Using LEDs, LCDs and GLCDs in Microcontroller Projects

Dogan Ibrahim, Department of Computer Engineering, Near East University,CyprusProfessor Ibrahim is currently Head of the Department of Computer Engineering at Near East University, Cyprus. He has been a lecturer at Near East University since 1999, and prior to this held a range of roles including Principal Research Engineer at GEC Hirst Research Centre, London and Lecturer at South Bank University, London. He is an IEE Fellow.

• Preface xiiiAcknowledgements xv1 Introduction to Microcontrollers and Display Systems 11.1 Microcontrollers and Microprocessors 21.2 Evolution of the Microcontroller 31.3 Parts of a Microcontroller 41.3.1 Address 41.3.2 ALU 51.3.3 Analogue Comparator 51.3.4 Analogue-to-Digital Converter 51.3.5 Brown-out Detector 51.3.6 Bus 51.3.7 CAN 61.3.8 CISC 61.3.9 Clock 61.3.10 CPU 61.3.11 EEPROM 61.3.12 EPROM 61.3.13 Ethernet 71.3.14 Flash Memory 71.3.15 Harvard Architecture 71.3.16 Idle Mode 71.3.17 Interrupts 71.3.18 LCD Drivers 81.3.19 Pipelining 81.3.20 Power-on Reset 81.3.21 PROM 81.3.22 RAM 81.3.23 Real-time Clock 81.3.24 Register 91.3.25 Reset 91.3.26 RISC 91.3.27 ROM 91.3.28 Serial Input-Output 91.3.29 Sleep Mode 91.3.30 Supply Voltage 101.3.31 Timers 101.3.32 USB 101.3.33 Watchdog 101.4 Display Devices 101.4.1 LED 101.4.2 7-Segment LED 111.4.3 OLED 121.4.4 LCD 121.5 Summary 15Exercises 152 PIC18F Microcontrollers 172.1 The PIC18F2410 Microcontroller 182.2 PIC18F2410 Architecture 192.2.1 The Program Memory 212.2.2 The Data Memory 212.2.3 Power Supply Requirements 222.2.4 Oscillator Configurations 242.2.5 The Reset 302.2.6 Parallel I/O Ports 312.2.7 Timer Modules 382.2.8 Analogue-to-Digital Converter Module 432.2.9 Special Features of the CPU 482.2.10 Interrupts 492.2.11 Pulse Width Modulator Module 532.3 Summary 56Exercises 563 C Programming Language 593.1 C Languages for Microcontrollers 593.2 Your First mikroC Pro for PIC Program 613.2.1 Comments 613.2.2 Beginning and Ending a Program 623.2.3 White Spaces 633.2.4 Variable Names 633.2.5 Reserved Names 643.2.6 Variable Types 643.2.7 Constants 663.2.8 Escape Sequences 683.2.9 Volatile Variables 693.2.10 Accessing Bits of a Variable 693.2.11 sbit Type 703.2.12 bit Type 703.2.13 Arrays 703.2.14 Pointers 733.2.15 Structures 763.2.16 Unions 803.2.17 Operators in mikroC Pro for PIC 803.2.18 The Flow of Control 903.3 Functions in mikroC Pro for PIC 1013.3.1 Function Prototypes 1023.3.2 void Functions 1033.3.3 Passing Parameters to Functions 1043.3.4 Passing Arrays to Functions 1063.3.5 Interrupt Processing 1063.4 mikroC Pro for PIC Built-in Functions 1083.5 mikroC Pro for PIC Libraries 1093.5.1 ANSI C Library 1093.5.2 Miscellaneous Library 1113.6 Using the mikroC Pro for PIC Compiler 1113.6.1 mikroC Pro for PIC IDE 1123.6.2 Creating a New Source File 1183.6.3 Compiling the Source File 1223.7 Using the mikroC Pro for PIC Simulator 1233.7.1 Setting a Break-Point 1243.8 