ANITA THAPAR, MBBCh, PhD, FRCPsych, FMedSci, CBE, Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. DANIEL S. PINE, MD, Chief, Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA. SAMUELE CORTESE, MD, PhD, NIHR Research Professor and Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Southampton, UK. CATHY CRESWELL, BA (Ox Hons), DClinPsy, PhD, Professor of Developmental Clinical Psychology, Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. TAMSIN J. FORD, PhD, FRCPsych, FMedSci, CBE, Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. JAMES F. LECKMAN, MD, PhD, Neison Harris Professor of Child Psychiatry, Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. ARGYRIS STRINGARIS, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.

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• List of Contributors viiiForeword xivPreface xvAbout the companion website xviPart I: Conceptual issues and research approachesA: Developmental psychopathology1 Development and psychopathology: a life course perspective 5Stephan Collishaw and Frances Rice2 Diagnosis, diagnostic formulation, and classification 19Daniel S. Pine3 Neurodevelopmental disorders 31Anita Thapar and Francesca Happé4 Conceptual issues and empirical challenges in relation to disruptive and challenging behavior 42Essi Viding and Stephane De Brito5 Emotion, emotion regulation and disorder: conceptual issues for clinicians and neuroscientists 55Argyris Stringaris6 Attachment: normal development, individual differences, and associations with experience 68Kristin Bernard and Mary Dozier7 Infant and early childhood mental health 81Brittnie Fowler and Charles H. Zeanah8 Temperament mechanisms in developmental psychopathology 94Kristin A. Buss and Koraly Pérez-Edgar9 Transdiagnostic perspectives 107Giovanni Abrahão Salum and Mauricio Scopel HoffmannB: Neurobiology10 Neurobiological perspectives on the developing human brain 123Mark H. Johnson and Duncan E. Astle11 Neuroimaging in child and adolescent psychiatry: the key elements 137Tonya White12 Systems neuroscience 151Daniel S. PineC: Research approaches and service planning13 Identifying causal effects using natural experiments and other designs 165Anita Thapar and Kate Tilling14 The role of epidemiology and youth voice in planning, organizing, and improving mental health services 178Tamsin J. Ford and Tamsin Newlove-Delgado15 Establishing the clinical effectiveness of interventions and implementations 191Helena Chmura Kraemer16 What clinicians need to know about statistical methods 203Rachael Bedford and Daniel Stahl17 How can economics help decision-makers to improve child and adolescent mental health equitably and efficiently? 218Martin Knapp and Sara Evans-Lacko18 Public health challenges in child and adolescent mental health: dealing with global and local threats 231Lucie Cluver, Isang Awah and Andrea Danese19 Legal issues in the care and treatment of children with mental health problems 242Brenda Hale and Jonathan Herring Copyrighted MaterialPart II: Influences on psychopathology20 Biological mechanisms linking childhood adversity to mental health problems 255Andrea Danese and Eamon McCrory21 Genetics 268Anita Thapar and Matthew W. State22 Psychosocial adversity 283Jennifer Jenkins, Sheri Madigan and Louise Arseneault23 Resilience: a multilevel developmental psychopathology perspective 295Dante Cicchetti24 Impact of parental psychiatric disorder on children’s psychological outcomes 307Alan Stein, Rebecca M. Pearson and Gordon Harold25 Child abuse and neglect 319Danya Glaser26 Neurological disorders and psychopathology 332Isobel Heyman, David Skuse and Ashley LiewPart III: Approaching the clinical encounterA: The clinical assessment27 Clinical assessment and formulation 349James F. Leckman28 Use of structured interviews, rating scales, and observational methods in clinical settings 361Argyris Stringaris29 Psychological assessment in the clinical context 374William Mandy, Jennifer L. Hudson and Tara Murphy30 Physical examination and medical investigation 386Kenneth E. TowbinB: Interventions31 Psychological interventions: overview and critical issues for the field 401V. Robin Weersing and Michelle Rozenman32 Prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and promotion of well-being 414Nathaniel R. Riggs and Brittany Rhoades Cooper33 Parenting programs 428Stephen Scott and Frances Gardner34 Cognitive and behavioral therapies for children and young people 441Cathy Creswell and Eleanor Leigh35 Systemic family therapy 453Mark Rivett, Hannah Sherbersky and Rick Miller36 Relationship-based treatments 465Jonathan Green and Nick Midgley37 Educational interventions for children’s learning difficulties 477Charles Hulme, Enrica Donolato and Monica Melby-Lervåg38 School-based mental health interventions 490Hiran Thabrew and Sally Merry39 Pharmacological treatments, dietary-based interventions, and neuromodulation therapies 502Samuele Cortese and David CoghillC: Contexts of the clinical encounter and specific clinical situations40 Diversity: gender identity and sexual orientation 519Tomer Shechner and Aron Janssen41 Refugee, asylum-seeking, and internally displaced children 532Mina Fazel42 Residential care, foster care, and adoption 547Helen Minnis and Rachel Hiller43 Pediatric consultation and psychiatric aspects of somatic disease 558Eric P. Hazen and Jessica E. Becker44 Children with specific sensory impairments 570Naomi Dale and Fionna Bathgate45 Child and youth mental health services in community health care settings 584J.L. Henderson and Skye Barbic46 Working in low-resource settings 593Dan J. Stein and Lauren Franz47 Forensic child and adolescent psychiatry 605Alexandra Lewis, Seena Fazel and Rohan Borschmann48 Intensive community services, day units, and inpatient services 619Andy Cotgrove, Bernadka Dubicka and Gabrielle A. Carlson49 Digital technology: assessment and treatment 633Chris Hollis, Maria Loades and Charlotte L. HallPart IV: Clinical syndromes: neurodevelopment, emotional, behavior, somatic/body– brainA: Neurodevelopment50 Autism 651Peter Szatmari, Stephanie H. Ameis and Meng-Chuan Lai51 Developmental language disorders 674Courtenay Norbury52 Specific learning disorders 692Margaret J. Snowling and Charles Hulme53 Intellectual disability 712Emily Simonoff and Maria Rogdaki54 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 732Samuele Cortese and Luis Augusto Rohde55 Tic disorders 752James F. Leckman and Michael H. Bloch56 Schizophrenia and psychosis 771Marinos KyriakopoulosB: Emotional57 Disorders of attachment and social engagement related to deprivation 793Julianna Finelli and Charles H. Zeanah58 Post-traumatic stress disorder 807Richard Meiser-Stedman, Patrick Smith and William Yule59 Anxiety disorders 824Daniel S. Pine60 Obsessive– compulsive disorder 842Philip Shaw and Judith L. Rapoport61 Body dysmorphic disorder 860Georgina Krebs and David Mataix-Cols62 Bipolar disorder in childhood and adolescence 880Daniel P. Dickstein and Danella M. Hafeman63 Depressive disorders in children and adolescents 898John T. Walkup and Jeffrey R. Strawn64 Self-harm in young people 915Dennis Ougrin and Michael KaessC: Behavior65 Oppositional defiant and conduct disorders 937Stephen Scott and Christian Bachmann66 Substance use and substance use disorder 956Eilish Gilvarry67 Personality disorders 975Jonathan Hill and Carla SharpD: Somatic/body– brain68 Sleep and sleep disorders in children and adolescents 995Eleanor L. McGlinchey and Judith A. Owens69 Feeding and eating disorders 1016Rachel Bryant-Waugh and Julian Baudinet70 Somatic symptom and related disorders 1035Charlotte Ulrikka Rask, Laura Markley and Eva SzigethyIndex 1054

ANITA THAPAR, MBBCh, PhD, FRCPsych, FMedSci, CBE, Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. DANIEL S. PINE, MD, Chief, Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA. SAMUELE CORTESE, MD, PhD, NIHR Research Professor and Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Southampton, UK. CATHY CRESWELL, BA (Ox Hons), DClinPsy, PhD, Professor of Developmental Clinical Psychology, Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. TAMSIN J. FORD, PhD, FRCPsych, FMedSci, CBE, Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. JAMES F. LECKMAN, MD, PhD, Neison Harris Professor of Child Psychiatry, Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. ARGYRIS STRINGARIS, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.

