika Kulshrestha28.1 Introduction 77428.2 Role of Biodegradable Polymers 77628.3 Various Biodegradable Polymers for Electronic Devices 77728.3.1 Biodegradable Insulators 77728.3.2 Biodegradable Semiconductors 77928.3.3 Biodegradable Conductors 78128.4 Conclusion 783References 78429 Importance and Applications of Biodegradable Materials and Bioplastics From the Renewable Resources 789Syed Riaz Ahmed, Fiaz Rasul, Aqsa Ijaz, Zunaira Anwar, Zarsha Naureen, Anam Riaz and Ijaz Rasul29.1 Biodegradable Materials 79029.2 Bioplastics 79129.3 Biodegradable Polymers 79429.3.1 Classification of Biodegradable Polymers 79429.3.1.1 Gelatin 79529.3.1.2 Chitosan 79629.3.1.3 Starch 79729.3.2 Properties of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials 79729.4 Applications of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials in Agriculture 79929.4.1 State-of-the-Art Different Applications of Bioplastics in Agriculture 80029.4.1.1 Agricultural Nets 80329.4.1.2 Grow Bags 80329.4.1.3 Mulch Films 80429.5 Applications of Microbial-Based Bioplastics in Medicine 80529.5.1 Polylactones 80529.5.2 Polyphosphoesters 80529.5.3 Polycarbonates 80629.5.4 Polylactic Acid 80629.5.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 80629.5.6 Biodegradable Stents 80629.5.7 Memory Enhancer 80729.6 Applications of Microbial-Based Bioplastics in Industries 80829.6.1 Aliphatic Polyester and Starch 80829.6.2 Cellulose Acetate and Starch 80829.6.3 Cellulose and Its Derivative 80829.6.4 Arboform 80929.6.5 Mater-Bi 80929.6.6 Bioceta 80929.6.7 Polyhydroxyalkanoate 80929.6.8 Loctron 81029.6.9 Cereplast 81029.7 Application of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials in Food Industry 81129.7.1 Bioplastic and Its Resources 81229.7.2 Food Packaging 81229.7.3 Natural Polymers Used in Food Packaging 81629.7.3.1 Starch-Based Natural Polymers 81629.7.3.2 Cellulose-Based Natural Polymers 81729.7.3.3 Chitosan or Chitin-Based Natural Polymers 81729.7.4 Protein-Based Natural Polymers 81829.7.4.1 Whey Protein 81829.7.4.2 Zein 81829.7.4.3 Soy Protein 81829.7.5 Bioplastics Derived Chemically From Renewable Resources 81929.7.5.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 81929.7.5.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Composite 81929.7.5.3 Polybutylene Succinate Composite 82029.7.5.4 Furandicarboxylic Acid Composite 82129.8 Application of Bioplastic Biomass for the Environmental Protection 82129.8.1 Biodegradation of Bioplastics 82229.8.2 Biodegradability and Environmental Effect of Renewable Materials 82329.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects 825References 825Index 837