Other mikroC Pro for PIC Features 1263.8.1 View Statistics 1263.8.2 View Assembly 1273.8.3 ASCII Chart 1273.8.4 USART Terminal 1273.8.5 Seven Segment Editor 1273.8.6 Help 1283.9 Summary 128Exercises 1294 PIC Microcontroller Development Tools – Including Display Development Tools 1314.1 PIC Hardware Development Boards 1324.1.1 Super Bundle Development Kit 1324.1.2 PIC18 Explorer Board 1324.1.3 PIC18F4XK20 Starter Kit 1344.1.4 PICDEM 4 1354.1.5 PIC16F887 Development Kit 1354.1.6 FUTURLEC PIC18F4550 Development Board 1374.1.7 EasyPIC6 Development Board 1374.1.8 EasyPIC7 Development Board 1394.2 PIC Microcontroller Display Development Tools 1404.2.1 Display Hardware Tools 1404.2.2 Display Software Tools 1434.3 Using the In-Circuit Debugger with the EasyPIC7 Development Board 1454.4 Summary 149Exercises 1495 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 1515.1 ATypical LED 1515.2 LED Colours 1535.3 LED Sizes 1545.4 Bi-Colour LEDs 1545.5 Tri-Colour LEDs 1555.6 Flashing LEDs 1555.7 Other LED Shapes 1555.8 7-Segment LEDs 1565.8.1 Displaying Numbers 1575.8.2 Multi-digit 7-Segment Displays 1595.9 Alphanumeric LEDs 1595.10 mikroC Pro for PIC 7-Segment LED Editor 1635.11 Summary 163Exercises 1646 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) and mikroC Pro for PIC LCD Functions 1656.1 HD44780 Controller 1656.2 Displaying User Defined Data 1686.3 DDRAM Addresses 1696.4 Display Timing and Control 1716.4.1 Clear Display 1726.4.2 Return Cursor to Home 1726.4.3 Cursor Move Direction 1726.4.4 Display ON/OFF 1726.4.5 Cursor and Display Shift 1736.4.6 Function Set 1736.4.7 Set CGRAM Address 1736.4.8 Set DDRAM Address 1736.4.9 Read Busy Flag 1746.4.10 Write Data to CGRAM or DDRAM 1746.4.11 Read Data from CGRAM or DDRAM 1746.5 LCD Initialisation 1746.5.1 8-bit Mode Initialisation 1756.5.2 4-bit Mode Initialisation 1756.6 Example LCD Display Setup Program 1776.7 mikroC Pro for PIC LCD Functions 1806.7.1 Lcd_Init 1806.7.2 Lcd_Out 1816.7.3 Lcd_Out_Cp 1816.7.4 Lcd_Chr 1816.7.5 Lcd_Chr_Cp 1816.7.6 Lcd_Cmd 1826.8 Summary 182Exercises 1837 Graphics LCD Displays (GLCD) 1857.1 The 128 x 64 Pixel GLCD 1857.2 Operation of the GLCD Display 1877.3 mikroC Pro for PIC GLCD Library Functions 1897.3.1 Glcd_Init 1897.3.2 Glcd_Set_Side 1907.3.3 Glcd_Set_X 1907.3.4 Glcd_Set_Page 1907.3.5 Glcd_Write_Data 1907.3.6 Glcd_Fill 1907.3.7 Glcd_Dot 1917.3.8 Glcd_Line 1917.3.9 Glcd_V_Line 1917.3.10 Glcd_H_Line 1917.3.11 Glcd_Rectangle 1927.3.12 Glcd_Rectangle_Round_Edges 1927.3.13 Glcd_Rectangle_Round_Edges_Fill 1927.3.14 Glcd_Box 1937.3.15 Glcd_Circle 1937.3.16 Glcd_Circle_Fill 1947.3.17 Glcd_Set_Font 1947.3.18 Glcd_Set_Font_Adv 1947.3.19 Glcd_Write_Char 1957.3.20 Glcd_Write_Char_Adv 1957.3.21 Glcd_Write_Text 1957.3.22 Glcd_Write_Text_Adv 1957.3.23 Glcd_Write_Const_Text_Adv 1967.3.24 Glcd_Image 1967.4 Example GLCD Display 1967.5 mikroC Pro for PIC Bitmap Editor 1987.6 Adding Touch-screen to GLCDs 1997.6.1 Types of