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• List of Contributors viiiForeword xivPreface xvAbout the companion website xviPart I: Conceptual issues and research approachesA: Developmental psychopathology1 Development and psychopathology: a life course perspective 5Stephan Collishaw and Frances Rice2 Diagnosis, diagnostic formulation, and classification 19Daniel S. Pine3 Neurodevelopmental disorders 31Anita Thapar and Francesca Happé4 Conceptual issues and empirical challenges in relation to disruptive and challenging behavior 42Essi Viding and Stephane De Brito5 Emotion, emotion regulation and disorder: conceptual issues for clinicians and neuroscientists 55Argyris Stringaris6 Attachment: normal development, individual differences, and associations with experience 68Kristin Bernard and Mary Dozier7 Infant and early childhood mental health 81Brittnie Fowler and Charles H. Zeanah8 Temperament mechanisms in developmental psychopathology 94Kristin A. Buss and Koraly Pérez-Edgar9 Transdiagnostic perspectives 107Giovanni Abrahão Salum and Mauricio Scopel HoffmannB: Neurobiology10 Neurobiological perspectives on the developing human brain 123Mark H. Johnson and Duncan E. Astle11 Neuroimaging in child and adolescent psychiatry: the key elements 137Tonya White12 Systems neuroscience 151Daniel S. PineC: Research approaches and service planning13 Identifying causal effects using natural experiments and other designs 165Anita Thapar and Kate Tilling14 The role of epidemiology and youth voice in planning, organizing, and improving mental health services 178Tamsin J. Ford and Tamsin Newlove-Delgado15 Establishing the clinical effectiveness of interventions and implementations 191Helena Chmura Kraemer16 What clinicians need to know about statistical methods 203Rachael Bedford and Daniel Stahl17 How can economics help decision-makers to improve child and adolescent mental health equitably and efficiently? 218Martin Knapp and Sara Evans-Lacko18 Public health challenges in child and adolescent mental health: dealing with global and local threats 231Lucie Cluver, Isang Awah and Andrea Danese19 Legal issues in the care and treatment of children with mental health problems 242Brenda Hale and Jonathan Herring Copyrighted MaterialPart II: Influences on psychopathology20 Biological mechanisms linking childhood adversity to mental health problems 255Andrea Danese and Eamon McCrory21 Genetics 268Anita Thapar and Matthew W. State22 Psychosocial adversity 283Jennifer Jenkins, Sheri Madigan and Louise Arseneault23 Resilience: a multilevel developmental psychopathology perspective 295Dante Cicchetti24 Impact of parental psychiatric disorder on children’s psychological outcomes 307Alan Stein, Rebecca M. Pearson and Gordon Harold25 Child abuse and neglect 319Danya Glaser26 Neurological disorders and psychopathology 332Isobel Heyman, David Skuse and Ashley LiewPart III: Approaching the clinical encounterA: The clinical assessment27 Clinical assessment and formulation 349James F. Leckman28 Use of structured interviews, rating scales, and observational methods in clinical settings 361Argyris Stringaris29 Psychological assessment in the clinical context 374William Mandy, Jennifer L. Hudson and Tara Murphy30 Physical examination and medical investigation 386Kenneth E. TowbinB: Interventions31 Psychological interventions: overview and critical issues for the field 401V. Robin Weersing and Michelle Rozenman32 Prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and promotion of well-being 414Nathaniel R. Riggs and Brittany Rhoades Cooper33 Parenting programs 428Stephen Scott and Frances Gardner34 Cognitive and behavioral therapies for children and young people 441Cathy Creswell and Eleanor Leigh35 Systemic family therapy 453Mark Rivett, Hannah Sherbersky and Rick Miller36 Relationship-based treatments 465Jonathan Green and Nick Midgley37 Educational interventions for children’s learning difficulties 477Charles Hulme, Enrica Donolato and Monica Melby-Lervåg38 School-based mental health interventions 490Hiran Thabrew and Sally Merry39 Pharmacological treatments, dietary-based interventions, and neuromodulation therapies 502Samuele Cortese and David CoghillC: Contexts of the clinical encounter and specific clinical situations40 Diversity: gender identity and sexual orientation 519Tomer Shechner and Aron Janssen41 Refugee, asylum-seeking, and internally displaced children 532Mina Fazel42 Residential care, foster care, and adoption 547Helen Minnis and Rachel Hiller43 Pediatric consultation and psychiatric aspects of somatic disease 558Eric P. Hazen and Jessica E. Becker44 Children with specific sensory impairments 570Naomi Dale and Fionna Bathgate45 Child and youth mental health services in community health care settings 584J.L. Henderson and Skye Barbic46 Working in low-resource settings 593Dan J. Stein and Lauren