Touch-screen Displays 2007.6.2 Resistive Touch Screens 2007.7 Summary 203Exercises 2048 Microcontroller Program Development 2058.1 Using the Program Description Language and Flowcharts 2058.1.1 BEGIN – END 2068.1.2 Sequencing 2068.1.3 IF – THEN – ELSE – ENDIF 2068.1.4 DO – ENDDO 2078.1.5 REPEAT – UNTIL 2098.1.6 Calling Subprograms 2098.1.7 Subprogram Structure 2098.2 Examples 2118.3 Representing for Loops in Flowcharts 2168.4 Summary 218Exercises 2189 LED Based Projects 2199.1 PROJECT 9.1 – Flashing LED 2199.2 PROJECT 9.2 – Binary Counting Up LEDs 2269.3 PROJECT 9.3 – Rotating LEDs 2299.4 PROJECT 9.4 – Wheel of Lucky Day 2319.5 PROJECT 9.5 – Random Flashing LEDs 2399.6 PROJECT 9.6 – LED Dice 2409.7 PROJECT 9.7 – Connecting more than one LED to a Port Pin 2469.8 PROJECT 9.8 – Changing the Brightness of LEDs 2509.9 PROJECT 9.9 – LED Candle 2649.10 Summary 267Exercises 26710 7-Segment LED Display Based Projects 26910.1 PROJECT 10.1 – Single Digit Up Counting 7-Segment LED Display 26910.2 PROJECT 10.2 – Display a Number on 2-Digit 7-Segment LED Display 27110.3 PROJECT 10.3 – Display Lottery Numbers on 2-Digit 7-Segment LED Display 27810.4 PROJECT 10.4 – Event Counter Using 4-Digit 7-Segment LED Display 28510.5 PROJECT 10.5 – External Interrupt Based Event Counter Using 4-Digit 7-Segment LED Display with Serial Driver 29210.6 Summary 302Exercises 30311 Text Based LCD Projects 30511.1 PROJECT 11.1 – Displaying Text on LCD 30511.2 PROJECT 11.2 – Moving Text on LCD 30711.3 PROJECT 11.3 – Counting with the LCD 31011.4 PROJECT 11.4 – Creating Custom Fonts on the LCD 31511.5 PROJECT 11.5 – LCD Dice 31711.6 PROJECT 11.6 – Digital Voltmeter 32511.7 PROJECT 11.7 – Temperature and Pressure Display 32711.8 PROJECT 11.8 – The High/Low Game 33311.9 Summary 344Exercises 34512 Graphics LCD Projects 34712.1 PROJECT 12.1 – Creating and Displaying a Bitmap Image 34712.2 PROJECT 12.2 – Moving Ball Animation 35512.3 PROJECT 12.3 – GLCD Dice 35712.4 PROJECT 12.4 – GLCD X-Y Plotting 37212.5 PROJECT 12.5 – Plotting Temperature Variation on the GLCD 37412.6 PROJECT 12.6 – Temperature and Relative Humidity Measurement 38512.7 Operation of the SHT11 38612.8 Acknowledgement 38912.9 Summary 400Exercises 40013 Touch Screen Graphics LCD Projects 40113.1 PROJECT 13.1 – Touch Screen LED ON-OFF 40113.2 PROJECT 13.2 – LED Flashing with Variable Rate 41013.3 Summary 418Exercises 41814 Using the Visual GLCD Software in GLCD Projects 41914.1 PROJECT 14.1 – Toggle LED 42014.2 PROJECT 14.2 – Toggle more than One LED 42514.3 PROJECT 14.3 – Mini Electronic Organ 42614.4 PROJECT 14.4 – Using the SmartGLCD 43014.5 PROJECT 14.5 – Decimal to Hexadecimal Converter using the SmartGLCD 44414.6 Summary 452Exercises 45215 Using the Visual TFT Software in Graphics Projects 45315.1 PROJECT 15.1 – Countdown Timer 45415.2 PROJECT 15.2 – Electronic Book 46215.3 PROJECT 15.3 – Picture Show 46715.4 Summary 472Exercises 472Bibliography 473Index 475