Franz47 Forensic child and adolescent psychiatry 605Alexandra Lewis, Seena Fazel and Rohan Borschmann48 Intensive community services, day units, and inpatient services 619Andy Cotgrove, Bernadka Dubicka and Gabrielle A. Carlson49 Digital technology: assessment and treatment 633Chris Hollis, Maria Loades and Charlotte L. HallPart IV: Clinical syndromes: neurodevelopment, emotional, behavior, somatic/body– brainA: Neurodevelopment50 Autism 651Peter Szatmari, Stephanie H. Ameis and Meng-Chuan Lai51 Developmental language disorders 674Courtenay Norbury52 Specific learning disorders 692Margaret J. Snowling and Charles Hulme53 Intellectual disability 712Emily Simonoff and Maria Rogdaki54 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 732Samuele Cortese and Luis Augusto Rohde55 Tic disorders 752James F. Leckman and Michael H. Bloch56 Schizophrenia and psychosis 771Marinos KyriakopoulosB: Emotional57 Disorders of attachment and social engagement related to deprivation 793Julianna Finelli and Charles H. Zeanah58 Post-traumatic stress disorder 807Richard Meiser-Stedman, Patrick Smith and William Yule59 Anxiety disorders 824Daniel S. Pine60 Obsessive– compulsive disorder 842Philip Shaw and Judith L. Rapoport61 Body dysmorphic disorder 860Georgina Krebs and David Mataix-Cols62 Bipolar disorder in childhood and adolescence 880Daniel P. Dickstein and Danella M. Hafeman63 Depressive disorders in children and adolescents 898John T. Walkup and Jeffrey R. Strawn64 Self-harm in young people 915Dennis Ougrin and Michael KaessC: Behavior65 Oppositional defiant and conduct disorders 937Stephen Scott and Christian Bachmann66 Substance use and substance use disorder 956Eilish Gilvarry67 Personality disorders 975Jonathan Hill and Carla SharpD: Somatic/body– brain68 Sleep and sleep disorders in children and adolescents 995Eleanor L. McGlinchey and Judith A. Owens69 Feeding and eating disorders 1016Rachel Bryant-Waugh and Julian Baudinet70 Somatic symptom and related disorders 1035Charlotte Ulrikka Rask, Laura Markley and Eva SzigethyIndex 1054

ANITA THAPAR, MBBCh, PhD, FRCPsych, FMedSci, CBE, Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. DANIEL S. PINE, MD, Chief, Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA. SAMUELE CORTESE, MD, PhD, NIHR Research Professor and Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Southampton, UK. CATHY CRESWELL, BA (Ox Hons), DClinPsy, PhD, Professor of Developmental Clinical Psychology, Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. TAMSIN J. FORD, PhD, FRCPsych, FMedSci, CBE, Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. JAMES F. LECKMAN, MD, PhD, Neison Harris Professor of Child Psychiatry, Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. ARGYRIS STRINGARIS, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.

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• List of Contributors viiiForeword xivPreface xvAbout the companion website xviPart I: Conceptual issues and research approachesA: Developmental psychopathology1 Development and psychopathology: a life course perspective 5Stephan Collishaw and Frances Rice2 Diagnosis, diagnostic formulation, and classification 19Daniel S. Pine3 Neurodevelopmental disorders 31Anita Thapar and Francesca Happé4 Conceptual issues and empirical challenges in relation to disruptive and challenging behavior 42Essi Viding and Stephane De Brito5 Emotion, emotion regulation and disorder: conceptual issues for clinicians and neuroscientists 55Argyris Stringaris6 Attachment: normal development, individual differences, and associations with experience 68Kristin Bernard and Mary Dozier7 Infant and early childhood mental health 81Brittnie Fowler and Charles H. Zeanah8 Temperament mechanisms in developmental psychopathology 94Kristin A. Buss and Koraly Pérez-Edgar9 Transdiagnostic perspectives 107Giovanni Abrahão Salum and Mauricio Scopel HoffmannB: Neurobiology10 Neurobiological perspectives on the developing human brain 123Mark H. Johnson and Duncan E. Astle11 Neuroimaging in child and adolescent psychiatry: the key elements 137Tonya White12 Systems neuroscience 151Daniel S. PineC: Research approaches and service planning13 Identifying causal effects using natural experiments and other designs 165Anita Thapar and Kate Tilling14 The role of epidemiology and youth voice in planning, organizing, and improving mental health services 178Tamsin J. Ford and Tamsin Newlove-Delgado15 Establishing the clinical effectiveness of interventions and implementations 191Helena Chmura Kraemer16 What clinicians need to know about statistical methods 203Rachael Bedford and Daniel Stahl17 How can economics help decision-makers to improve child and adolescent mental health equitably and efficiently? 218Martin Knapp and Sara Evans-Lacko18 Public health challenges in child and adolescent mental health: dealing with global and local threats 231Lucie Cluver, Isang Awah and Andrea Danese19 Legal issues in the care and treatment of children with mental health problems 242Brenda Hale and Jonathan Herring Copyrighted MaterialPart II: Influences on psychopathology20 Biological mechanisms linking childhood adversity to mental health problems 255Andrea Danese and Eamon McCrory21 Genetics 268Anita Thapar and Matthew W. State22 Psychosocial adversity 283Jennifer Jenkins, Sheri Madigan and Louise Arseneault23 Resilience: a multilevel developmental psychopathology perspective 295Dante Cicchetti24 Impact of parental psychiatric disorder on children’s psychological outcomes 307Alan Stein, Rebecca M. Pearson and Gordon Harold25 Child abuse and neglect 319Danya Glaser26 Neurological disorders and psychopathology 332Isobel Heyman, David Skuse and Ashley LiewPart III: Approaching the clinical encounterA: The clinical assessment27 Clinical assessment and formulation 349James F. Leckman28 Use of structured interviews, rating scales, and observational methods in clinical settings 361Argyris Stringaris29 Psychological assessment in the clinical context 374William Mandy, Jennifer L. Hudson and Tara Murphy30 Physical examination and medical investigation 386Kenneth E. TowbinB: Interventions31 Psychological interventions: overview and critical issues for the field 401V. Robin Weersing and Michelle Rozenman32 Prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and promotion of well-being 414Nathaniel R. Riggs and Brittany Rhoades Cooper33 Parenting programs 428Stephen Scott and Frances Gardner34 Cognitive and behavioral therapies for children and young people 441Cathy Creswell and Eleanor Leigh35 Systemic family therapy 453Mark Rivett, Hannah Sherbersky and Rick Miller36 Relationship-based treatments 465Jonathan Green and Nick Midgley37 Educational interventions for children’s learning difficulties 477Charles Hulme, Enrica Donolato and Monica Melby-Lervåg38 School-based mental health interventions 490Hiran Thabrew and Sally Merry39 Pharmacological treatments, dietary-based interventions, and neuromodulation therapies 502Samuele Cortese and David CoghillC: Contexts of the clinical encounter and specific clinical situations40 Diversity: gender identity and sexual orientation 519Tomer Shechner and Aron Janssen41 Refugee, asylum-seeking, and internally displaced children 532Mina Fazel42 Residential care, foster care, and adoption 547Helen Minnis and Rachel Hiller43 Pediatric consultation and psychiatric aspects of somatic disease 558Eric P. Hazen and Jessica E. Becker44 Children with specific sensory impairments 570Naomi Dale and Fionna Bathgate45 Child and youth mental health services in community health care settings 584J.L. Henderson and Skye Barbic46 Working in low-resource settings 593Dan J. Stein and Lauren Franz47 Forensic child and adolescent psychiatry 605Alexandra Lewis, Seena Fazel and Rohan Borschmann48 Intensive community services, day units, and inpatient services 619Andy Cotgrove, Bernadka Dubicka and Gabrielle A. Carlson49 Digital technology: assessment and treatment 633Chris Hollis, Maria Loades and Charlotte L. HallPart IV: Clinical syndromes: neurodevelopment, emotional, behavior, somatic/body– brainA: Neurodevelopment50 Autism 651Peter Szatmari, Stephanie H. Ameis and Meng-Chuan Lai51 Developmental language disorders 674Courtenay Norbury52 Specific learning disorders 692Margaret J. Snowling and Charles Hulme53 Intellectual disability 712Emily Simonoff and Maria Rogdaki54 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 732Samuele Cortese and Luis Augusto Rohde55 Tic disorders 752James F. Leckman and Michael H. Bloch56 Schizophrenia and psychosis 771Marinos KyriakopoulosB: Emotional57 Disorders of attachment and social engagement related to deprivation 793Julianna Finelli and Charles H. Zeanah58 Post-traumatic stress disorder 807Richard Meiser-Stedman, Patrick Smith and William Yule59 Anxiety disorders 824Daniel S. Pine60 Obsessive– compulsive disorder 842Philip Shaw and Judith L. Rapoport61 Body dysmorphic disorder 860Georgina Krebs and David Mataix-Cols62 Bipolar disorder in childhood and adolescence 880Daniel P. Dickstein and Danella M. Hafeman63 Depressive disorders in children and adolescents 898John T. Walkup and Jeffrey R. Strawn64 Self-harm in young people 915Dennis Ougrin and Michael KaessC: Behavior65 Oppositional defiant and conduct disorders 937Stephen Scott and Christian Bachmann66 Substance use and substance use disorder 956Eilish Gilvarry67 Personality disorders 975Jonathan Hill and Carla SharpD: Somatic/body– brain68 Sleep and sleep disorders in children and adolescents 995Eleanor L. McGlinchey and Judith A. Owens69 Feeding and eating disorders 1016Rachel Bryant-Waugh and Julian Baudinet70 Somatic symptom and related disorders 1035Charlotte Ulrikka Rask, Laura Markley and Eva SzigethyIndex 1054